← 返回任务列表

2007年股东大会 · 优秀的董事会和不称职的董事会,分别是什么样的

103 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 10:36
M1
M10:01

我是来自 Iowa 州 Des Moines 的 John Norwood。

John Norwood from Des Moines, Iowa.

我有个简短的问题——先简单评论一下,再提个问题。

I have a quick question— a quick comment and a question.

这个评论是接着 Charlie 刚才关于 ethanol 的发言说的。

A comment following on Charlie's comments on ethanol.

我至少想请他看看 ethanol 作为燃料混合添加剂、作为提高辛烷值的成分,在环保方面的好处;它比像 MTBE 这类其他化学添加剂要更好。

I would ask him at least to look at the environmental benefits of ethanol as a fuel blend, octane booster, superior to other types of chemical additives such as MTBE.

而 MTBE 对地下水造成了很大的破坏。

Which has been so damaging to groundwater.

我的问题是问 Buffett 先生的,我希望您能不能多跟我们讲一点,您和董事会之间是怎么互动的,都会交流哪些想法、怎么交换意见;也许还能谈谈,您认为董事会应该怎样和管理层一起发挥作用,这个模式应该是什么样。

My question is for Mr. Buffett, and I'm hoping you might be able to tell us a little bit more about your interactions with the board of directors and the types of ideas and idea exchange, and perhaps a model for how you believe a board of directors is supposed to function with management?

谢谢。

Thank you.
M2
M20:57

对,我会说,大多数写作者,还有大多数股东,对这个事情的理解可能多少都有点偏差,至少对大多数大公司这些年来是怎么运作的,理解得有点失真。

Yeah, I would say that most writers and most shareholders probably have a little bit of a distorted version, at least how most corporations, large corporations, have operated over the years.

通常在很长一段时间里,呃,我会说,董事基本上都像盆栽植物一样摆在那里。

Usually for a long time, uh, I would say that directors generally were sort of potted plants.

我的意思是,你就坐在那里,管理层有他们自己的议程,其实并不真的希望你对重大事项提什么意见。

I mean, you, you sat there and the, the management had its agenda and didn't really want input on major matters.

呃,Charlie 和我当然都可以作证:就算我们是一家公司的最大股东,在那些真正重要的事情上发言,我们也常常很难取得什么成效。

Uh, and Charlie and I can certainly testify to the fact that we had had great lack of success even when we're the largest shareholder of a company, in terms of talking about the things that really count.

我的意思是,如果一个人花了整整一辈子,二十五年、三十年,一路爬到 CEO 的位置,你知道,他们就是想当老大,这也不能怪他们。

I mean, if somebody spends their whole lifetime, 25, 30 years rising to the position of CEO, you know, they want to be boss and you can't blame them.

而挡在他们前面的,唯一的东西就是董事会。

And the only thing in their way is the board of directors.

所以他们会去找那些名气很大的人,也会想办法让这些人高兴,但他们其实并不希望这些人太多介入公司的业务。

So they, they look for people who are big names and they look for ways to keep them happy, but they don't really want them getting into the business very much.

现在因为近来的规则,确实又加进来了很多流程,但我还是会说,就 business 的核心实质、实际发生的那些讨论等等这些现实层面来看,我想,整个 corporate America 的总体水平可能会让你吃惊。

There's a lot more process now that's been imposed by the recent rules, but I would say still, in terms of the reality of the guts of business and the discussions that take place and all that, I, I think you might be surprised at the level overall of that throughout corporate America.

正如我在报告里写过的,董事会压倒性的首要工作,就是找到合适的 CEO。

As I've written in the report, you know, overwhelmingly the job of the board of directors is to have the right CEO.

我的意思是,如果你有了合适的 CEO,百分之九十的问题基本都会自己解决。

I mean, if you've got the right CEO, you know, 90% of it takes care of itself.

如果你是 Cap Cities 的董事,而 CEO 是 Tom Murphy,那你知道,这事就结束了。

If you were a director of Cap Cities and you had Tom Murphy as the CEO, you know, case closed.

这就已经足够了。

It was all you needed.

如果你有这样的 CEO,我觉得董事会还有责任确保 CEO 不会越界,因为 CEO 也可能有和公司不完全一致的利益。

And if you have that CEO, I think you have an obligation on the board to make sure that there's not overreaching by the CEO, because the CEO can have different interests.

我觉得董事会要做的第三件事,或者说应该做的,是在重大收购上真正带入一些独立判断,因为那些通常自我很强、动力很足、最后当上 CEO 的人,天然就喜欢做大事,喜欢花别人的钱把自己做得更大。

And I think the third thing that the board does, should do, is they really should bring some independent judgment in on major acquisitions, because there is a natural tendency for people with usually big egos, big motors, who get to be CEOs, to like to do big things and to become bigger spending other people's money.

而且,呃,通常等到大交易摆到面前来的时候,你知道,管理层其实早就已经决定要做这笔交易了。

And, and, uh, normally when big deals come along, you know, the management, by the time it gets there, they've made the deal anyway.

他们会找来 investment bankers,走一套小小的仪式流程。

They have investment bankers there who go through a little ritual.

我从没见过有谁进来做陈述,说这主意很蠢。

I've never seen one come in and make a presentation that says it's a dumb idea.

我的意思是——他们知道标准答案应该是什么,于是整件事最后就变成一种小把戏。

I mean, they're— they know what the answer is supposed to be, and it just becomes kind of a little game.

所以——我觉得,在这三个方面,一个好的董事首先会做出一个明确的判断。

And I— so I think in those 3 respects, a good director will first make an affirmative decision.

你得有一个非常好的 CEO。

You've got a very good CEO.

不一定是全世界最好的,不是每个人都能做到那一点,但至少得是一个好的、非常好的 CEO,而且这个 CEO 不能越界。

Not the best in the whole world, not everybody can do that, but a good, very good CEO, that that CEO is not overreaching.

还有,当重大的交易出现时,董事们要有机会参与判断,而且你真的要就你在做的事情背后的真实经济性,展开一场平衡、充分的讨论。

And when significant deals come along, that they get a chance to weigh in and that you really get a balanced discussion about the real economics of what you're doing.

而我会说,在最后这一点上,这些年来我看到的情况其实一直都相当糟糕;但我也能理解,因为 CEO 要不是想把交易做成,他根本就不会把这个案子拿进来。

And I would say in that latter point, what I've seen over the years, has really been pretty bad, but I can understand it because the CEO wouldn't bring in the deal unless he wants it done.
M3
M34:32

然后他——。

And he—.
M2
M24:32

而且他一旦把这个拿进来,就会把局布好,然后用一种几乎让人没法做出独立判断的方式来做陈述。

And once he brings it in, he's going to stack the deck and, and make the presentation in such a way that it's almost impossible to exercise independent judgment.

Charlie,你对这个有什么看法吗?

Charlie, do you have any thoughts on that?
M3
M34:44

有,我觉得在美国,规模很大的大交易,平均来说都是不符合股东利益的。

Yeah, I think big, big deals on average in America are contrary to the shareholders' interest.

你就该这么下注。

That's the way to bet.

对,我的意思是,站在收购方这边,通常股东的处境会更糟。

Yeah, I mean, on the acquirer's side, usually the shareholders are worse off.
M2
M24:59

大多数股票交易里,他们想着自己能得到什么,却不去想自己付出了什么。

Most stock deals, they think about what they're getting and they don't think about what they're giving.

我是说,这种事我一次又一次地碰到过——人们交出去的是企业里相当大的一部分,而如果按当时的市场价格,他们其实根本不会卖。

I mean, I've had— been involved time after time where people are giving a significant percentage of the business, which they wouldn't sell at the current market price.

要是有人带着一个高出百分之二十的 tender offer 过来,他们会说那还是不够。

If somebody came along with a tender offer 20% higher, they would say that's inadequate.

但他们却把公司的一块股权送出去了,只因为他们想去拥有别的东西。

But they hand away a piece of the business because they want to own something else.

这本身也没什么不对,但你得确定,你得到的至少跟你给出去的一样多。

And there's nothing wrong with that, but you just have to be sure that you're getting as much as you're giving.

我很少听到有人讨论——事实上,我几乎可以说从来没听到过——在股票交易里,认真权衡你实际送出去的东西,和你得到的东西到底怎么比。

I have very seldom heard a discussion— in fact, I don't think I've virtually ever heard a discussion, uh, of weighing what you were actually giving away on a stock deal versus what you're, what you're getting.

关于摊薄、关于这种摊薄什么时候能被弥补回来之类的讨论,我倒是听过很多,但那根本不是问题的关键。

I've heard a lot of discussion about dilution and when dilution will be overcome and all that sort of thing, but that is not the question.

你知道,真正的问题是——如果确实创造出了更多价值,那这些新增价值在这两家公司之间是怎么分的?

You know, the real question is, are you— if more value is being created, how is it being whacked up between the 2 companies?

如果根本没有创造出额外价值,那你得到的到底有什么是比你付出去的更多的?

And if no extra value is being created, what are you getting more than you're giving?

我当年为了收购 Dexter Shoe,拿出 Berkshire Hathaway 百分之二的股份,那真是世界历史上最蠢的交易之一。

When I gave away 2% of Berkshire Hathaway to acquire Dexter Shoe, that was one of the dumbest deals in the history of the world, you know.

而且是我一个人干的。

And I did it all by myself.

Charlie 没参与那笔交易。

Charlie didn't participate in that one.

我真希望他当时参与了。

I wish he had.

不过你知道,那确实,确实很蠢。

But, you know, it was, it was dumb.

我的意思是——那不是 Berkshire 当时我手里那部分的百分之二。

I mean, here's— it wasn't 2% of what I had then at Berkshire.

那是现在这个 Berkshire Hathaway 公司的百分之二。

It's 2% of the present Berkshire Hathaway company.

如果我当时没那么做,你们大家现在都会多富百分之二——其实还不止百分之二——但至少会整整多出百分之二。

You'd all be 2% richer, a little more than 2% richer, but you'd be a full 2% richer if I hadn't done that.
M3
M36:29

幸好,你后来还做出过一些更好的决定。

Fortunately, you made some better decisions.
M2
M26:32

对,不过我也必须得做出一些更好的决定,不然我们今天就不会坐在这儿了。

Yeah, well, I'd have to, or we wouldn't be here.

但你知道,关键就在于,这种事在传统会计里根本体现不出来。

But, you know, the point is that doesn't show up under conventional accounting at all.

你知道,它就这么被掩盖过去了。

You know, it gets brushed under the rug.

在 Gillette,我们前后真的有连续十笔交易,结果都完全没达到——甚至连接近都没接近——当初提交给董事会时所展示的那个案例。

At Gillette, literally, we had 10 deals in a row that never met— came close to meeting the case that was presented at the time they were presented to the board.

这种事有哪一次跟股东提过吗?

Was that ever mentioned to shareholders?

它有出现在我们的财务报告里吗?

Did it show up in our financial reports?

从来不会,你知道,而且以后也永远不会。

Never, you know, and never will.

而这种事在美国企业界一直都在发生。

And that goes on all the time in corporate America.

很遗憾,股东们就算对管理层不满意,抱怨的往往也是,你知道,董事会里有没有 diversity 之类的事。

And unfortunately, shareholders, to the extent they get unhappy with managements, are complaining about, you know, whether they've got diversity on the board or something like that.

但真正更重要的,在我看来,是当他们——当你把整个公司都快折腾没了的时候。

But it's when they're— when you're blowing away the company, I mean, that to me is a whole lot more important.

Charlie,你要不要——。

Charlie, you want to—.
M3
M37:17

对,就算是一些脑子非常好、IQ 很高的人,那种自利又自我欺骗的本性,也很惊人。

Yeah, the self-serving, delusional nature of even some very good minds in terms of IQ points is amazing.

我有个朋友,把一家企业卖给了一家政府控制的企业,在一个实行社会福利制度的 Scandinavian 国家。

I had a friend who sold a business to a government-controlled business in a socialized Scandinavian country.

我那个朋友的企业非常不错,而对方在用他们那家国有公司的股票把它买下来之后,还说,这真是一笔太棒的交易。

And my friend had a very nice business, and the people on the other side, after they had bought it for stock in their government corporation, said, this was such a marvelous deal.

我们把你整个企业都拿到手了,结果什么都不用付。

We got your whole business and we didn't have to give anything.
M2
M27:54

嗯,我们以前曾经持有过 Nashville 那边一家叫 Third National Bank 的股票,他们后来获得了一个权限——而且那些人都很棒,真的非常棒。

Well, we, we owned stock in the Third National Bank one time down in Nashville, and they got the ability— and they're wonderful people, really wonderful people.

但他们后来有能力去收购其他银行了,之前他们在这方面其实是受限制的。

But they got the ability to acquire other banks where they formerly had been limited in that ability.

然后他们去找了一家很小的银行,那家小银行的老板说,我要股票。

And they went out to some very small bank, and the guy at the very small bank said, I want stock.

他说,我的股票值的是 private market value,而你们的股票值的是 market price。

And he says, my stock is worth private market value, and your stock is worth market price.

当时呢,market price 碰巧只有——不过他说,你知道,我拿到的只能是市场给的那个价格。

Well, market price happened to be half of— but he says, you know, all I'm getting is whatever the market is.

所以我希望你们按 market 来给你们的股票估值。

So I want you to value your stock at market.

而我的股票,要按这个高得多的溢价来估值。

And value mine at this huge premium.

然后他说,另外我还有一个条件。

And he said, and then there's just one other condition.

他说,既然我要把我全部身家都放进你们的股票里,我希望你们答应我,以后再也别做这么蠢的交易了。

He said, since I'm going to be putting my whole net worth in your stock, he said, I want your promise you'll never do a deal this dumb in the future.

Jim,你还记得这件事吗?

Do you remember that one, Jim?

记得,我记得。

Yeah, I remember.
M1
M18:44

对。

Yeah.
M2
M28:44

而那个人只是稍微——只是比通常情况更把话挑明了一点。

And that fellow was just being a little— it was just getting a little more out in the open than is typically the case.

我待过一些非常棒的董事会。

I've been on some terrific boards.

这里本地有一家叫 Data Documents,那个董事会运作得就非常好,董事会里的每个人都在认真思考这门生意,理解这门生意,并且像所有者一样做决策。

There was a local one here called Data Documents that really functioned with everybody on the board thinking about the business, understanding the business, making decisions as owners.

他们每个人都把自己净资产里相当大的一部分放在这家公司里,这大概是我待过的最好的董事会。

Every one of them had a significant percentage of their net worth in the business, and probably the best board I've ever been on.

我的意思是,那里的每一个决策,都是出于商业原因做出的。

I mean, every decision there was made for business reasons.

最糟糕的决策——至少是最有可能酿成严重后果的那种决策。

The worst decisions— at least they have the potential for anything worse.

我的意思是,现在只要一提到收购,标准流程就是把 investment bankers 和律师都叫进来,然后整个势头就完全变成一定要把交易做成。

I mean, but it's standard procedure now when an acquisition comes up to trot in, you know, investment bankers and the lawyers, and, and the momentum is just totally to get the deal done.

而且就像我说的,他们会展示一大堆 slides,相信我,我都不用看那些 slides。

And like I say, they— there will be a lot of slides presented, and believe me, I can— I don't need to look at the slides.

我已经知道最后会得出什么结论了。

I know what the answer is going to be at the end.

他们会说这是一笔很棒的交易,你知道,但——而且不会有人从另一边提出反对意见。

They're going to say it's a great deal, you know, but— and there will be nobody arguing the other side.

事情不是那种你做一个决定的时候,还会有人把赞成和反对两方面都摆给你听的情况。

They're just, you know, it is not like something where you would make a decision and you'd have somebody give pro and con.

它根本不是那样运作的。

It just doesn't work that way.

我也不知道怎么才能把这点改善很多。

I don't know how to improve that a lot.

我觉得我们在 Berkshire 有一群非常非常出色的人。

I think we've got a sensational group at Berkshire.

我们的董事会里,几乎每个人都把自己相当大一部分净资产放在了这里。

You have a group with almost everybody on the board having a significant percentage of their net worth.

Bill 的持股太大了,大到我们都没法说那只是他净资产里的一个显著比例,不过——他在里面投了好几亿美元。

Bill's is so big we can't get him to a significant percentage, but that's— he's got hundreds of millions of dollars in it.

我们的董事会,所处的位置和股东是完全一样的。

We've got a board that is in exactly the same position as the shareholders.

他们没有董事和高管责任保险。

They don't have directors and officers insurance.

下行风险和上行收益,他们都一起承担。

They've got the downside as well as the upside.

他们的股票都是在公开市场上自己买的,不是别人送给他们的。

They bought their stock in the open market, so it hasn't been given to them.

这是真正属于所有者的董事会,我就喜欢这样。

It is a real owners' board, and I like it that way.

我觉得这是一支非常棒的团队,而且我很高兴还能让他们用很低的报酬来干活。

I think it's a terrific group, and I'm glad I can get them to work cheap.