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New Zealand's place in the New World Order

207 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 23:08
F1
F10:05

Kia ora,这里是The Detail。

Kia ora, this is The Detail.

我是Anna Fifield。今天我们来谈谈这个地缘政治剧烈动荡的特殊时刻,以及我们新西兰该如何适应。

I'm Anna Fifield, and today we're talking about this extraordinary moment of geopolitical volatility and how we here in Aotearoa, New Zealand should be adapting to it.

当然,还有那个不可预测的美国总统。

There's the unpredictable US president, of course.

一个崛起的中国。

There's a rising China.

旧的规则正在被打破,新的联盟正在形成。

Old rules are being broken, new coalitions are forming.

这是新加坡总理Lawrence Wong的描述。

This is how Singapore's Prime Minister Lawrence Wong describes it.

所以这就是我们今天的世界——比以往更加充满竞争、更加不稳定、更加危险。

So this is our world today— more contested, more unstable, and more dangerous than before.

澳大利亚的Anthony Albanese也阐述了这些变化。

Australia's Anthony Albanese has also laid out the changes.

二战后的世界秩序已经不再适用了。

The post-'45 world order is no longer fit for purpose.

那些仍然必要的全球性机构,如今却不一定能应对我们所面临的挑战。

Universal institutions that remain necessary are now not always sufficient for the challenges that we face.

法国总统Emmanuel Macron表示,各国都需要在接下来的发展中发挥作用。

French President Emmanuel Macron says countries need to play a role in what comes next.

那些不想依赖中国的国家,按照定义就会与美国保持一致。

Those who don't want to be dependent on China are aligned by definition with the US.

我们不应在这种新失序中只是被动应对。

We should not just be passive in this new disorder.

我们必须建立一种新秩序。

We have to build a new order.

还有人工智能带来的威胁与机遇。

Then there's the threat and the opportunity of AI.

今天的嘉宾是全球最适合回答这些问题的人之一。

My guest today is one of the people best placed in the world to answer these questions.

她是Ngaire Woods,牛津大学全球经济治理教授,也是牛津大学Blavatnik政府学院的创始院长。

She's Ngaire Woods, Professor of Global Economic Governance at Oxford University and founding Dean of Oxford's Blavatnik School of Government.

她也是新西兰人,虽然在国外生活了几十年。

She's also a New Zealander, although she's lived abroad for decades.

她最近回国了,所以我先问她觉得这个国家怎么样。

She was home recently, so I started by asking her how the country seemed to her.
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F21:45

我一直很喜欢回家。

I always love coming home.

新西兰充满创意和创新的人才,而让我好奇的是,过去30年每次回国,人们都会问:新西兰的人才流失怎么办?

New Zealand is so full of creative, innovative people, and it intrigues me that every time I've come home in the last 30 years, people say, what about the brain drain out of New Zealand?

而我看看新西兰与世界大多数国家的对比,我会想,哇,这里全是杰出的人才。

And I look at New Zealand compared to most countries in the world, and I'm like, wow, it's just packed full of extraordinary people.

我不会担心人才流失。

I wouldn't worry about the brain drain.

我会赶紧想办法,怎么用好这些了不起的本土人才。

I'd, I'd get cracking on what to do with those fantastic people in the country.

我觉得——一年前我回新西兰时,最让我担心的一件事是新西兰有多少孩子没在上学。

I think the— a year ago when I came back to New Zealand, the single thing that really concerned me was the number of children in New Zealand who were out of school.

你知道,大概六分之一的孩子没有完成义务教育。这让我非常担忧,因为我在新西兰长大,享受了很棒的教育,每天光着脚沿路去上学。

You know, 1 in 6, I think, were not in school for the mandated period, and that really worried me as somebody who grew up in a New Zealand where I had access to a fabulous education, went to school barefoot each day up the road.

有一位非常启发人的小学老师,为我后来的职业生涯奠定了基础。

Had a really inspiring primary school teacher who set me up for the rest of my career.

想到那么多新西兰孩子没能得到这样的教育,我感到心碎。

And I found it heartbreaking to think of the number of Kiwi kids who are not getting that.
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F12:56

Ngaire,你刚开始做学者的时候,从牛津去了哈佛,据我所知,是为了研究小国及其在世界上的回旋空间。

Ngaire, when you started out as a young academic, you went off from Oxford to Harvard, as I understand it, to study small countries and their room for manoeuvre in the world.

你在哈佛的同事或教授问你为什么要研究小国。

And your colleagues or your professor at Harvard asked you why you were studying small countries.

是吗?

Is that right?
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F23:16

对。

Yes.

所以是的,我去了牛津之后,开始对“当一个国家破产会发生什么”这件事特别感兴趣。

So yes, I became really interested when I went to Oxford about what happens when a country goes bust.

当一个国家发生主权债务危机时,会发生什么?

What happens when a country has a sovereign debt crisis?

谁——该怎么解决这个问题?

Who— how do you sort that out?

而小国家能做什么呢?毕竟这种情况会让大国手握大量权力,它们资源更多,还能提供条件极其苛刻的贷款。

And what can small countries do, given that it puts a lot of power in the hands of very large countries that have more resources and can offer loans on extremely arduous terms?

当然,这让我开始关注IMF,它就是这类贷款机构之一。

And that, of course, took me looking at the IMF, which is one of those lenders.

所以是的,等我到了哈佛,我说我感兴趣的是小国家怎么影响IMF。

So yes, when I got to Harvard, I said, I'm interested in how small countries can influence the IMF.

他们一脸震惊地看着我说,但决定IMF做什么的是美国啊。

And they looked at me astounded and said, but it's the United States that decides what the IMF does.

我的态度是,你看,就算小国家只有很小的声音,我们也需要充分理解那个声音。

And my attitude was, look, even if small countries only have a very small voice, we need fully to understand that voice.

因为如果你是一个小国家,那是你唯一的机会了。

Because if you're a small country, that's your only shot.

我觉得这多少也描述了我对世界的看法。

And I think that slightly describes my view of the world.

那就是,中小型国家如何有机会影响规则,或者在一个由强国制定规则的世界里保持韧性?

It's how can small or medium-sized countries have a shot at influencing the rules or at being resilient in a world where the rules are being made by powerful countries?
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F14:24

嗯,这个主题确实非常、非常切合当下,比如Mark Carney满世界讲“中等强国时刻”这类话题。

I mean, yes, that kind of theme is very much, very topical now with Mark Carney going around the world talking about the middle power moment and that kind of thing.

你觉得新西兰在世界舞台上有没有充分发声、用好它的小声音?

Do you think that New Zealand is speaking up adequately and using its small voice on the world stage?
F2
F24:38

很多国家都会考虑如何运用自己的声音,你知道,新西兰可能也是这样。

So a lot of countries think about using their voice, you know, perhaps New Zealand.

在英国,大家也很关注,比如说,英国有没有用好自己的声音?

In the United Kingdom, there's lots of attention to, you know, is Britain using its voice?

不过我觉得不该从那里开始。

I guess I wouldn't start there.

我会从这个问题开始:新西兰在增强经济韧性、让企业有足够竞争力去全球拼杀这方面,做得够不够?

I would start with, is New Zealand doing enough to make its economy resilient and to make its businesses competitive enough to survive when they go into the rest of the world?

所以我认为每个国家现在都得学着做得更好、更多。

So I think every country is now having to learn to do that better and more.

我们经历了35年,一直相信政府就该像个鸡尾酒会女主人,你知道,把不同的企业和市场参与者引进来,然后退到一边,让市场自己干活。

So we've come through 35 years of believing that the government should really just be the sort of cocktail party hostess, you know, ushering in different businesses and market players and really just stepping back and letting the market do the work.

在一个中国和美国突然把一切搞得非常政治化的世界里,这一套不管用了。

That doesn't work in a world where China and the United States have suddenly made it very political.

中国和美国都不再支持开放市场了。

China and the United States are not supporting open markets.

他们在把相互依存武器化。

They're weaponizing interdependence.

他们利用贸易政策、补贴信贷、投资管制,来创造一个需要经济联盟的世界,也迫使其他国家必须认真思考什么样的产业政策才管用。

They're using trade policies, subsidized credit, you know, investment controls to create a world in which countries need economic alliances and to create a world in which other countries need to think really carefully about what kinds of industrial policy work.

问题是,大家对产业政策都有一种噩梦般的印象,觉得是1970年代那套。

The problem is everyone's got a sort of nightmare scenario of industrial policy from the 1970s.

在新西兰,就是那种“大项目”思维。

In New Zealand, it was sort of think big projects.

政府挑选赢家,把所有钱投进去,结果变成了一个巨型的、固有的亏损大户。

The idea that government pick winners, put all their money into that winner, and it becomes a great big established kind of loss maker.

在我看来,有几条经验法则,新西兰人需要想想。

For me, there's a couple of rules of thumb that Kiwis need to think about.

第一,如果政府在补贴和保护某一家公司,那很可能做错了。

One is if the government is subsidising and protecting one company, it's probably getting it wrong.

因为政府需要做的,是打造一个新西兰公司之间激烈竞争的行业,这样它们走出国门时才会更强。

Because what governments need to do is create a sector in which Kiwi companies compete vigorously with one another, and that strengthens them for when they go out into the world.

所以我觉得,和其他西方民主国家一样,新西兰的政府官员和政治家们必须快速学会:我们需要哪些产业政策的肌肉?

So I think, like every other Western democracy, New Zealand government officials and politicians are going to have to learn very fast What are the industrial policy muscles we need?

在一个成功经济体都这么做的世界里,我们又要怎样做到这一点?

And how are we going to do that in a world where that's what winning economies do?
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F16:57

新西兰在1990年代曾被视为自由市场改革的典范,但Ngaire Woods表示那个时代已经结束了。

New Zealand was known as something of a poster child for free market reforms in the 1990s, but Ngaire Woods says that era is over.
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F27:06

那个模式,很大程度上是由我所研究过的那些国际组织,也就是国际货币基金组织和世界银行推动的。

That model, which was very much pushed by the international organisations that I have, you know, done research about, the IMF and World Bank.

世界银行是最大的倡导者。

So the World Bank was a huge exponent.

包括新西兰在那个模式内的尝试。

Including of New Zealand's experiments within that model.

但世界银行自己在审视了全球所有证据后,现在宣布:告诉各国别搞产业政策,就像告诉它们用3.5英寸软盘一样过时了。

But the World Bank itself, having looked at all the evidence across the world, has now declared that telling countries not to do industrial policy is about as useful as telling them to use 3.5-inch floppy disks.

它们想说的是,这已经完全落伍了,世界变了。

And what they're saying there is it's just out of date, that the world has changed.

你不能把自己练成世界上最好的橄榄球队,然后发现比赛其实是芭蕾舞吧,这样你会毫无准备的。

You can't prepare yourself to be the best rugby team in the world and then discover that the competition is actually ballet, you know, because it'll leave you unprepared.

所以肯定有很多人希望有自由市场,也愿意在自由市场里竞争,但问题是当今世界已经不是那样了。

So I'm sure there are lots of people that would love there to be a free market and would love to compete in that free market, but the problem is that's not what the world is today.

美国、中国,还有越来越明显的欧洲,已经改变了规则,新西兰现在必须学会玩一种完全不同的运动了。

The United States and China and increasingly Europe have changed the rules, and New Zealand has to learn to play a very different sport now.

然后上场去赢。

And get out there on the playing field and win.
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F18:14

你最近提到过美国冲击和中国冲击。

You've talked recently about the America shock and the China shock.

能解释一下你说的美国冲击是什么意思吗?

Can you explain what you mean by the America shock?

这是美国冲击,还是特朗普冲击?

And is it an America shock or is it a Trump shock?
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F28:24

我认为是美国冲击。

I think it's an America shock.

美国冲击基本上就是,二战后美国领导世界建立了一个初步的基于规则的国际秩序。

And the America shock is basically, you know, America led the world after the Second World War in creating a rudimentary rules-based order.

这个基于规则的秩序让像新西兰这样的小国能够拥抱全球化、自由市场资本主义——如果你愿意这么说的话——或者说开放市场资本主义。

And that rules-based order is what permitted small countries to embrace sort of globalization, free market capitalism if you like, or open market capitalism.

这个秩序从来就不是完美的。

And that order, it was never perfect.

它始终也是一个同等程度上基于美国利益的秩序。

It was always an order equally based on US interests.

但这个初步的秩序一直在瓦解,而在过去十年里,这种瓦解加速到了某种崩溃的程度。

But that rudimentary order has been fraying, and in the last decade that fraying has accelerated into a sort of collapse.

而且不光是特朗普。

And it's not just Trump.

看看2016年开始的第一个特朗普政府,他们的许多保护主义政策都被拜登总统保留了。

If you look at the first Trump administration from 2016 on, a lot of their protectionist policies were kept by President Biden.

有些甚至更深了,现在特朗普总统又在继续这些政策。

Some were even deepened, and now President Trump is continuing them.

如果回顾过去15年,你就能看到美国在逐步后退。

If you go back the last 15 years, you can see the gradual stepping back by the United States.

远离那个基于规则的秩序的核心。

Away from the core of that rules-based order.

而特朗普总统所做的,就是以一种对其他国来说相当惊人的方式加速并放大了这一过程。

And what President Trump has done is accelerated it and amplified it in quite a shocking way for other countries.

所以新西兰人需要关注的第一点就是,他打破了安全联盟。

So the things that Kiwis would want to look at is first, he's broken the security alliances.

特朗普总统质疑北约,甚至威胁要对北约的核心——也就是北约中的欧洲大国——使用武力,比如威胁用武力夺取格陵兰岛。

So President Trump has questioned NATO, has even threatened to use force against the core of NATO, which is European powers who are part of NATO by threatening to use force to take Greenland.

他威胁了加拿大,另一个核心的安全联盟。

He's threatened Canada, another core security alliance.

他退出了与日本和韩国的安全联盟。

He has stepped back from the security alliances with Japan and Korea.

而这样一来,如果你想一想安全联盟,安全联盟到底是什么?

And what that's done is, if you think about a security alliance, what is a security alliance?

为什么任何一个国家,任何一个民族,会把他们的安全,他们的生存本身,托付给另一个国家?

Why would any country, why would any people entrust their security, their very existence, to another country.

这是一种巨大的信任行为。

It's an enormous act of trust.

一旦你打破了这种信任,那就是人人自保了。

Once you break that trust, it's every person for themselves.

我们现在生活在这样一个世界里,每个小国或中等国家都不得不思考,人人自保到底意味着什么。

And we're living in a world now where every small country or medium-sized country is having to think about what being every person for themselves actually means.

所以安全联盟被打破了,对贸易体系的信任也被打破了。

So the security alliances have been broken, the trust in the trading system has been broken.

Liberation Day关税。以及自Liberation Day以来利用关税强迫各国接受完全不符合其公民利益的协议,这打破了贸易体系的信任,并创造了一个非常重商主义的世界,各国不得不认真思考如何在不稳定的条件下争取进入全球最大市场以自救。

Liberation Day tariffs. And the use of tariffs since Liberation Day to force countries to accept deals which are not at all in their citizens' interests, that has broken trust in the trade system and created a very mercantilist world where countries are having to really think about how to save themselves from a very conditional access to the world's largest markets.

然后在技术方面,美国在技术上处于领先地位,但在一场与Anthropic(一家前沿AI实验室)的争执中,美国明确表示,它准备介入并宣布,这家私营公司、这家前沿AI实验室,将不被允许与任何美国禁止其分享技术的国家分享其技术。

And then on technology, the United States, which is leading on technology, but in a spat with Anthropic, the big frontier AI lab, the United States made clear that it was prepared to step in and say, this private company, this frontier AI lab, will not be permitted to share its technology with any countries we tell it not to share its technology with.

起初,这包括所有国家,包括新西兰,包括欧洲国家,包括盟国。

And at first, that was all countries, including New Zealand, including European countries, including allies.

这在那份声明中。

That was in the statement.

最后,美国,在创建了国际组织作为规则裁判(如果你愿意这么说)之后,退出了这些组织。

And finally, the United States, having created international organizations to be the referees of the rules, if you like, has stepped out of them.

它退出了并离开了66个不同的组织。

It's stepped out and left 66 different organizations.

像新西兰这样的国家确实依赖这些国际组织来维护规则,因为新西兰永远无法将美国告上贸易仲裁小组并赢得任何有意义的结果。

Countries like New Zealand really depend on those international organizations to uphold the rules because New Zealand is never going to be able to take the United States to a trade arbitration panel and win anything meaningful.

它可以将美国告上贸易仲裁小组。

It can take the United States to a trade arbitration panel.

它甚至可以赢得官司。

It can even win the case.

但它赢得的仅仅是报复的能力。

But all it wins is the ability to retaliate.

而新西兰在贸易关税方面对美国的报复,美国甚至都不会注意到。

And New Zealand's retaliation in terms of trade tariffs against the United States is not something the United States would ever even notice.

所以这就是为什么我们依赖互联网。

So that's why we rely on internet.

我们依赖体系中的一套规则和规范。

We rely on sets of rules and norms in the system.

这就是所谓的美国冲击。

So that's the America shock.

新西兰舒适地把自己的经济安放在美国的羽翼之下。

New Zealand has comfortably nested its economy under the wing of the United States.

美国现在已经收起了那只翅膀,说,不,你不能再在下面筑巢了。

The United States has now closed that wing and said, no, you can't nest under it anymore.

这就是美国冲击。

And that's the America shock.

新西兰突然必须找到自己的路、不同的伙伴、不同的联盟以及不同的安全方式。

New Zealand suddenly has to find its own way and different partners and different coalitions and different ways to be secure.
F1
F113:07

是啊,我正想问你,你觉得我们应该如何应对?

Yeah, I was going to ask you how you think we should be responding to that.

我们的策略应该是什么?

What should our strategy be?
F2
F213:13

所以策略必须是理解并接受你无法立即改变对美国的依赖。

So the strategy has to be one of understanding and accepting that you can't change dependence on the United States immediately.

这就是欧盟所发现的。

That's what the European Union's found.

这就是加拿大发现的情况。

That's what Canada has found.

他们对贸易的依赖、对国防和国防装备的依赖、对技术的依赖——这些都是很难改变的。

Their trade dependence, their dependence on defence and defence equipment, their dependence on technology— these are hard things to change.

但你必须现在就开始,这正是加拿大总理率先做到的。

But you have to start now, which is what the Prime Minister of Canada has led the way in doing.

他说你必须现在就开始。

He said you have to start now.

你必须和其他国家做贸易协定,打好基础,这样你的公司就可以开始以更多元化的方式进行贸易。

You have to do trade deals with other countries and set the stage so that your companies can go and start trading in a more diversified way.

你必须开始考虑国防采购。

You've got to start thinking about defence procurement.

你必须开始加入其他联盟,投资欧洲的国防设备供应商,韩国、日本,你知道的,还有日本、意大利和英国联合生产战斗机的新计划。

You've got to start joining up with other coalitions, investing in European defence equipment suppliers, Korean, Japanese, you know, the new Japanese, Italian, and UK initiative to produce fighter jets.

你必须开始多元化地减少依赖。

You've got to start diversifying away.

这需要时间。

It's going to take time.

现在,有些新西兰人对我说,哦,但那很愚蠢。

Now, some people in New Zealand have said to me, oh, but that's foolish.

比如,我们在某些领域如此依赖,最好的策略就是尽可能靠近美国。

Like, we're so dependent in some of those sectors that our best strategy is just to get as close as possible to the United States.

我认为这是错误的。

I think that's mistaken.

我认为你需要在必要的地方保持紧密,但你也必须建立Plan B。

I think you have to be close where you need it, but you also have to build Plan B.

而Plan B就是多元化你在世界各地的关系。

And Plan B, which is diversifying your relationships across the world.

这就是其他每个国家都在做的。

That's what every other country is doing.

如果你想想我刚才说的经济联盟,这些既是政治和安全上的,也是经济上的。

If you think about what I said a moment ago about economic alliances, these are political and security as well as economic.

你知道,我在一家大型跨国公司的董事会任职。

You know, I sit on the board of a large multinational company.

现在这些大型跨国公司在考虑全球供应链时,他们不仅仅考虑哪里能获得最有效益的价格或供应。

When those large multinational companies are thinking about global supply chains now, They're not just thinking about where do we get the most efficient, you know, price or supply.

他们考虑的是这个供应链属于哪个经济联盟,以及在更加地缘政治的世界中,这如何影响我们的韧性。

They're thinking about within which economic alliance is that nested and how is that going to affect our resilience in a much more geopolitical world.

所以理解这一点,新西兰政府将不得不扮演更大的角色,因为它必须打造这些经济联盟,同时理解政治、地缘政治和商业案例将日益紧密地结合在一起。

So understanding that, the New Zealand government is going to have to play a much bigger role because it's going to have to forge those economic alliances understanding that the politics, the geopolitics, and the business case are going to be increasingly drawn together.

这对新西兰来说是一个巨大的机会,如果政府和为政府提供建议的公务员能迅速转变思维,去驾驭那个截然不同的世界。

There's a huge opportunity in this for New Zealand if the government, the public servants that are advising the government, can quickly shift their mindset to navigate that very different world.

但这很难。

And that's hard.

对我们所有人来说都很难。

It's hard for all of us.

我们都是在一种认为我们在基于规则的秩序中玩耍的心态下长大的。

We were all brought up with a mindset which was to think that we were playing in a rules-based order.

突然之间,我们必须改变心态,变得更加关注地缘政治,更加主动地去做政府需要做的事情。

And suddenly we have to change our mindset into one which is far more geopolitically attuned and far more proactive in what governments need to do.

嗯。

Hmm.
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F116:07

对。

Right.

所以这是美国。

So that's the US.

让我们转向中国冲击。

Let's turn to the China shock.
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F216:11

所以现在中国控制着全球约30%的制造业。

So China now commands about 30% of global manufacturing.

就拿一个领域来说吧,太阳能电池板。几十年前,欧洲占全球太阳能电池板市场的30%。

If you just take one sector, solar panels, a couple of decades ago, Europe had 30% of the global solar panel market.

现在只有1%。

It now has 1%.

再看看电动汽车,这些可都是德国的强项领域。如今德国每个月流失一万个工作岗位,因为它再也无法与中国制造业竞争,包括太阳能和电动汽车。

If you think about electric vehicles, or these are sectors which Germany was very good in, Germany today is losing 10,000 jobs every month because it can no longer compete with Chinese manufacturing, including solar and electric vehicles.

再加上技术的部署。而且中国——你知道,我三月份去了中国。

That plus the deployment of technology And China, you know, I was in China in March.

他们在各行各业部署人工智能和技术,速度之快、效率之高,真是令人惊叹。

It's extraordinary how quickly and effectively they're deploying artificial intelligence and deploying technology across industry.

大家都把目光集中在美国,认为它处于人工智能的最前沿。

Everybody's focused on the United States as being at the front of the frontier of AI.

中国政府押了不同的赌注。并不是说身处前沿就一定重要,虽然他们有些公司也在奋力向前。

The Chinese government has made a different bet, which is not— it's not being at the frontier that necessarily matters, although some of their companies are pushing hard there.

而是部署,是让它变得切实可行、真正可用。

It's deploying, it's making it practicable and usable.

重要的是让它推动整个行业实现超高性能。

It's making it drive super performance across industry that matters.

在我看来,这正是他们远远甩开美国的地方,在竞赛中大幅领先。

And that's where they've pulled way ahead of the United States, in my view, and way ahead in the race.

这就给新西兰和所有其他国家带来了真正的挑战,因为我们未来对中国的依赖可能会越来越大。

Now, that makes it really challenging for New Zealand and all other countries because it makes our likely dependence on China ever greater.

比如现在的欧洲国家,他们不得不重新考虑自己的能源供应。

So take countries in Europe which are now having to think about their energy supply.

由于中国的投资,可再生能源变得便宜得多,也可靠得多。

Renewable energy, because of Chinese investment, has become far cheaper and more secure.

所以这不再是关于你是否环保的争论了。

So it's no longer a debate about whether you're green or not green.

它变成了一个简单的问题:你想不想要廉价、充足、安全的能源。

It's just become a debate about do you want cheap, abundant, secure energy.

而且事实证明,如果你愿意依赖中国的风力发电机和中国的太阳能,你就找到了一条获取相当廉价、可再生、充足能源的途径。

And it turns out that if you want to rely on Chinese wind turbines and Chinese solar, you've got a route to some pretty cheap, renewable, abundant energy.

但当然,这也会让你的能源供应依赖单一国家。

But of course, it makes you dependent on one country for your energy supply.

德国的教训是,让自身能源供应依赖俄罗斯是一个非常非常糟糕的赌注,因为能源是战略性基础设施。

What Germany found is making themselves dependent on Russia for their energy supply was a terrible, terrible bet because energy is a strategic, you know, infrastructure.

你真的必须认真思考如何在能源上保持韧性。

You've got to really think about how to be resilient on energy.

所以这些问题非常重要,因为这关系到国家间的联盟。

So these questions are really important because it means coalitions of other countries.

如果你想实现可再生能源的多元化,你可能需要考虑该怎么做。

If you want to diversify your renewable energy, you might need to think about how.

所以欧洲人现在的情况是,他们在太阳能方面非常依赖中国。

So what Europeans are doing is they're very dependent on Chinese for solar.

他们正在想办法打造欧洲的风力发电产业,避免所有能源需求都依赖一个国家。

They're trying to think about how to build a European wind turbine energy sector so that they don't become dependent for all of their energy needs on one country.

是的。

Yes.

我们需要向中国学习,不是只批评中国,而是向中国学习。

We need to learn from China, not just criticise China, but learn from China.

实际上,新西兰在这方面让人耳目一新,因为新西兰是一个真正同时依赖美国和中国的国家。

And actually, New Zealand is very refreshing on this because New Zealand is a country that really is codependent on both the United States and China.

作为一个小国,这可能会让人非常不舒服。

And that can be very uncomfortable as a small country.

你可能会被两头大象夹在中间,也可以非常巧妙地周旋其间,我希望新西兰永远能做到这一点——明白两者都不可或缺,然后灵活地游走于两者之间。

You can get squashed between the two elephants, or you can navigate it very deftly, as I hope New Zealand always will, by understanding that you need both and playing deftly between the two.

我注意到一件事:很多国家花大量时间咬牙切齿地说中国‘破坏规则’,但他们其实应该花更多时间研究中国是如何成长为如今这样的工业政策和技术巨兽的。

One of the things I notice is that countries spend a lot of time gnashing their teeth about China cheating on the rules, as they put it, whereas they should actually spend more time learning about how China has become the industrial policy and technological behemoth that it's become.
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F119:55

Ngaire,最后问一下,你知道的,我们还有一个多月就要大选了。

Ngaire, just finally, if, you know, as you know, we've got an election coming up in just over a month.

如果新任总理,不管是谁,他打电话给你,问你,你知道,类似“我第一件该处理的事是什么?”

If the new Prime Minister, whoever it is, he maybe called you and asked you, you know, kind of what's the one thing I should tackle first?
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F220:10

哎呀。

Oh boy.

嗯,我觉得我在世界各地的选举中看到的是,建制派政客输给了极端派政客,因为他们有三件事没做到。

Well, I think what I'm seeing in elections all over the world is establishment politicians losing out to extremist politicians because they're failing to do 3 things.

他们没能与选民建立联系。

They're failing to connect to voters.

他们没能给人带来一种真切的“我是站在你这边的”的感觉。

They're failing to give an authentic sense of, I'm on your side.

我理解你们的焦虑是什么,而且我真的站在你们这边。

I understand what your anxieties are, and I'm really on your side.

他们没能把那些关于如何在全球经济中前行的相当复杂的问题,变得让普通人容易理解。

They're failing to take what are quite complicated issues about how you navigate the global economy and make them simple for people.

他们也没能给出一个变革性的、充满希望的愿景。

And they're failing to give a transformative vision of hope.

人们已经听够了“一切都一团糟”这种话,也听够了政府说“那不是我们的责任,我们把它交给市场吧,我们把这个交给那个吧”。

People are fed up with hearing that everything's a mess, and they're fed up with governments saying, that's not our responsibility, we're going to leave it to the markets, we're going to leave it to this.

他们希望政府愿意说:我们明白,作为政府,我们的角色是设计一个未来,给我们的公民带来希望,而这是一个重大的责任。

They want governments willing to say, we understand that our role as a government is to design a future to give our citizens hope, and that's a big responsibility.

所以这就是我给未来政府指出的方向。

So that's, that's where I would point a future government.

这就意味着政府需要做很多具体的事情,也就是说,要去连接那些人们真正失去希望的地方——无论是努力想真正成功的企业,还是那些无家可归或孩子辍学的家庭,他们不知道自己的孩子将来能不能比自己过得更好;这也包括帮派成员,他们可能怀有政府官员不认可的愿景,但他们真的希望孩子的日子能更好,也愿意拥抱那种希望。

Now, that means a whole lot of detailed things that the government needs to do, which is to connect to the places where people really have lost hope, whether they're businesses trying to really succeed, whether it's families who are homeless or who are out of school and wondering if their children will ever be able to live better lives than they themselves have had, whether it's gang members who might not have a vision that government officials appreciate for themselves, but who really want their children's lives to be better and to play into that hope.

所以不是要做惩罚性的政府,不是说“我们得收拾别人留下的烂摊子”的政府,而是要做一个真正说“我们能听到你们的声音,我们能听到为什么各个政治派别的新西兰人对未来如此焦虑和恐惧”的政府。

So not to be a punitive government, not to be a government that says we've got to clean up the mess that others have made, but to be genuinely a government that says we can hear you, we can hear why Kiwis right across the political spectrum are really anxious and fearful about the future.

而这就是我们作为政府要肩负起的责任,来让情况变得更好。

And here's what we as a government are going to shoulder as a responsibility to make that better.

我们会信任新西兰人尽他们的一份力,但我们作为政府也会尽我们的一份力。

And we're going to trust Kiwis to do their part, but we as a government are going to do our part.
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F122:27

能请到像你这样有专业知识的人来聊我们这个不可思议的小国家,真是太好了。非常感谢你,Ngaire,今天能来参加我们的节目。

It's great to have someone with your expertise able to talk about our incredible little country. So thank you so much, Ngaire, for joining us today.

Anna,也感谢你所做的一切。

Anna, and thank you for what you're doing.
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F222:36

太棒了。

Wonderful job.

本周就到这里。

That's it for this week.
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F122:47

感谢 Ngaire Woods。

Thank you to Ngaire Woods.

本期节目由 Alexia Russell 制作,Phil Benge 负责音频工程。

This episode was produced by Alexia Russell and engineered by Phil Benge.

我是 Anna Fifield。

I'm Anna Fifield.

下周六我会回来,与此同时,你可以在 Between Giants 通讯中读到我在外交事务方面的文章。

I'll be back next Saturday, but in the meantime, you can read my work on foreign affairs in the Between Giants newsletter.

Mā te wā.

Mā te wā.

Mā te wā.

Mā te wā.
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The Detail is a Newsroom production supported by RNZ and New Zealand On Air.

This Saturday episode is made with funding from the Peter M. Acland Foundation.