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1998年股东大会 · 巴菲特:时间是好公司的朋友,坏生意的敌人

37 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 3:55
M1
M10:00

我叫 Warren Heis。

My name is Warren Heis.

我来自 Illinois 州的 Chicago。

I'm from Chicago, Illinois.

我从一些出版物上了解到,比如 Outstanding Investor Digest,说很多最优秀的价值投资者都在买那些高质量的、日本跨国公司,这些公司的交易价格还低于 net-net working capital value。

I understand from various publications like Outstanding Investor Digest that many of the best value investors are buying high-quality multinational Japanese companies that are trading below net-net working capital value.

你认同日本存在这样的价值吗?你会考虑买入吗?

Do you agree that these values exist in Japan, and would you consider the purchase?
M2
M20:23

我有读 Outstanding Investor Digest,OID,它是个——它是个非常好的出版物。我也看过其中一些——一些关于 Japanese securities 的评论。

I read the Outstanding Investor Digest, OID, and it's a, it's a— it's a very good publication, and I have read some of those— some of the commentary about Japanese securities.

我们看过所有主要市场里的 securities,当然也看过日本,尤其是最近这些年,Nikkei 相比这边的 S&P 表现实在差很多。

We've looked at securities in all major markets, and we certainly looked at them in Japan, particularly in recent years when the Nikkei has so underperformed the S&P here.

不过,对于这些股票是不是那种显而易见的便宜货,我们远没有你在 OID 里读到的那些人那么热衷。

We're quite a bit less enthused about those stocks as being any kind of obvious bargains than the people that, that you've read about in OID.

日本大多数行业的 return on equity——也就是净资产收益率——都非常非常低。而如果你拥有的是一家 return on equity 很低的企业,那是极其难靠它变得富有的。

The returns on equity in most areas of Japanese business— returns on equity are very, very low, and it's extremely difficult to get rich by owning— by being the owner of a business that earns a low return on equity.

你知道,我们总是看一家企业在 capital 的运用上,究竟能赚到什么。

You know, we, we always look at what a business does in terms of what it earns on capital.

我们想持有好企业。

We want to be in good businesses.

我们真正想要的是那种十年之后仍然会是好企业,而且会变得更好的企业。

What we really want to be is in businesses that are going to be good businesses and better businesses 10 years from now.

然后我们希望用合理的价格买下它们。

And we want to buy them at a reasonable price.

但是很多年前,我们就放弃了我所说的 cigar butt 投资法。这个方法就是,你试图找到一家看起来相当可怜的公司,但它便宜到让你觉得里面还剩最后一口免费的好烟可抽。

But many years ago, we gave up what I've labeled the cigar butt approach to investing, which is where you try and find a really kind of pathetic company, but it sells so cheap that you think there's one good free puff left in it.

而且,呃,我们以前确实捡过很多这种湿漉漉的 cigar butts。

And, uh, we used to pick up a lot of soggy cigar butts, you know.

我是说,我以前整个投资组合里全是这种东西。

I mean, I had a portfolio full of them.

呃,但它们——这些公司都有个共同点,就是 return on equity 很低。

Uh, but they— those are the companies that had low returns on equity.

如果一家企业的净资产收益率只有百分之五到百分之六,而你又长期持有它,呃,那你的投资表现不会好,哪怕你一开始买得很便宜。

And if you have a business that's earning 5 or 6% on equity and you hold it for a long time, uh, you are not going to do well in investing, even if you buy it cheap to start with.

时间是烂生意的敌人,是伟大生意的朋友。

Time is the enemy of the poor business, and it's the friend of the great business.

我是说,如果一家企业的净资产收益率能达到百分之二十或者百分之二十五,而且能长期保持这样,那时间就是你的朋友。

I mean, if you have a business that's earning 20% or 25% on equity and it does that for a long time, time is your friend.

但如果你的钱放在一个低回报的生意里,时间就是你的敌人。

But time is your enemy if you have your money in a low-return business.

你也许足够幸运,正好踩中它被别人收购的那个时间点,但是——我们喜欢把买入一只股票看成是要持有非常非常长的时间,所以我们必须远离那些 return on equity 很低的企业。

And you may be lucky enough to pick the exact moment when it gets taken over by someone else, but— we like to think when we buy a stock, we're going to own it for a very long time, and therefore we have to stay away from businesses that have low returns on equity.
M1
M12:39

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M22:41

对,买一家企业,然后你心里真正盼着的是这倒霉玩意儿在破产之前先清算掉,这事可没多大意思。

Yeah, it's not that much fun to buy a business where you really hope this sucker liquidates before it goes broke.

这种我们也碰过几次。

We've been in a few of those too.
M1
M12:57

对。

Right.
M2
M22:58

对,Charlie 和我,我们——至少我是这样——我买过 anthracite 的股票——如果有人不知道 anthracite 是什么——还有 street railway companies、windmill manufacturers。

Yeah, Charlie and I, we, or at least I have, I've owned stock in anthracite— for those that don't know what anthracite is— street railway companies, windmill manufacturers.

Charlie,我们还持有过什么宝贝来着?

What other gems have we had, Charlie?
M1
M13:11

Textiles。

Textiles.
M2
M23:11

对,textiles。

Yeah, textiles.

想都别想。

Don't even think about it.

对,Berkshire 当年是个错误,信不信由你。

Yeah, Berkshire was a mistake, believe it or not.

我的意思是,我们当初买 Berkshire,是因为从统计上看它很便宜。那是六十年代初,作为一笔普通投资买进去的。而且这家公司在之前十年里,赚的钱还不到零。

I mean, we went into Berkshire because it was cheap statistically, just as a general investment back in the early '60s, and it was a company that in the previous 10 years had earned less than nothing.

也就是说,它在之前十年里其实有相当大的净亏损。

I mean, it had a significant net loss over the previous 10 years.

它当时的股价远低于营运资本,所以它就是个 cigar butt。

It was selling well below working capital, so it was a cigar butt.

而且,呃,呃,它——我是说,我们后来做成的那些事情,本来完全可以从一个中性的起点开始做,而不是从一个负面的基础开始。其实那样结果还会更好。

And, uh, uh, it was—I mean, we could have done the things we've done subsequently from a neutral base rather than a negative base, and, and actually it would have worked out better.

不过,这一路也挺有意思的。

But it's been a lot of fun.

呃,第四个。

Uh, number 4.