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Adam Foroughi, AppLovin

1273 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 86:18
M1
M10:02

跟我讲讲你做的几十亿美元的股票回购吧。

Tell me about these billions of dollars of stock buybacks you did.
M2
M20:06

那我先给你一点背景,说说我们什么时候上市,以及为什么这后来成了一个挺大的机会。

So let me give you a little bit of context on when we went public and why this became a pretty big opportunity.

我们是在2021年4月,COVID期间上市的。

We went public in COVID in April 2021.

公司当时市值大概280亿美元,头六个月涨到了400亿。

Company was worth about $28 billion, went up to $40 billion first 6 months.

我们都很兴奋。

We're all excited.

但之后股价几乎天天跌,整个2022年都是这样。

Stock goes down from there literally every day for all of '22.

最后跌到了大概38亿美元的低点。

We got to a floor of, I think like $3.8 billion.

从每股115美元跌到了9美元。

We went from $115 a share to $9 a share.

所以你经营着一家公司,全世界都在告诉你你的生意很垃圾。

So you're running a business and the whole world is telling you your business is trash.

你会怎么做?

Like, what do you do?

有意思的是,与此同时,我们2021年的EBITDA是7亿美元。

At the same time, interestingly, we went out with $700 million of EBITDA in '21.

2022年EBITDA超过了10亿美元。

We did $1 billion plus of EBITDA in '22.

所以业务在快速增长,业绩很好,但公开市场的投资者却告诉我们这生意很糟糕。

So like fast growth executing on the business, yet public market investors were telling us business is terrible.

反正就是这么回事。

Like, and it was what it was.
M1
M10:51

为什么他们觉得这生意很糟糕?

Why did they think the business was terrible?
M2
M20:53

这个领域很难理解。

It is a tough space to understand.

首先,我们做广告和游戏,这两个行业在公开市场上都不好做。

First of all, like we're in advertising and we're in gaming, and those are 2 tough places to be in the public markets.

另一个挑战是,我们在COVID期间上市,当时IPO太多了。

The other challenge was that we went out in COVID and there were just way too many IPOs.

一旦你了解了公开市场——我上市四年学到了很多——你需要大型投资者早期就开始买入股票,因为你的私有公司投资者要卖股票。

And once you learn the public markets, which I've learned a lot more as we've been public for now 4 years, you need really big investors to start buying shares in companies early on because you have your private company investors trying to sell shares.

所以一方面,供需不平衡,会有大量股票涌入市场。

So on the one hand, you have this imbalance, you've got a flood of shares that are going to come to the market.

而且因为COVID期间IPO太多,像Fidelity、BlackRock这些大基金,他们对新IPO的研究不够深入,因为他们分不清好坏。

And with all the COVID IPOs, the big funds, the companies like Fidelity, BlackRock, et cetera, they weren't doing as much research on any new IPO because they couldn't tell the difference.

市场上一下子涌入了太多公司。

There was just too much hitting the market.

结果我们的股东结构缺乏支持,然后股票开始被抛售到市场上。

So we ended up with a cap table that didn't have support, and then shares started selling into the market.

股价崩溃了。

Stock crumbles.

你开始每天看着它跌。

You start going down every day.

人们看着这家公司就会觉得:这家公司肯定有问题。

People look at the company and go, this company's— something's wrong with this company.

到底发生了什么?

Like, what's happening?

而且很难不去看股价,而是去看基本面,试着评估到底怎么回事。

And it's really hard to look past the stock price and go, let me look at the fundamentals and try to assess what's going on.

而且你知道,你在外面,就像在接一把落下的刀。

And, and you know, you're, you're out there, it's like catching a falling knife.

作为投资者,你会怎么做?

Like, what do you do as an investor?

所以我们就被踢出来了。

So we were thrown out.

很容易就会说,你看,我们跌了92%,干脆放弃吧。

It's easy to go, look, we're down 92%, hang it up.

就像说,我们还能怎么办?

Like, what are we going to do?

开始变得被动反应、处处防御。

Start getting reactive, defensive.

但我们没有那样,而是最终做了两件事。

Instead of that, what we ended up doing was going 2 things.

一是全世界都不喜欢我们的股票,既然没人愿意买我们的股票,那不如我们自己开始买自己的股票吧。

One is the whole world doesn't like our shares, so if no one's going to buy our shares, why don't we just start buying our own shares?

于是我们启动了一个非常成功的回购计划。

And so we kicked off a really successful buyback.

公司最低谷时市值是38亿美元,而我们每年产生超过10亿美元的EBITDA。

The company at the bottom was worth $3.8 billion market cap, and we were generating over a billion dollars of EBITDA.

所以你想一下现金流和市值的比例,我们每年创造的钱大约是市值的五分之一。

So you think about the cash flow to market cap, it was about 1/5 that we were generating every single year.

嗯,理论上,如果我们真的相信自己走的路,光下一年我们就能回购公司20%的股份。

Well, in theory, we could buy back 20% of the shares of the company just in the next year if we really believed in the path we were on.

于是我们就启动了回购,但做法和大多数公司有点不一样。

So we kicked that off, but we did it a little bit differently than what most companies do.

大多数公司会公开说,我要从公开市场买股票,把股份买回来,但你不知道交易的对手方是谁。

Most companies go out and say, I'm going to buy shares from the public markets and just take shares back, but you don't know who's on the other side of that trade.

另一方面,我们知道我们的股权结构里,大约50%的股份在接下来的几年内某个时候会被卖掉。

On the other hand, we knew that we had a cap table where about 50% of the shares were going to sell at some point over the coming years.

我们有私募股权投资者,持有公司大约50%的股份,还有一些已经离开公司的创始人。

We had private equity investors that owned roughly 50% of the shares of the company alongside some other founders that were no longer there.

所以不是去公开市场,而是去找那些我们知道会卖的股东,让他们同意在一段时间内卖回给我们。

So instead of going to the public, we went to the shareholders that we knew were going to sell and got them to agree to sell back to us over time.

所以在接下来的18个月里,我们最终动用了大约60亿美元来回购,其中一部分是自有资金,也用了一些杠杆来买公司的股票。

And so for the following 18 months, we ended up deploying somewhere around $6 billion of buybacks of our own capital, and we leveraged some to buy back shares in the company.

而随着时间推移,这次回购最终创造了大约500到600亿美元的实际收益。

And over time that ended up creating somewhere in the neighborhood of $50, $60 billion of actual proceeds from the buyback.

这是企业史上最成功的回购之一。

One of the more successful buybacks in the history of companies.
M1
M13:29

你回购了大约60亿美元。

You bought back around $6 billion.

你用那60亿美元赚了大约600亿美元。

You made about $60 billion on that $6 billion.

你从哪拿到这些钱的——你说有些来自公司的盈利,然后你又去——

Where did you get the— you said some of it came from earnings of the company and then you went and—.
M2
M23:37

我们也用了杠杆。

We leveraged as well.
M1
M13:38

你从哪儿借的钱?

Where'd you borrow the money from?
M2
M23:39

所以作为一家私人公司——

So as a private company—.
M1
M13:41

当时有没有人对你说,你借钱简直是疯了?

And is anybody telling you at the time you're nuts for borrowing?

你的市值跌到了38亿美元。

You're down $3.8 billion market cap.

解释一下你当时是怎么想的,公司内部你的想法和外界对你公司的评价之间的差别。那时候你身边肯定有很多人说,你到底怎么了?

Explain like how you were thinking, the difference between how you were thinking about inside the company versus the world telling you about your business, because there had to be a lot of people around you saying, what the hell's wrong with you?

你一定是疯了,居然借钱回购这家烂公司的股票。

You gotta be nuts going into debt to buy back your stocks of this shitty company.
M2
M24:02

我是说,很多时候人们在现金方面都喜欢保守。

I mean, look, a lot of times people like to be conservative when it comes to cash.

所以说,第一,加杠杆本身就让人害怕;第二,在所有人都说你这公司就是个垃圾的时候,你还要加杠杆去买自己的股票,那真的是特别吓人的一件事。

And so one, to lever up is scary to people, but then 2, to lever up to buy your own shares when everyone's telling you your company's a piece of shit, that's really scary to do.

我从来不相信存钱防患未然这种事。

I never believed in saving cash for a rainy day.

我觉得我对自己正在做的事情非常有信心。

I feel like I'm a big believer in what we're building.

我相信我们前进的方向。

I believe in where we're going.

所以既然我相信未来,而且我们又是现金流很强的公司,那我们就应该一直回购自己的股票。

So if I believe in the future and we're a really high cash generative business, we should always be buying back our shares.

所以在估值跌到那么有吸引力的时候,有什么好怕的呢?

So at a bottom point where the valuation became that juicy, there's no reason to be afraid of it.

好消息是,我跟董事会打交道不算多,待会儿可以聊聊这个,但我们的董事会非常支持,因为这事又不难理解。

And the good news is, I mean, I don't have a lot of experience with boards and we can talk about that in a bit, but our board was very supportive because it's not rocket science.

你看着五倍现金流的估值,就会想,嗯,为什么不直接把所有股票都买下来呢?

You look at a multiple of 5 times cash flow and you go, okay, why don't we just buy all the shares?

能买多少就买多少。

Buy as much as you possibly can.

所以因为价格实在太便宜了,而且我们对未来的增长前景非常有信心,我们就全力去买,能买多猛就买多猛。

And so because it was so cheap and we had a lot of conviction on our future growth prospects, we just hit it and hit it as hard as we could.
M1
M14:59

你说你不太跟董事会打交道,这是什么意思?

Explain what you mean about you didn't have a lot of experience in boards.
M2
M25:01

我们刚开始创业的时候,我去找风投融资,结果所有顶级风投都拒绝了我。

When we first started the business, I went out and talked to VCs to raise capital and I got turned down by all the top VCs.

所以后来在2012年春天,以400万美元的估值融了100万美金。

So $1 million over $4 million valuation at some point in spring 2012.
M1
M15:12

等等,那是你们的第一轮融资?

Wait, that was your first?
M2
M25:14

全都被拒绝了。

All rejected.

我当时就是那么推荐的。

That's what I pitched.

我当时本来打算用公司四分之一的股份换100万美金。

I would've given up a quarter of the company for, um, a million bucks.

要是那样的话,对那些风投来说可是笔大买卖。

Would've, would've, would've been a big payday for those VCs.

但他们拒绝了。

And they said no.

他们之所以拒绝,是因为我们做的是广告和游戏,这个方向在当时很难讲清楚。

And they said no, because again, we're in advertising and we're in games and it was a tough pitch.

而且,这是我的第三个创业项目了。

And, um, this is my third business.
M1
M15:28

但这是哪一年?

What year is this though?

因为我觉得大家——

Because I think people—.
M3
M35:31

2012年。

2012.

2012年。

2012.
M1
M15:31

因为大家听到你说做广告和游戏,现在这些可是世界上最赚钱的行业之一。

Because people hearing you say we're in advertising games now, those are some of the most profitable businesses in the world.

但在2012年,情况又有什么不同呢?

What wasn't happening in 2012 though?
M2
M25:39

当时风投觉得难办的是,Google、Facebook、Amazon都在这个领域,那为什么一个名字很傻的小公司想做点东西,就能跟这些巨头竞争呢?

What was challenging for VCs back then was Well, Google and Facebook and Amazon are in this space, and so why would some goofy name little company that's trying to develop something be able to compete with the giants?

我觉得他们逻辑上的失误在于,这已经是我第三个做广告的创业公司了。

I think the sort of failure in the logic is, this is my third business in advertising.

我在广告行业已经有十多年的成功经验了。

I'd already had successes over a decade before in advertising.

所以是他们没看清楚创始人是谁。

So it's a failure on seeing who's the founder.

所以,要押注在人身上。

So bet on the person.

一百万美元,超过四百万美元,你就能拿到公司25%的股份。

A million over $4 million, you get 25% of the company.

这真是一笔不错的交易。

It's a pretty good deal.

而且当时移动游戏和移动应用这个领域本身还处于萌芽阶段。

And then understanding that the space itself in mobile gaming and mobile apps at the time was nascent.

无论怎么想象,都没有发展到今天这么大的规模。

It hadn't become as big as it is today by any stretch of the imagination.

所以,我们算是有点运气,押注了那个领域,但当时这个移动游戏领域非常小,现在却变得巨大。

So you had this like, we, well, where we got sort of lucky is we bet on that space, but this gaming space on mobile that became massive now was very little back then.

所以那些是风投方面的失误。

And so those were misses on the VC side.
M1
M16:28

你之前的广告业务是基于桌面的。

Your previous advertising business was desktop-based.
M2
M26:30

对。

Yeah.
M1
M16:31

所以你创办AppLovin这家公司的优势在于,你在最开始就看到了流量从桌面端向移动端的转移。

So the advantage that you had here starting this other company, which is AppLovin, Right, is you saw the shift from traffic from desktop to mobile at the very beginning.
M2
M26:42

对,我们在那方面也还算幸运。

Yeah, we sort of got lucky in that too.

我们在2005年和其他几个人一起在社交媒体上做广告业务,然后在2008年又做了一个。

We had built a business on social media in 2005 in advertising with a few other guys, and then in 2008 had another one.

所以当你在桌面端做社交业务时,移动应用商店上线了,你开始看到流量迅速转移,但没人谈论这件事。

And so when you're on desktop and you're in social and then the mobile app store launches and you start seeing your traffic shifting really quickly, but nobody's talking about it.

这是一个巨大的数据优势,能洞察市场动向。

It's a huge data advantage on a market.

最终的结果是,2010年,我和其他人一起卖掉了之前那两家公司,然后去了帕洛阿尔托,说:移动端会变得很大。

And so what ended up happening was in 2010, I had sold those 2 prior businesses with others and just went over to Palo Alto and said, mobile's going to be big.

我不知道我们要在移动端做什么,但移动端肯定会变得很大。

I don't know what we're going to do in mobile, but mobile's going to be big.

有意思的是,因为我们之前在经济上取得了相当的成功,我不想再做广告了。

Funny enough, because we had had quite a bit of economic success, I didn't want to do advertising again.

广告这行不好做。

Advertising is a tough deal.

所以——

And so—.
M1
M17:25

为什么?

Why?
M2
M27:26

就是说,连续20年做广告业务,很难让人兴奋起来。

It's just really hard to get excited about being an advertising person for 20 years.

所以现在,我算是终身投入其中了,而且还挺擅长的。

So now, now I'm sort of life commitment to it and I'm pretty good at it.

但当时我想的是,我们在广告领域成功了,去试试直接面向消费者的业务吧。

But at the time I was like, look, we succeeded in advertising, go try direct-to-consumer something.

那为什么不去试试呢?

And so why wouldn't we?
M1
M17:44

那你为什么想从B2B转向直接面向消费者?

And why would you want to go from B2B to direct-to-consumer?
M2
M27:47

总觉得别处的草更绿嘛,什么领域都一样。

The grass is always greener in everything.

所以我觉得自己已经征服了广告领域。

And so it felt to me like I'd already conquered advertising.

为什么还要再做一次?

Why do I need to do it again?

那显然与现实相差甚远,因为后来的事实证明,你能建起一个比我当时想象中大得多的广告业务。

And that's so far off reality because I've obviously proven you can build a much bigger advertising business than I imagined at the time.

但当时我觉得这很难。

But I felt like it's tough.

你在跟另一边的客户打交道。

You're dealing with the client on the other side.

在广告行业或者任何B2B行业里,你被灌输的理念就是客户永远是对的。

And when you're in an advertising business or any B2B business, you're trained the client's always right.

所以你是站在客户那一方的。

So you're on the other side of that trade.

如果你拥有消费者,那你就能掌握自己的命运。

If you own the consumer, well, then you own your destiny.

所以我觉得做消费者业务会更有意思。

And so I felt like it would be a lot more fun to build a consumer business.

我们尝试过,在2011年开发并推出了一款约会应用和一款时尚应用。

And we tried, we built in 2011, we launched a dating app and a fashion app.

看起来很糟糕。

Looked terrible.
M1
M18:26

一个已婚男人在做约会应用。

So a married guy is building a dating app.
M2
M28:28

对。

Yeah.
M1
M18:29

而且你,我每次见你,你都穿着同样的衣服。

And you, every time I see you, you're in the same clothes.
M2
M28:32

没错。

Yeah.

你之前还拿这个开过玩笑。

You made a joke about that earlier.

我大概就四套衣服,完全不懂时尚。

I have like 4 outfits, so I have zero fashion sense.

而且当时我已经结婚了。

And I was married at the time.

两个糟糕的主意。

Two terrible ideas.

不过在Tinder出现之前。

Pre-Tinder though.

我们推出时尚应用的时候,差不多正是Pinterest上线的时候,他们就在我们隔壁街区。

And the fashion app we launched right around when Pinterest launched and they were down the block from us.

所以那些市场显然有机会,但我们不是做这个的合适团队。

So there was obviously opportunity in those markets, we were not the right teams to do it.
M1
M18:50

你就是想有个应用,因为你看到一切都在往那边转移?

Well, you just wanted to have an app because you saw everything shifting there?
M2
M28:53

对,我想要一个应用,是因为我想在涉足其他事情之前先拥有用户群。

Yeah, I wanted to have an app because I wanted to own the audience before we got into anything else.

所以实际上,这过渡到我们推出的第三个应用,也就是第一版的AppLovin。

And so actually, like that transitionally goes to the third app we launched was the first version of AppLovin.

那是一个应用发现应用。

It was an app discovery app.

时间大概是2011年夏末秋初。

And this was, I think it was in late summer to fall 2011.

你我在这款AppLovin应用上关联后,它会告诉你:嘿,Adam在玩Words with Friends。

You and I would go connect on this app, AppLovin, and it would tell you, hey, Adam's playing Words with Friends.

你应该去和他一起玩Words with Friends。

You should go play Words with Friends with him.

这就是这个应用的全部功能。

And that was the entirety of the app.

它就是一个应用推荐应用。

It was just an app recommendation app.

应用本身很糟糕,但当你收到那条推送时,回复率高得惊人。

The app itself stunk, but when you got that push, the response rate was through the roof.

所有使用那个应用的人都在下载其他东西。

Everyone who was on that app was going and downloading other things.

所以我们想,好吧,这个应用商店的潜力可能比人们想象的要大。

So we were like, okay, well, there's a potential that this app store is going to be bigger than people realize.

会有很多内容。

There's going to be a ton of content.

这个应用很差,但这个推荐算法真的很酷。

This app stinks, but this recommendation algo is really cool.

所以,这真的变成了我们后来的样子,也就是我们把这个推荐算法最终作为其他应用上的广告平台推出了。

And so that, that's what really turned into what we became, which is we took that recommendation algo and just launched it eventually as an advertising platform on other apps.
M3
M39:50

我和亚当的对话中,我最喜欢的一点是他如何专注于为他的客户打造最好的产品。

One of the things I love most about the conversations I have with Adam is how focused he is on making the best possible product he can for his customers.

“沉迷于客户”是杰夫·贝佐斯经常重复的格言,你在亚当身上绝对能看到这一点。

Obsess over customers is a maxim that is repeated by Jeff Bezos, and you definitely see that with Adam.

这也是我在我的朋友卡里姆身上看到的特质,他是Ramp的联合创始人兼首席技术官。

It is also the same trait that I see in my friend Karim, who's the co-founder and CTO of Ramp.

Ramp是这个播客的主要赞助商,卡里姆是当今金融界最杰出的技术人才之一。

Ramp is the presenting sponsor of this podcast, and Karim is one of the greatest technical minds working in finance today.

卡里姆痴迷于打造高质量的产品,并利用最新的技术不断为他的客户创造更好的体验。

Karim is obsessed with crafting a high-quality product and using the latest technology to constantly create better experiences for his customers.

Ramp拥有金融界最有才华的技术团队之一,他们通过快速、不懈的迭代,每天都在让产品变得更好。

Ramp has one of the most talented technical teams in finance, and they use rapid, relentless iteration to make their product better every day.

Ramp完全致力于使用人工智能为客户提供更好的体验,并尽可能多地自动化你的业务财务。

Ramp is completely committed to using AI to make a better experience for their customers and automate as much of your business's finances as possible.

今天,Ramp帮助你的业务控制并自动化支出。

Today, Ramp helps your business control and automate spending.

他们通过为每个员工提供公司卡、费用管理、账单支付、采购、旅行、预算控制、会计自动化以及人工智能工具来标记浪费、欺诈、重复收费和政策违规,从而实现这一点。

They do this with corporate cards for every single one of your employees, expense management, bill pay, procurement, travel, budget controls, accounting automation, and AI tools that flag waste, fraud, duplicate charges, and policy violations.

明天,Ramp将为你的业务提供完全自动化的资金管理。

Tomorrow, Ramp is full self-driving money for your business.

世界上许多增长最快、最具创新力的公司都在使用Ramp运营他们的业务。

Many of the fastest growing and most innovative companies in the world are running their business on Ramp.

我用Ramp运营我的业务,你也应该这样做。

I run my business on Ramp, and you should too.

一定要去ramp.com了解他们如何帮助你的业务节省时间、节省金钱并增加收入。

Make sure you go to ramp.com to learn how they can help your business save time, save money, and grow revenue.

让AI追踪你的收据并完成结账,这样你就可以把时间和精力用于为客户打造出色的产品。

Let AI chase your receipts and close your books so you can use your time and energy building great things for your customers.

今天就通过访问ramp.com开始吧。

Get started today by going to ramp.com.
M1
M111:18

你说你有另外两个广告业务,你把它们卖了,所以现在你要尝试直接面向消费者。

You said you had 2 other advertising businesses, you sold them, so now you're gonna try to go direct-to-consumer.

你要构建这些应用,这是AppLovin的前身。

You're gonna build these apps, the precursor to AppLovin.

你当时已经很富有吗?

Were you already rich at the time?
M2
M211:29

我足够富有,心里觉得不需要更多钱了。

I was rich enough to not need more money in my mind.

不幸的是,对于金钱,那条线总是随着你变得更富有而变得更高。

Unfortunately, money, the line on that always goes higher as you get richer.

但我觉得即使我一美元都不再赚,也没问题。

But I felt like if I didn't make another dollar, I'd be fine.

所以,在头一年半里,我自筹资金运营这个业务,期间我们只是在摸索尝试。

So I was bootstrapping this business for the first year and a half while we were just tinkering with things.
M1
M111:47

你自筹资金是因为你想这样,还是因为风险投资家不接受——?

Were you bootstrapping because you wanted to bootstrap or bootstrapping because the VCs would not take—.
M2
M211:51

不,这有25%是出于那个原因。

No, it was 25% predicated on that.

我不相信向投资者推销我没有信心的想法。

I didn't believe in selling to investors an idea that I wasn't confident in.

所以我想,如果我和这个团队在外面,只是在探索,试图在那个阶段找到合适的方向,而我将进行很多次转型,我不想与投资者打交道。

So I figured if I'm out there with this team and we're just playing around and trying to find a fit during that point in time where I'm going to pivot a bunch, I don't want to deal with investors.

所以实际上我们早期把它设立为有限责任公司。

So we actually set it up as an LLC early on.

好处是,你往LLC里投100万美元,亏掉100万,能拿回50万。

And the nice thing is you put $1 million into an LLC, you lose $1 million, you get back $500 grand.

所以我们有了一种节税的方式,可以用其他地方的收入来支撑创业。

So we had a tax-efficient way to bootstrap against whatever earnings we had elsewhere.

我们就这么做了,大概一年半的时间里,我们用它来支付工程师的薪水,直到我们找到了产品市场契合点。

So we did it and we did that for, we covered the cost of the engineers at the time, did that for the year and a half until we landed on product market fit.

我是在我们准备做广告业务之后才去找风投的。

I didn't go to VCs until I, we were going to be an advertising business.
M1
M112:30

你之前创办的另外两家公司,也是自己掏钱起步的吗?还是也融资了?

Were the other 2 companies you started before this, did you also bootstrap those or you raised money for that too?
M2
M212:36

第一家是有投资人的,我一直都有联合创始人——三家都是。第一家是有投资人的,我当时是资历较浅的联合创始人。

One had investors and these were both, I've had co-founders at all 3 businesses, but one of the first one had investors and I was the junior co-founder.

第二家我也是联合创始人,我们是自己掏钱起步的,因为我们在社交媒体上做了广告业务,很快就盈利了。

The second one I was a co-founder at, we had just bootstrapped because we'd launched an advertising business on social media and it was profitable right away.

好的。

Okay.
M1
M112:54

所以现在你有了这个想法,有了这个应用推荐应用。

So now you have this idea, you have this app recommendation app.

接下来发生了什么?

What happens next?
M2
M213:00

结果没人用这个应用,挺惊人的。

So nobody's using the app, which is shocking.

人们喜欢用有帅哥美女的应用,而这个应用本身是个应用大全。

People use apps with hot people in them, and this was an app of apps.

但我们意识到,如果用户会因为我们的推荐而大量下载应用,那——我们其实不需要靠这个应用本身来分发。

But we realized if you're going to download at a really high rate based on a recommendation we can send you, well, why— we don't need distribution on the app.

为什么不直接把我们的技术植入到其他那些正在涌现的应用里呢?

Why don't we just go distribute our technology inside all these other apps that are coming into existence?

当时这也不是什么高深的技术。

So not rocket science back then.

我们就想,不如围绕这个理念建一个广告平台。

We just realized, let's go build an advertising platform around this construct.

于是我们就这么做了。

And so we did that.

我们雇了一个团队来开发所谓的软件开发工具包,其实就是一段代码,别人可以嵌入到自己的应用里,连接到一个广告平台。

We hired a team to build what's called this software development kit, but just code that someone could put in their app to access an advertising platform.

我们在2012年3月推出了这个。

And we launched that in March of 2012.

所以我们放弃了应用发现应用,AppLovin变成了一个广告网络。

So we scrapped the app discovery app, AppLovin became this ad network.

我们推出了——

We launched—.
M1
M113:43

现在你又回到广告了。

Now you're back to ads.
M2
M213:44

对,又回到广告了。

Right back to ads.

但有趣的是,兜兜转转又回来了。第一,我讨厌输。

But like, what was interesting, I mean, full circle, one, I didn't like to lose.

我们做直接面向消费者的业务时,感觉完全是摸不着头脑。

And when we did direct-to-consumer, it's like, I have no idea what I'm doing.

我不喜欢约会,也不喜欢时尚,这些都属实。

The, the, the, the not into dating, not into fashion, all true.

我们完全不知道怎么把直接面向消费者的业务推向市场,也不知道自己要找什么。

We had no idea how to take to market a direct-to-consumer business, and we didn't know what we were looking for.

产品做得太烂了。

The product stunk.

所以输得很难受。

So it was really difficult to lose.

第二,当我们看到这些推荐有多强大,而且知道这个市场会很大时,就没有理由回避广告了。

And then second, when we saw how powerful these recommendations were, and knew that this market was going to be big, there's no reason to shy away from ads.

那时候我们就想,走吧,干吧。

At that point, we're just like, let's go.

我们把技术打包好,上线运行。从进入市场那一刻起,业务就开始快速增长。

And we packaged up the tech, put it live, and then from that moment that we got into market, business started growing really quick.
M1
M114:24

你是怎么为它找到分发渠道的?

How did you find distribution for it?
M2
M214:26

这些其他应用开发者都特别缺钱。

These other app developers were desperate for money.

所以当时,我是说,大概是2012年,App Store里全是日历应用、放屁按钮和手电筒这类应用,还有游戏刚开始兴起。

So at the time, I mean, it's like 2012, the App Store was full of calendar apps, fart button flashlights, and the beginning of games.

当时有Candy Crush、Clash of Clans,还有一些更简单的游戏。

You had Candy Crush, Clash of Clans, and some simpler games at the time.

不过数量不多。

Not many though.

而这些开发者需要资金。

And these developers needed money.

所以我就直接出去跟他们说,你看,你这个日历应用有一百万用户。

And so I just went out and said, look, you've got a million users on this calendar app.

我们每天付你一万美金。

We'll pay you 10 grand a day.

只要把我们的广告平台放进去就行。

Just put our ad platform in there.

让它在这个应用里铺开,那就是我们的事了。

It was up to us to make it spread on it.
M1
M114:54

他们当时有什么别的选择?

What was their alternative?

比如说,如果他们不跟你合作呢?

Like, what if they don't go with you?

他们还有什么别的选择?当时他们还能做出什么其他决定?

What else could they, what other decision could they have made at the time?
M2
M214:59

当时,谷歌在2008年收购了AdMob这家公司,我记得价格差不多是十亿美元。

At the time, Google had bought this company AdMob in 2008 for, I think it was nearly a billion dollars.

那时候这算是一笔巨额交易。

Huge transaction back then.

所以那就是他们的替代选择。

And so that was the alternative.

要么用谷歌的广告平台,要么用这个新的广告平台。

Go with Google's ad platform or go with this new ad platform.

因为谷歌在2008年就买下了AdMob,等我们2012年刚开始做的时候,那个平台已经没什么创新了。

Since they had bought it in 2008, when we started in 2012, there wasn't a lot of innovation there.

所以当我们进入市场时,那时候我们很容易就能打败谷歌。

So when we went to market, it was easy for us to go outcompete Google at that point in time.
M1
M115:22

怎么做到的?

How?
M2
M215:23

他们最初进入市场时,带来的产品是为品牌客户打造的,大多数广告业务也都是围绕品牌客户做的,广告行业的大钱就在那里。

They'd first come to market with a product that was built for brands, and most advertising businesses are built for brands, and that's where the big money is in advertising.

所以人们心里就想着,我们要去从品牌那里拿钱,做个广告版面,放上广告,然后就成了。

So people get in their mind that we're just going to go take money from brands, create a spread, place ads, off you go.

当时的AdMob业务就是那样。

That's what the AdMob business was back then.

今天已经大不相同了。

It's a lot different today.

当我们进入市场的时候,我们并不想向品牌客户推销。

When we went into market, we didn't want to sell to brands.

所以这从来都不是我的考虑。

So it was never a consideration for me.

我是说,我们也可以聊这个,但当时大概只考虑了一个星期。

I mean, we can talk about it, but it was like a one-week consideration.

那是一件很难卖的事。

It is a tough thing to sell.

早年我去了纽约那边。

I went over to New York early days.

所有人都跟我们说,我们也应该关注品牌,试着跟一些广告代理公司聊聊。

Everyone told us we should, we should worry about brands too and try to talk to some agencies.

但这个过程特别残酷。

And it's brutal.

你试图说服别人给你一部分预算的权限。

You're trying to convince someone to give you access to part of a budget.

然后证明他们的钱花得值,这完全是含糊其辞的事。

And then proving that their dollars were well spent is completely hand-wavy.

这里面一点科学性都没有。

There's nothing scientific about it.

就是,你去投放他们的广告,然后想从他们的预算里分一杯羹。

It's, you're placing their ads, you're trying to get a cut of their budget.

最肥的那块蛋糕,其实是给了那些最能请客户吃吃喝喝、搞好关系的人。

And the biggest cut goes to the folks that are wining and dining the client the most.

我不想做这种生意。

And I didn't want to be in that business.

我想做的是不需要销售、高价值产品的生意。

I wanted to be in the business of no sales, high-value product.

所以我们和AdMob最大的不同是,我们直接去找开发者。

And so what was different about us to AdMob was we went to the developers themselves.

我们跟他们说,你看,一方面,允许我们在你的应用里投放广告。

We said, look, on the one hand, like, allow us to place our ads inside your app.

另一方面,你的日历应用、或者你的游戏、或者你那个放屁按钮之类的,需要更多用户。

On the other hand, you need more users for your calendar app or for your game or for your fart button or whatever it was.

就在我们的平台上投放广告,我们帮你从另一边获取用户。

Run an ad on our platform and we'll get you users on the other side.

所以从一开始就是,而且这始终成立,如果我们的客户能按效果付费,这一点我们待会儿再具体解释,但如果他们能按效果付费,他们的业务就会变得更好,因为广告费花得值。

So the very, very beginning was, and this has always held true, if our customers are able to buy on a performance basis, and we can define what that means in a little bit, but if they're able to buy on a performance basis, their business is getting better because the ads are well spent.

如果你把钱花在广告上花得很值,另一方面又能变现,那你就能创造出一个差额,他们就实际上变成了一家可以套利我们平台的公司,然后就能扩大业务规模。

And if you spend your money well on ads and on the other side you can monetize, you create a spread, they become effectively a company that can arbitrage our platform, then they could scale their business.

所以我们为开发者打造工具,而不是为品牌打造工具,这在当时对我们非常有利。

And so we built tools for the developer instead of building tools for the brand, and that really served us well at that point in time.
M1
M117:12

这确实是个很有意思的见解。

That's a really interesting insight.

所以当时游戏开发者,或者说应用开发者,没有别的选择,没有像你们这样的平台在做你们那时做的事情。

And so there was no other alternative for the game developer at the time, or the app developer rather, that there was no other platform like yours doing what you were doing then.
M2
M217:22

当时也有另外几家公司刚刚开始出现。

There were a couple other companies that were just starting to exist too.
M1
M117:24

这很有意思,因为他们跟你的想法是一样的吗?

It was interesting because They had your same idea though?
M2
M217:27

就在同一时间,我们几个都有完全一样的想法。

At the exact same time, a few of us had the exact same idea.

所以当时有这种——

So you had this—.
M1
M117:31

彼此独立吗?

Independent of one another?
M2
M217:32

完全独立。

Totally independent.

还有一点也挺逗的,那些拒绝我的风投,往那些公司投了很多钱,这对我激励很大。

And it's also funny, the same VCs that rejected me put a lot of money into those companies, and that was very motivational.

我们当时的目标就是让那些公司倒闭。

We had as a goal to put those companies out of business.
M1
M117:42

你觉得为什么那些风投拒绝了你,明明你之前已经成功创办过两家广告公司,而他们却去投资你的竞争对手,对方想法跟你完全一样,还没有你在广告领域的成功经验?

Why do you think the VCs turned you down when you had 2 successful advertising businesses before, and yet they're funding the competitor of yours that has the same exact idea without the previous success in advertising?
M2
M217:53

我是说,你看,我销售能力很差,所以可能就是这个原因,但也可能是因为那个市场在当时稍微成熟了一点。

I mean, look, I'm terrible at sales, so maybe it's that, but maybe it was that that this market was a little bit further along at that point in time.

我觉得风投倾向于看一个市场,他们得对这个市场有很强的信心才行。

Like, I think VCs tend to look at a market and they have to really have high conviction in it.

2012年初,事情刚刚开始成型,我们的产品也刚刚推向市场。

And you had in early 2012, things were just starting to form and we were just getting to market with our product.

到了2012年下半年和2013年,其他公司开始融资的时候,已经很明显这个业务会发展得非常快。

By the time these other companies were raising in later 2012 and 2013, it was pretty clear this thing was going to grow pretty quickly.

然后我们2012年推出产品时的收入增长,从3月到11月,我们做了一轮angel round,自己也投了钱,就这样。

And then our revenue ramp at the point in time when we launched in 2012, from March to November when we did our, we did an angel round and we marked our own money in and that was it.
M1
M118:31

你刚才说“就这样”是什么意思?

What do you mean that was it?
M2
M218:32

所以我们11月以可转债的形式融了超过2500万美元,估值是pre-money,转成Common。

So we raised for over $25 million pre as a convertible note to Common in November.

那时候业务已经达到了每月100万美元的营收规模。

The business by that point in time had gotten to a million-dollar-a-month run rate.

所以我们从产品推出到每月100万美元营收,而且实现盈利,只用了8个月。

So we went from launch to a million-dollar-a-month run rate and profitable in a matter of 8 months.
M1
M118:48

那你觉得那100万里每个月能赚多少利润?

How much profit do you think you were making on a monthly basis out of that million?
M2
M218:52

勉强有一点。

Barely.

就是稍微有点盈利。

It was, it was a little bit profitable.

不过,我是说,现在ARR的增长速度很惊人,但那时候,在移动领域从零做到1200万美元的营收规模,这么短的时间里,真的是非常了不起。

But the, I mean, back then, nowadays, like ARR ramps are astounding, but, and as are valuations back then to build a business in mobile and have it go from $0 to $12 million run rate in that short amount of time was really phenomenal.

所以一旦我们做到了,11月找投资者就很容易了。

And so once we did that, it was easy to recruit investors in November.

就是说,看起来很不错。

I mean, it's like, okay, looks pretty good.

主要是找了一些我认识了一段时间的人,还有一些我觉得对业务有帮助的人,我自己也投了钱进去。

It was more around for a few folks that I had just known for a while and a few other folks that I thought could be helpful to the business and to mark my own dollars in.

所以11月我们完成了那轮融资,之后就没有再融资了。

And so we did that round in November and then we didn't raise another round.

回到董事会的话题,我们后来又确实融了一轮,是为了增加流动性。

So back to the board point, and we did raise another round, for more liquidity later.

但回到董事会的话题,这家公司直到2018年才有董事会。

But back to the board point, I didn't have a board in this business until 2018.

所以从——

So from—.
M1
M119:37

6年后。

6 years later.
M2
M219:38

对,6年后,我们从KKR完成了一轮融资。

Yeah, 6 years later when we actually closed a round from KKR.

我可以聊聊具体是怎么回事——

And I can talk about like what went into actually—.
M1
M119:44

哦,这个故事真精彩。

Oh, this story's wild.
M2
M219:45

我们肯定会聊到那儿的。

We're definitely getting to that.

对,这条路很曲折。

Yeah, it was a messy path.

我觉得没有董事会既有好处也有坏处。

I would say like, pros and cons to not having a board.

好处是每一张股东证书上的决定都是我做的。

The pro was I made every decision on every shareholder certificate.

实际上就是我的签名,作为总裁、副总裁,所有的职务。

It was literally my signature as the president, the vice president, everything.

我觉得所有股东证书上都有我的3到4个签名。

It was like the, I think I had 3 or 4 signatures on all the share certificates.

所以我可以做所有业务决策,一切都由我经手。

And so I can make all the decisions for the business and it all flowed through me.

那挺好的。

That was nice.

另一方面,我确实犯了一些错误,特别是在资本市场和融资方面。

On the other hand, I ended up making some mistakes, especially in the capital markets and raising capital.

如果当时我有董事会、有更懂这些的人,我可能就不会犯那些后来搞得一团糟的错误。

That I wouldn't have made if I had had a board and people who had understood a lot of the things that I ended up navigating poorly.
M1
M120:23

能给我们举些例子吗?

Can you give us some examples of that?
M2
M220:25

好。

Yeah.

2014年到2015年,我们增长得非常非常快。到了某个时候——大概是2015年吧,也就是我们上线大概三年、三年半左右——

So in 2014 and '15, we were growing really, really quickly and we got to a point where, so 2015, call it some period, I think it was about 3, 3 and a half years post-launch.

我们预计能实现约5000万美元的EBITDA。

We were going to do about $50 million of EBITDA roughly.

这个增长在当时算是非常猛了。

That's pretty big ramp up again back then.

那时候呢,我本人已经够有钱了,但团队里的其他人还不是。

Like this is, I was wealthy enough, but the rest of my team wasn't.

所以对一家公司来说,这个增长是非常快的。

And so this is a really quick ramp up for a business.

我们人也不多。

We didn't have a lot of people.

就是增长特别快。

We were just growing really quickly.

开始有一些其他科技公司对我们感兴趣,想收购我们。

We started getting interest from other tech companies to buy us.

后来有人开出了6亿美元现金的报价。

And so got as big as an offer for $600 million cash.
M1
M121:02

来自Snapchat?

From Snapchat?
M2
M221:03

不,我不说对方是哪家公司。不过这也是为什么我喜欢自己经营公司的一个原因。

No, I don't talk about the companies on the other side, but there's a reason why I like running my own business.

我很难想象自己待在对方那家公司——跟我们打过交道的那些公司里,有些我甚至更难想象自己会是那里的员工。

It's tough for me to imagine being at the company on the other side and the companies that we were engaging with might've been even tougher for me to imagine being an employee at.

那个时候,公司所有事情基本上都得经过我,因为我是那种事必躬亲的高管。

And so at this point in time, the business was really, all roads ran through me as a really hands-on executive.

但问题是我们当时还在以每年100%的速度增长。

And the challenge with that was we were still growing 100% year over year.

所以当你去谈交易,对方把条款单推过来,上面一堆零——6亿——你会想,这数字真大啊,全是现金,能让团队里很多人的人生彻底改变。

So when you're going in and trying to do a deal and someone pushes a term sheet towards you and goes, look, there's a lot of zeros, $600 million, you're like, it is a big number, like all cash, like life-changing for a lot of people on the team.

问题在于,从看到那个数字到真正达成交易之间,业务又增长了一大截。

The problem is between the time of seeing that number and getting to a deal, your business has grown a ton.

而我是搞财务出身的人。

And I'm a finance person.

我心里其实有个成交价位,但绝对不是那个数。

I would've had a number I would've done the deal at, but it was not that number.

所以我最终放弃了。

And so I ended up walking away from it.
M1
M121:54

你心里的价位是多少?

What was the number?
M2
M221:55

要高不少。

It was quite a bit higher.

当时大概得到10亿美元左右。

It had to be around $1 billion at that point in time.
M1
M121:58

那也只是多了4亿而已。

Still only $400 million.
M2
M222:00

是啊,没差太多。

Yeah, it wasn't that much.

我是说,事后看来,显然——

I mean, in hindsight, obviously—.
M1
M122:02

你能想象如果当时做了那个错误决定会怎样吗?

Can you imagine if you would've made that mistake?
M3
M322:03

嗯。

Yeah.
M1
M122:04

你们现在市值多少?

What's your market cap today?
M2
M222:05

大概一千四百亿美元。

$140 billion, roughly.

那会白白错过很多钱。

It would've left a lot of money on the table.

你看,大多数公司在卖身后都会失去持续创新的机会。

Now look, you know, most businesses, when they sell, they lose the opportunity to keep innovating.

要是我们当时那么做了,没人会知道它能发展成什么。

And so had we done it there, we may— none of us would've known what this could've become.

所以也算是运气好,我当时有足够的信念没接受那个价位的收购。

So it was a little fortuitous that I had enough conviction to not take an offer in that range.
M1
M122:25

我想回到你犯的那些错误上。等等,就是你说在资本市场里那些错误,你觉得如果有董事会本来可以避免的。

I want to go back to the mistakes you're making. Wait, like, where you're just saying mistakes in the capital markets that you think you could have avoided if you had a board.

我想回头聊那个,但先稍微岔开一下,因为Raf——谁?也许你该解释一下他是谁。

I want to go back to that, but I want to take a small tangent because Raf— who? Maybe you should explain who that is.

他给我发了一大堆关于你的笔记。

He sent me a bunch of notes on you.

我突然想到这个,是因为他记得收到过一封邮件。

And the reason it just came to mind, because he remembers getting an email.

他好像还把那封邮件转发给了我,你在里面说:“我很确定我们能在这儿打造一个价值十亿美元的业务,兄弟。”

I think he actually sent me the copy from the email where you're like, "I'm pretty sure we can build a billion-dollar business here, guy."

然后几个月之后,又说这可能是个一百亿美元的业务。

And then like a few months later, it's like, maybe it could be a $10 billion business.
M2
M222:58

其实不是几个月后,不过——

It wasn't a few months later, but—
M1
M123:01

不过你能说说Raf是什么样的人吗?

Can you describe who Raf is though?

因为他的故事很疯狂。

Because he's a crazy story.
M2
M223:04

他是个高中辍学生。

So he's a high school dropout.

他16岁就开始在我之前的公司为我工作了。

He started working for me in my old company when he was 16.
M1
M123:08

他为你工作或者说跟你一起工作已经超过半辈子了。

He's worked for you or with you for over half his life.
M2
M223:11

半辈子。

Half his life.

他今年就34岁了。

He'll turn 34 this year.

所以,对,他和我并肩工作了大概18年。

So yeah, he's worked alongside me for about 18 years.

所以,我是说他就像我的小兄弟,像联合创始人,一个在公司里带来巨大影响的人。

And so, I mean, I consider him a little brother, like a co-founder, a person at the company who's made a huge difference.

当我们在这儿创业时,他和另一个人是公司最早的业务招聘进来的。

And when we started here, he ended up— he was the first business hire alongside this other guy at the time.
M1
M123:29

他是不是还试图先雇你来着?

Didn't he try to, like, hire you first?
M2
M223:31

对,他想雇我帮他搞一个项目,我当面嘲笑他。

Yeah, he tried to hire me for some business he was working on and I laughed in his face.
M3
M323:35

那他当时多大?

But he was how old?
M2
M223:37

那时候他大概19岁,对吧?

At that point in time, he was like 19, right?

对,他19岁。

Yeah, he was 19.
M1
M123:40

然后你跟他说:“我不给你打工。”

And then you tell him, 'I'm not working for you.'

你的生意烂透了。

Your business is shit.

这是我一直听到的说法。

Is the story I've heard.
M2
M223:45

然后我就把它包装成,嘿,不过我有个好机会给你。

And I spun it to like, I got a good opportunity for you though.

他放下手头的事就过来了,他真的很棒。

And he shut that down and came over, but he was great.

头六个月,他就住在办公室,我们在帕洛阿尔托市中心。

He, for the first 6 months, he lived in the office and we were in downtown Palo Alto.
M1
M123:57

但那可不是夸张的说法。

But that's not like a, that's not a figure of speech.
M3
M323:59

他是有张上下铺的床。

He had a bunk bed.
M2
M224:00

不,他真的就住在办公室。

No, he actually lived in the office.

他在办公室放了张上下铺。

He had a bunk bed in the office.

我不记得他在哪儿洗澡了。

I can't remember where he showered.

我记得我们有个挺脏的淋浴间,但有一天半夜有人想闯进办公室。

I think we had a dingy shower, but one day someone tried to break into the office in the middle of the night.

我们通过监控抓住了他。

We caught him on video.

特别好笑。

It was hilarious.

不过差不多就那样了。

But I think that was it.

他就说,好吧,已经六个月了。

He was like, all right, it's been 6 months.

我得赶紧离开这鬼地方。

I got to get the hell out of here.

但他一天二十四小时都在工作。

But he was 24 hours a day.

他的超能力是,谈交易、做交易,比几乎所有人都做得好。

What his super skill is, is he strikes deals and does them better than almost anyone.

他今天可以坐下来跟你聊天,十五年后,还能记得那次聊天的每一句话。

And he can sit down with you and have a conversation today, 15 years later, he'll remember every word in that conversation.

我连昨天干了什么都忘。

I forget what I did yesterday.

所以作为我的合作对手,他非常棒。

So as a counterparty to me, he was great.

他负责我们的业务拓展工作,帮了大忙。

And so he ran our business development efforts and he was really helpful in it.

现在他负责市场营销和增长营销。

Now he runs marketing and growth marketing.

所以你们俩才有了交集。

That's why you guys ended up intersecting.

但最终我们聚在一起的就是这样一群人,几乎都是从别的地方被排挤出来的。

But we ended up with like just this group of people that almost were outcasts from other places.

我招人时一直看重的一点是,找那些有怨气的人,那些有理由拼命干的人。

Like one of the things that I always looked at for hiring were find people who have a chip on their shoulder, someone who has a reason to push hard.

我自己就是这样。

And I had that myself.

如果你们感兴趣,我们可以聊聊这个,但那一直是我的动力。

And then we can talk about that if you care, but that was always what drove me.

我有理由拼尽全力。

I had a reason to be driven.

所以我一直从别人身上寻找这种特质。

And so I always looked for that in people.

然后你有这么个孩子,高中辍学,放到别的地方,他根本进不了大科技公司,但销售能力碾压所有人,魅力爆棚。

And you have this kid who's a high school dropout, like anywhere else, he's not getting a job at big tech, like, but skills that smoke everyone else when it comes to selling, charisma through the roof.

所以看到这一点,我就知道,把那个人招进来,给他权力,他们就会很饥渴,会很拼命,比其他人更拼命。

And so seeing that, I knew, bring that person in, empower that person, and they're going to be hungry and they're going to push and they're going to push harder than others.

这是我们一直以来都有的一个模式。

And that was a formula we always had.
M1
M125:26

即使到今天,他从一个高中辍学生变成了现在的亿万富翁。

And even today, like, so he goes from high school dropout to a billionaire today.

兄弟,我可以在周日晚上十一点给他打电话,他都会接。

Dude, I can call him at like 11 o'clock at night on a Sunday and he'll pick up.

他还是非常非常饥渴。

Like, he's, he's still very, very hungry.
M2
M225:36

他还在跟广告主聊天,那些广告主笑着说,哥们儿,你跟我多要一天五千美元。

He still talks to advertisers who laugh and go, dude, you're asking me for an extra $5,000 a day.

你他妈是个亿万富翁。

You're a fucking billionaire.

你在干嘛呢?

What are you doing?

是啊。

Yeah.

我们所有人都这样。

Like, all of us are that way.

我的意思是,但话说回来,就是你必须得有一股不服输的劲。

I mean, but, but again, it comes back to you got to have a chip on your shoulder.

必须有个理由,因为很容易就会想,我有很多钱。

There has to be a reason because it's easy to go, I have a lot of money.

我就不去接那个电话了。

I'm not going to take that conversation.

但我不这么想。

But that's not how I think.
M1
M125:55

我在看一部关于Rupert Murdoch的新纪录片,就是他们家里发生的那些疯狂的事。

I was watching this new documentary on Rupert Murdoch and like the crazy shit that's going on in his family.

现在在Netflix上有。

It's on Netflix right now.

他们说他自己肩上扛着一块大石头,他对那些毁了他父亲媒体公司的人记恨了大概四十五年。

And they said that he had a boulder on his shoulder and he's been holding a grudge for like 45 years about these people that destroyed his dad's media company.

我当时就想,我甚至没有任何仇恨,但我不确定自己能不能记恨将近五十年。

And I was like, I didn't even, I don't even have any grudges, but I don't know if I could hold one for almost 5 decades.
M2
M226:12

嗯。

Yeah.

有时候你不会忘记自己从哪来。

Sometimes you don't forget where you came from.

我的意思是,我的情况是我的家人被迫离开了Iran。

I mean, mine was that my family was uprooted out of Iran.

我四岁的时候我们来到了这里,但我爸爸当时拥有这个国家最成功的房地产开发公司之一。

We ended up coming here when I was 4, but my dad had one of the most successful real estate development companies in the country.

所以他当时超有钱,非常成功,几千人给他打工,然后我们被赶出了自己的国家。

So he was loaded, very successful back in the day, thousands of people worked for him, and we got booted out of our country.

所以从小到大,我能感觉到他内心很大一部分是失落的,他不完整。

And so growing up, I could just tell a big part of him was lost and he wasn't whole.

所以我感受到这种责任感,虽然这种意识后来才真正出现,但我一直觉得我有责任尽一切可能去证明我能取得最大的成功,因为他为了把我们带过来放弃了一切。

And so I felt this obligation and I like, it didn't kick in for me until later, but I always felt this obligation that I got to do whatever I can to prove that I can have the utmost success because he gave everything up to bring us over.

所以这种感觉从来没有消失过。

So that's never gone away.

直到今天,我仍然认为,第一,就是你能达到某个成功的点,但那个点是什么呢?它是一个移动的目标。

I still think to this day, One, this notion that like you can reach a point of success, like, I don't know what that is, but it's a moving target.

离那个移动的目标还差得远。

Nowhere near that moving target.

第二,必须时刻保持在场。

And two, always got to be present.

所以我总是在团队里找那些有理由带着怨气、有包袱、或者有什么东西能推动他们的人。

And so I always looked for people on the team that had some reason to have a grudge or a chip on their shoulder or something that would motivate them.

如果他们没这些,而且生活过得很轻松,那些人我是不会引进公司的。

If they didn't have that and life was really easy, those were not people that I was going to introduce to the company.
M3
M327:15

对。

Yeah.
M1
M127:15

你给我的感觉是,你可能每天早上醒来都有一点偏执。

You strike me as a person that kind of wakes up maybe paranoid, a little every day.
M2
M227:21

我觉得大多数成功人士都是这样。

I feel like most successful people are.

我是说,有很长一段时间——我不知道,我不知道自己是不是已经熬过去了。

I mean, there's a long time, and I don't know, I don't know if I'm past this yet or not.

可能还没有。

Probably not.

我每天早上醒来都会想,我得看一眼数据。

I'd wake up every morning and go, I gotta check stats.

我们今天要破产了吗,还是依然挺好?

Are we going bankrupt today or are we still doing well?

然后就是,是的,当然,以我们现在的运营规模,我们大概不会破产,但你还是会去确认一下,灯是不是还亮着,东西是不是还在正常运转。

And it's like, yeah, it certainly, like at the scale we're operating at, we're probably not going bankrupt, but like you check to make sure like lights are still on, things are still working.

然后我每天在同一时间醒来。

And like I have, I wake up at the exact same time every day.

我每天早上做完全一样的一套流程。

I do the same exact morning routine every day.

我看同样的数据。

I check the same stats.

这样就能让我进入状态。

And it just gets me going.
M1
M127:46

这是我们节目里反复出现的主题。

This is a recurring theme on the show.

有没有人说你是自闭症?

Does anybody accuse you of being autistic?
M2
M227:50

有时候有。

Sometimes.

我是说,我老婆会这么说,但我觉得,你知道,这年头大家都很爱说这个。

I mean, my wife will accuse me of that, but I think, you know, it's more popular these days.

我不确定我是不是自闭症,但是——

I don't know that I'm autistic, but—
M1
M128:01

不,我觉得你不是。

No, I don't think you are.
M2
M228:01

对,大多数时候我说话时能直视别人的眼睛。

Yeah, I can look people in the eye when I talk most of the time.
M1
M128:05

不过,虽然我并不觉得 Coinbase 的 Brian Armstrong 是自闭症,但认识他的人都发消息跟我说,他绝对是自闭症,不过他性格很好。

But although I didn't think Brian Armstrong from Coinbase was, and everybody that knows him is like sending me messages like, he's definitely autistic, but he's got a great personality.

他特别会讲故事。

He's a great storyteller.

他不是那种超级孤僻、不善社交的自闭症。

Like, he's not the like super antisocial autistic.
M2
M228:16

对。

Yeah.

我是说,如果你25年前认识我,那我肯定会被认为比那孤僻得多、自闭得多。

I mean, if you knew me 25 years ago, I'd be deemed a lot more antisocial autistic than that.

我是后来学会的。

I've learned that.

我觉得很多优秀的创始人都会寻找规律,然后琢磨出该怎么做事。

I think a lot of good founders can follow patterns and figure out how to do things.

曾经有一段时间,我绝对不会坐在这把椅子上,和你面对面。

There was a point in time where I never would've sat in this chair across from you.

我当时会紧张得不行。

I would've been too nervous.

我那时候会大汗淋漓的。

I'd be dripping sweat.

就像我大学毕业后第一次面试,穿着西装进去,然后出来的时候整个人都湿透了。

Like my first interview out of college, I walked in with a suit and like, I literally walked out just drenched.

看起来就像刚从暴雨里走出来一样。

It looked like I got out of a rainstorm.

所以在我人生的某个阶段,当沟通成为了一项要求时,我的表现和现在很不一样。

So there was a point in my life where I was a lot different when having communication as a requirement.

现在我知道这只是工作上的一个要求,所以我必须把它做好。

Now I know that it's just a requirement to do on the job, so I got to do it well.

所以我认为很多人,不管是自闭症也好,还是说只是在摸索如何在必要的事情上表现得体以取得进步,那些在这些岗位上表现出色的人,都必须解决这个问题。

And so I think a lot of people, whether it's autism or like just figuring out how to functionally be appropriate on the things that are necessary to get forward, people who do well in these types of roles have to solve that.
M1
M130:12

那我们回过头来看看,你当时觉得自己犯的那些错误。

So let's go back to the mistakes you thought you were making.

回到2015年之前的情况。

Go back to 2015 before.
M2
M230:16

所以那次没有接受那个大收购要约对我来说反而是件好事,因为如果我们有投资委员会的话,我可能会面临接受要约的压力。

So the, the not taking the big offer was a bonus for me because if we had a board of investors, I may have faced pressure to take the offer.

而能够自己做决定,感觉就像,好吧,这太好了。

And so being able to make my own call on that was like, okay, this is great.

就像,我其实没有那种压力。

Like, I don't actually have that pressure.

坏处是,一旦你说了不,团队里有些人知道你拒绝了那么大一笔钱,他们一算账就会想,我本来能赚这么多。

The downside was the second you say no and parts of your team know that you turned down that much money and they can run the math and go, I would've made this much.
M3
M330:40

最后你会面临很大的压力,必须做出点什么来。

You end up with a lot of pressure to do something.
M2
M230:41

所以那是2015年底,我本人是金融背景出身。

So this was late 2015, and I used to be a finance background.

我毕业后是做衍生品交易员的。

I was a derivatives trader out of school.

所以我懂倍数,懂资本市场套利。

And so I understood multiples, I understood capital market arbitrage.

在2015年底,当时市场上发生的是,中国投资者大量收购美国科技公司,因为中国资本市场刚刚开放。

And late 2015, what was going on in the markets then was that you had China investors buying a lot of US tech companies because the Chinese capital markets had just opened up.

你知道,那边的市场——就是他们的纳斯达克,那时候是A股——正在暴涨。

You know, the market over there, their NASDAQ is A-shares back then, was ripping.

然后这些投资者就来了,说我要把中国资本投入一家美国公司,然后把这个美国公司在中国上市,赚个大利差,然后就收工。

And so you had these investors coming in and saying, I'm going to deploy China capital into a US company and then go list that US company in China, make a big spread, call it a day.

于是我去找了一些这样的投资者谈,最后宣布了——我记得是——应该是2016年的某个时候。

And so I went out to talk to some of these investors and ended up announcing, I think it was—so it was some point in 2016.

我不记得确切日期了,但我宣布了一笔私募股权投资,金额是十亿美元,估值超过十四亿美元。

I don't remember the exact date, but I announced a private equity investment in the company, a billion dollars, over $1.4 billion valuation.

所以快进不到一年,大约一年的时候。

So fast forward less than a year, coming to about a year.
M1
M131:40

这笔投资来自谁?

Who's this investment coming from?

是中国公司吗?

The Chinese company?
M2
M231:43

总部在中国,叫 Orient Hon Tai Capital。

China-based, Orient Hon Tai Capital was the name.

他们是个小团队。

And this was like a small team.

我见了四个家伙,人真的很不错。

I met 4 guys, really good guys.

就像我们在中国一起出去玩,相处得很好。

Like we hung out in China, got along.

所以我挺喜欢他们的,他们就进来了,投了资。

So I liked them and they came in, they invested.
M1
M131:55

他们投资的时候,公司的情况怎么样?

What's the state of the business at the time they're investing?
M2
M231:57

我们仍然保持着每年100%的增长。

We're still growing 100% year over year.

当时我想,一部分资金是基于我们在2016年实现了8500万美元的EBITDA。

I think at the time, part of the dollars were based on us doing $85 million of EBITDA in 2016.

所以交易结构就是,如果你能达到,如果你能超过这个数字,你就能拿到全部估值。

And so like deal structure was like, if you can knock this, if you can beat this number, you get full value.

这笔交易的结构有点意思。

Now, the structure of the deal was a little interesting.

它主要是为了清掉大部分股东。

It was to clear out most of the cap table.

我的股份大部分会保留。

My shares mostly would remain.

其他想继续持股的人也可以,然后我们就把公司在中国上市。

Anyone else who wanted to roll could, and then we take the company public in China.

我不说中文——我大概只会说五个中文词。

I don't speak—I speak maybe 5 words of Mandarin.

我不会是一个很好的中国上市公司CEO。

I wouldn't have been a great China public company CEO.

他们觉得我有魅力,形象好,但没法沟通,可能不是个好主意。

They thought I'd be charismatic and appear well, but no communication, probably not a good idea.

另一件我当时不知道的事——这时候有个董事会会有帮助——就是同时,特朗普总统刚刚当选了他的第一个任期。

The other thing I didn't know, and this is where a board would've been helpful, is at the same time President Trump had just been elected to his first term.

所以这实际上是2016年秋天到冬天的时候。

And so this was actually fall going into winter of 2016.

所以特朗普总统刚刚当选。

So President Trump had just been elected.

地缘政治气候变得越来越糟。

Geopolitical climate was getting worse.

中美之间有很多疑虑,比如'这些中国公司收购这么多美国科技公司到底想干什么?'

China-US, there was a lot of suspicion around, like, 'What are these Chinese companies doing buying all these US tech companies?'

我当时觉得这就是个骗局。

I felt like it's just a fraud.

就觉得,管他呢,人家只是想赚钱,谁在乎啊?

It's like, whatever, people are trying to make money, who cares?

我当时甚至不知道什么是国有企业。

I didn't even know what a state-owned business was at the point in time.

结果呢,你宣布了交易,但还得过监管审批,而且我们做的是跨境交易。

It turned out like, and you announced the deal, you still have to go through regulatory, and we're doing a cross-border transaction.

管跨境交易的监管机构是一个叫CFIUS的委员会。

And the regulatory body that governs cross-border transactions is this committee called CFIUS.

这个委员会存在的目的就是判断:这笔外国资金进入美国投资美国公司,是否存在国家安全威胁?

And so this committee exists to go, is there a national security threat with this foreign money coming into the US to invest in a US company?

我根本不知道这回事,但我已经宣布了这笔交易。

I don't even know what this was, but I announced this deal.

大家都觉得你发财了,每个人都恭喜你。

People think you got rich, everyone's congratulating you.

我就想,好吧,那我现在要做什么?

And I'm like, okay, well, what do I have to do now?

下一步是什么?

What's the next step?

结果下一步就是你要去华盛顿,要说服这个由各种政府机构组成的委员会。

It turned out the next step was you got to go to DC and you got to convince this committee that's made up of like, like every government agency.

里面有NSA、CIA、FTC、DOJ,基本上所有部门的人都在场。

There was NSA, CIA, FTC, DOJ, like everyone was in the room.
M1
M133:42

就只是因为是中国吗?

Why is it just because it's China?
M2
M233:43

首先是因为是中国。

Because it's China for one.

还有就是因为,那时候我们是一个大规模的数据平台。

And because we, at this point, we're a large-scale data platform.

我们手里有大量移动设备。

We're sitting on a lot of mobile devices.
M1
M133:49

哦。

Oh.
M2
M233:50

然后我就想,好吧,我们对用户了解多少?

And I'm like, okay, what do we know about people?

人们玩一些单人游戏。

People play like solitary games.

这有什么好在意的?

Like, who cares?

但我觉得,大概大家是这么想的:如果有不怀好意的人拿到了你的技术,他们能用这些数据做出更恶劣的事,比我们当初拿到的数据更严重。

But like, I guess like the belief would be that if someone nefarious gets access to your technology, they could do worse things with the data than, than what we had access to.

所以,这就是大致的想法。

And so that, that was the general idea.

但我直接冲进了华盛顿特区,心里想,我根本不知道自己在干什么。

But I, I marched into, to DC and I'm like, I don't know what I'm doing.

我雇了一家律所,没有董事会,没人指导我。

I hire a law firm, no board, no one's, no one's guiding me.

所有人都觉得,哦,十亿美元,拿到钱就完事了。

Everyone's just like, oh, Billion dollars, get the cash, let's call it a day.

另一方面,我有个中国投资者,那些和我合作的可怜人看起来人挺好的。

On the other side, I got this Chinese investor who, these poor guys that I was working with seemed like great guys.

他们从中国拿出了十亿美元。

They get their billion dollars out of China.

所以我就想,好吧,你们做好自己的部分。

So I'm like, okay, you're doing your part.

钱已经准备好了。

Like money's ready to go.

但我们走进华盛顿特区,气氛冷得像冰。

But we walked into DC and it was just icy.

冷冰冰的。

It was cold.

我是说,首先,我是个波斯裔CEO,而当时的CTO刚转成我们最早期的工程师之一,是个俄罗斯人。

I mean, first of all, like I'm a Persian CEO and then at the time CTO had just transitioned to be one of our first engineers, this Russian guy.

所以,一个波斯人,一个俄罗斯人。

So I'm like this Persian guy and this Russian guy.

要把公司卖给一家中国企业。

Selling to a Chinese company.

卖给一家中国企业,身边还有四个中国投资者。

Selling to a Chinese company with like 4 Chinese investors.

我心想,这事可能成不了。

I'm like, this might not go well.

第一次开会时,政府机构让我们把中国人都请出房间。

And so the first meeting was like, the government agency told us like, get the Chinese people out of the room.

只跟你们俩谈。

Like, let's talk to just you guys.

我们就这么走流程,然后意识到,这花了大半年的时间,实际上超过一整年,一直在和DC来回沟通,和律师一起想办法应付。

And so we go through this process and I just realized like, this took the better part of, I think it was over a full year actually, of just going back and forth with DC, like trying to navigate this process with our lawyers.

他们就是说,这事根本行不通。

And they're just like, this is just not going to work.

我们不可能完成交易。

There's no way we're going to get over the finish line.

而且我不想因为尝试做一笔中国交易而成为反面典型,最后搞得一塌糊涂。

And I don't want to be made an example of with trying to do a Chinese deal, getting blown up.
M1
M135:21

监管机构具体跟你们说了什么?

What are the regulators specifically saying to you?

他们表达了什么?

Like, what are they voicing?

他们担心的具体是什么?

What are their concerns that they're voicing?

他们是想——

Are they like trying to—.
M2
M235:29

他们不会直接表达担忧,但我很擅长察言观色。

They don't voice concerns, but I'm pretty good at reading a room.

就像当你给他们很多信息,你在讲人们玩纸牌游戏,而他们在另一边却记了很多笔记,问的都是跟纸牌毫无关系的问题,你就会开始意识到他们的担忧是什么——那就是,像我们这样一个庞大的平台,如果落到别有用心的人手里,可能会变得很危险。

And it's like when you give them a lot of information and you're talking about people playing solitaire, and on the other side they're taking a bunch of notes and really asking you questions that have nothing to do with solitaire, you start realizing what the concern is, which is in the wrong hands as a platform that's as large as ours, it could become something that's risky.

然后——

And so—.
M1
M135:50

但他们永远不会明确说出来。

But they'll never specifically say it.
M2
M235:52

他们不会明确说出这一点。

They won't specifically say that.

这正是他们想要评估的。

That's what they're trying to assess it for.

我们要卖70%的股份,对吧?

Now we're selling 70%, right?

这家公司以前是我完全掌控的。

This is a company that I've had full control over.

于是就有这么一家中国投资方,后来才发现是一家国有、或者说部分国有的私募股权基金。

And so you have this Chinese party that turned out to be a state-owned, partially state-owned private equity fund.

再说一次,我当时根本不知道那意味着什么,但结果就是部分国有,他们要向我们投资。

Again, I didn't even know what that meant, but turns out to be partially state-owned and they're going to invest this money into us.

他们会获得70%的控制权。

And they're going to get 70% control.

那他们拿到控制权后能做什么?

So what could they do with that control?
M1
M136:16

想做什么都行。

Whatever they want.
M2
M236:17

我是说,这很难吧?

I mean, it's very hard, right?

比如说,又不是让工程师上一线,但他们能向一个美国人施压,让他去做违背美国利益的事吗?

Like, it's not like there are engineers on the front lines, but can they exert pressure on an American to then go against Americans' best interests?

这就成了担忧所在,对吧?

That becomes the concern, right?

比如,他们花那么多钱能做到什么?

Like, what can they do for that kind of money?

这些都是我当时完全不知道的——我毫无察觉。

These are things I had no— I wasn't aware of whatsoever.

所以再次强调,我没人可以求助。

So again, I had no one to turn to.

这些事没人可以商量。

There's no one to talk to about this stuff.

所以没有董事会,你经历这些,我就想,嗯,如果我有董事会的话,可能就不会犯这个错了。

So not having a board, you're going through this and I'm like, okay, well, had I had a board, I probably wouldn't have made this mistake.

我会省些时间,而且当时有很多其他方式可以给团队带来流动性。

I would've saved some time and there would've been plenty of alternative means to get liquidity to the team.

我当时只想着估值好、数字好,十亿美元现金,而且我还保留自己的所有权,继续经营业务。

I just thought good valuation, good number, a billion dollars cash, and I still retain my own ownership and run the business forward.

于是我们继续推进,业务在这一年多的时间里做得非常好。

So we go forward and the business was doing really well for this 1-year-plus period.

我们没法发行期权,一切都冻结了。

We couldn't issue options, everything was frozen.

我们也没怎么招人。

We weren't really hiring people yet.

业务又翻了一番。

The business doubled again.

我们达到了,我想是2017年,说到超过,远超1亿美元的EBITDA。

We got to like, I think it was 2017, you're talking over, well over $100 million of EBITDA.

我们完成了当初告诉他们的所有目标,一切顺利。

We cleared whatever numbers we told them, everything's going well.

如果我有董事会,他们会说,直接把这笔交易撕了吧。

If I had a board, they'd say, just rip up the deal.

这简直是一团糟。

This is a mess.

退出吧。

Walk away.

你的公司现在远不止14亿美元估值这个数。

Your business is worth much more than the $1.4 billion valuation now.

另一方面,我一直觉得,如果有人在我身上押注——尤其是我这种总是抱着“你不会赌我”心态的人——我就要证明给你看,你错得有多离谱。

On the other hand, I've always felt like if anyone bets on me, especially as someone who's like just always had a, you're not going to bet on me mentality, and I'm going to prove to you how wrong you are.

我觉得如果有人赌我,投资我们的公司,那我也得以忠诚回报。

I feel like if anyone bets on me, takes an investment in our business, you got to be loyal the other way.

所以那四个人赌了我们一把。

And so these 4 guys bet on us.

他们做了投资,或者说,他们以为自己是在做投资。

They made an investment and, or thought they were making an investment.

所以我不想让他们干等着。

And so I didn't want to leave them hanging.

我也不知道,如果一群来自中国的人,把十亿美元转到海外,然后交易泡汤了,会发生什么。

I also didn't know what happens to a group of people from China that take a billion dollars offshore and then the deal blows up.

那些钱会怎么样?

Like what happens to the money?

那些人会怎么样?

What happens to those people?

所以我不想掺和这些事。

So I didn't want to deal with any of that.

所以我最后找到了一个办法,给他们安排了一个交易,之后我们还能再拆开。

And so I ended up finding a way to get them a deal that then we could unravel later.

我们最后做成了这样:他们那十亿美元不再是70%股权的投资——那样他们会获得控制权,而正是这个引发了审查——我们把交易改成了一张十亿美元的可转换债券。如果转换时我们连本带利把钱还给他们,他们就能得到公司10%的股份。

We ended up doing it so that instead of their billion dollars being an equity investment for 70%, where they would get control, which is what triggers this scrutiny, we ended up pivoting it to a billion-dollar convertible note that if on conversion we pay them back the money plus interest, they would get 10% of the business.

所以持股不到10%就没有控制权,然后他们就可以跟着一起走。

So under 10%, there's no control and then they can come along for the ride.

我们达成了那个交易。

We did that deal.

我们向股东分配了十亿美元。

We distributed a billion dollars to shareholders.

可以把它看作是IPO之前的流动性轮融资。

Think of it as like a liquidity round pre-IPO.

我知道,好了,我们能让团队手里拿到钱了。

I knew that like, okay, we're going to get the money in my team's hands.

没有人卖股票,但我现在被这笔巨额可转换债务卡住了,还得去解决它。

No one's selling their shares, but now I'm stuck with this massive convertible debt that I got to go unravel.

于是我打给了几家私募股权基金。

And so I called a few private equity funds.

其中一家是KKR,也正是这样,我让KKR成为了公司的投资者。

One of them was KKR, and that's what brought me to KKR as an investor in the business.

他们的合伙人Harold Chen和他的团队看了这家公司。

Their partner Harold Chen and his team looked at the company.

我想他会告诉你,他收到一封邮件,出现在他桌子上,上面写着:这家名字很古怪的公司AppLovin,正在寻求私募融资。

I think he would tell you he got an email that came across his desk that said, this goofy named company, AppLovin, is looking to raise some private equity.

我的评估看起来不错。

My evaluation looks good.

他可能会说,光看这个名字,我不会投资,而且会跑得远远的。

And he would've said, like, just based on the name, I wouldn't have invested and ran the other way.

但他的团队挽起袖子开始研究,然后Harold也挽起袖子开始研究,我们都意识到这是个好主意。

But his team rolled up their sleeves, they started looking, and then Harold rolled up his sleeves, started looking, and we all realized this is a good idea.

引入传统的美国资本,拿到一些债务融资,清偿掉中国的可转换债务,把他们的股份给他们。

Bring in traditional US capital, get some debt, clear out the Chinese convertible debt, give them their ownership.

然后我们就上路了,股权结构表干干净净。

Off we go, clean cap table.

于是我们就这么做了。

And so we did that.

我记得是2018年夏天,我们要组建第一个董事会,那是我第一次参与董事会。

I believe it was in the summer of 2018, and we had to build the first board that I'd ever been part of.

董事会成员包括我自己、Eduardo Vivas——他是Raf的哥哥,还有Harold Chen,一共三个人。

We had myself, Eduardo Vivas, who's Raf's older brother, and then Harold Chen, this 3-person board.
M1
M139:31

这个时候你的联合创始人在哪里?

Where are your co-founders at this time?

因为AppLovin是由三个人创立的,对吧?

Because AppLovin was founded by 3 people, correct?
M2
M239:35

是的。

Yeah.

其中一位联合创始人,John Krisanak,负责技术。

So one of my co-founders, this guy John Krisanak, was in charge of technology.
M1
M139:40

他是CTO吗?

He's CTO or not?
M2
M239:41

他最初是CTO,所以建立了一个非常出色的团队。

He was CTO originally, so he built a really good team.

所以我常说,一个优秀经理的工作就是建立一个优秀的团队,然后最终被取代。

So I would say like a really good manager's job is to build a really good team and eventually get replaced.

当时的第一工程师,Basil Shekin,变得非常出色,以至于在2016年我们把他换到了CTO的职位上。

And the first engineer that was the lead engineer at the time, this guy Basil Shekin, just became so good that in 2016 we swapped him into the CTO role.

John当时正在逐步退出。

And John then at that point was transitioning out.
M1
M140:02

彻底离开公司?

Out of the company completely?
M2
M240:03

是的。

Yeah.

我一直有一个信念,很多人会对现有的领导感到自满。

And so like, I've always had this belief that like a lot of people get complacent with the leaders that they have.

而那些领导,如果他们当时不如某个下属更适合那个职位,那个下属就会离开并创办新公司。

And those leaders, if they're not at that moment as good for the role as someone underneath, that person underneath is going to leave and start a new business.

所以,你要对每个人负责,也要对公司负责,确保在任何时候最合适的人都在最合适的岗位上。

So like, you owe it to every single person and you owe it to your company to make sure the best person is in the right role at any given time.

实际上,快进到上周,我们刚刚宣布Basil将转换角色,担任公司内的另一个职位。

And actually, this like fast forwarding to just last week, we just announced Basil is going to shift gears to a different role in the business.

而他招聘的一位员工,他构建了我们大量的新技术,现在负责整个团队,他将过渡为CTO。

And one of the people that he'd hired who's built a whole bunch of our new technology and now runs the team is going to transition to CTO.
M1
M140:38

所以同样的事情又发生了。

So same thing happened again.
M2
M240:39

没错。

Okay.

这种事总是会发生。

So this always happens.

在我看过的每一个职位上,如果我们自满地说,你当VP是因为你干了10年,而下面那个干了2年的人其实更好,却得不到VP职位,那他就会离开。

Every role I've seen is if we were complacent and said, you're a VP because you've been here 10 years, the person underneath who's been here 2 years, it's just much better and we're not getting into that VP role, is going to leave.

我不想失去最优秀的人才。

I don't want to lose the best talent.

我希望在任何时候,最优秀的人才都能担任最重要的角色。

I want at any given moment the best talent in the most important roles.

所以我们总是进行这种调整。

And so we always do that trade.

如果你不这样做,情况就会很糟糕,因为最终那些长期任职的人占据了所有重要位置,而你的新鲜血液尽管有更大的潜力,却不断流失。

And if you don't do that trade, it's really depressing because you end up with these really long-tenured people who end up in all these really important seats, but all your fresh blood is churning despite having more upside.

你本可以给他们成长的空间,本可以进行调整。

You could have given them room to grow and you could have transitioned.

所以我们一有机会就这么做。

And so we do that every chance we can get.

另一位联合创始人是产品负责人类型的人,我想他也离开了。

And then the other co-founder was a head of product type person, and I think he transitioned out.

大概是三四年前吧。

It was about 3, 4 years ago.

而且,真的,他们两个这些年都变了。

And really like what changed over time for both of them.

然后我觉得,一般来说,很多早期加入公司的人,当你经历这个转型期——从私有快速成长的小团队,到我们要上市、变成更大的公司——这会改变你需要什么样的人,下一阶段需要什么样的人才。

And then like, I think just generally like a lot of the people that were early at the business, when you go through this transitional period of like private fast growth, small team to we're going to go public, we're going to be a bigger company, it changes what people, the types of people that you may need for that next chapter.

所以整个团队都在转型,我们一直在换人,从那些50到100人规模公司的类型——那些人真的想在没有结构的情况下拼命干——换成那些能继续拼命干、但结构比大多数上市公司少一点、又比50人初创公司多一点的人。

And so there was just transition on the team across the board where we were constantly changing those like 50, 100-person type company, people who really wanted to hustle with no structure, to people that could actually continue to hustle with less structure than what most public companies have, but more than a 50-person startup.
M1
M142:00

你对人才保留有很多非常有意思的想法,验证每一次招聘,发生了什么,比如你如何真正保留一个A级人才文化,因为你有几百人。

You have a very, a lot of very interesting ideas on retention of talent, proving every single hire, what happens, like how you actually retain a culture of A-players, because you have a couple hundred people.

我觉得现在你们98%的EBITDA来自大概400人,差不多这样。

I think 98% of your EBITDA comes from like 400 people now, something like that.
M2
M242:14

对,没错。

Yeah, that's right.
M1
M142:15

我们一会儿再谈那个,但我要先搞清楚这个。

So we'll get to that in one second, but I need to understand this.

但是回头说,你差点,差点以6亿美元卖出公司,对吧?

So But go back, you almost, you almost sold the business for $600 million, right?

再说一次,我们在讨论一家公司。

Again, we're talking about a business.
M2
M242:24

差一点。

Almost.
M1
M142:24

差了4亿美元。

You are $400 million off.
M2
M242:25

当时在谈。

Having discussions.

在谈。

Having discussions.
M1
M142:27

那么你当时卖了多少股份给中国人?

So how much of the business did you sell to the Chinese then?

我是不是理解成你卖给他们10%股份,换了10亿美元?

Did I understand you sold them 10% for a billion?
M2
M242:33

实际过程是这样的,实际上我算了一下我现在的持股比例。

So the way it worked, so actually, like, I sort of calculated to my ownership today.
M1
M142:38

好。

Okay.
M2
M242:38

在可转换债券那轮之后,我们稀释了大约50%到55%。

After the convertible note round, we diluted about 50 to 55%.

一直到今天。

Until today.

所以如果看现在,我大概拥有公司大约12%。

So if I look, I own about, I would say about 12% of the company.

我那时候拥有大约24%,25%。

I owned back then about 24, 25%.

所以这些稀释就是我们经历的所有稀释,从可转换债券转换成中国投资、支付给中国方、把他们转成10%股权、引入KKR,到最后上市。

So that dilution is all the dilution we've had between the convertible note conversion to the Chinese, paying out the Chinese, converting them to 10% equity, bringing in KKR, and eventually going public.
M1
M143:03

在KKR和IPO之间没有别的吗?

There's nothing between KKR and the IPO?
M2
M243:05

没有了。

Nothing else.

再说一下IPO,如果我没记错的话,我们大概卖了7%到8%的流通股。

So again, the IPO, if I recall, was about, I think we sold about like 7%, 8% float.

这真的很低,事后看来可能是个错误。

So, which is really low and probably a mistake in hindsight.
M3
M343:15

为什么?

Why?
M2
M243:16

你应该卖更多流通股。

You want to sell more float.

如果要说的话,你需要流通股来降低波动性。

If anything, like you need float to, like, lower volatility.

我们一直是波动性比较大的公司之一。

We've been one of the more volatile companies.

如果你把估值抬到和你的融资轮次匹配的水平,而IPO其实就像D轮、E轮,对我们来说就是B轮,但最后你完成了IPO,我记得我们融了20亿美元,估值超过280亿美元。

If you push up valuation to where your round is, and an IPO is just like a Series D, Series E, for us it was our Series B, but you end up doing the IPO and we did $2 billion, I think, at over a $28 billion valuation.

流通盘太低,波动会更大。

Too low a float makes you more volatile.

如果你的估值低一些,能放出10%到15%的流通股,你最终会吸引到更好的、能长期陪着你的投资者。

And if the valuation is lower and you can do a 10 to 15% float, you end up attracting better investors who can end up being long-term with you.

如果你把估值推高到没法完成更大一轮发行的程度,结果就是波动更大,高质量机构投资者更少,而且你等于为自己签下了一段在公开市场上更动荡的时期——我们就是这样。

If you push the valuation where you can't fill a bigger round, you end up with more volatility and less blue-chip investors, and you're signing up for just a much more volatile time in the public markets, which we saw.
M1
M143:58

所以在你和KKR做完那笔交易之后,你有没有可能再去找另一个收购方?还是你当时就知道,好吧,最可能的结果就是我们要IPO?

So after you did this deal with KKR, was there a chance that you were going to look for another acquirer, or did you know, okay, the likely outcome here is we're going to IPO?
M2
M244:04

没有。

No.

从那以后,我觉得我再没跟任何人谈过收购的事。

Since then, I don't think I've had a single acquisition discussion with anyone.

到那时候,我意识到,首先,我们派发了10亿美元的股息,对吧?

And by that point in time, I'd realized, well, first of all, we paid a billion-dollar dividend, right?

所以每个人都比一开始的时候有钱多了。

Like, and so everyone was much wealthier than when they started.

我也是。

Me too.

那笔钱多到我根本不知道怎么花。

That's more money than I know what to do with.

所以我们早就过了担心流动性的阶段,更像是‘好吧,我们长期做下去,看到时候能做多大’的状态。

So we were past the point of worrying about liquidity and we were much more in the mode of like, okay, let's run this long and see what we can do at that point.
M1
M144:31

这是不是就是我在读那封邮件的时候?你当时是说,好吧,我想,大概六年了,也许这家公司能成为一家10亿美元的公司。

Is this when I'm reading the email where you're like, okay, I thought, I think six years in, maybe this could be a billion-dollar company.

现在你又在想,哦,它可能会是一家100亿美元的公司。

Now you're thinking, oh, it could be a $10 billion company.
M2
M244:38

对。

Yeah.

所以,你知道,每上一个台阶,我都会说一些有抱负的话,但我得自己先相信了才会说出口。

So, you know, every level that we've gone up, I voice something aspirational, but I gotta believe it to voice it.

所以在我们一开始发展迅猛的那段时期,2012年、2013年、2014年,我记得我第一次说的是,2014年我们会成为一家10亿美元的公司。

And so when we first, when we were ripping like 2012, '13, '14, I think I first said like, we're going to be a billion-dollar company in 2014.

当我们完成那轮中国融资并公布之后,我开了一次全员大会,在会上我说,看,我们还在超高速增长。

When we did the Chinese round and we announced it, I did an all-hands where I said, look, like we're still growing super quickly.

我们刚刚做了一轮估值超过10亿美元的融资。

We just did a round over a billion-dollar valuation.

这会是一个100亿美元的业务,就这么定了。

This is going to be a $10 billion business, period.

现在我们必须努力去实现它,而且我们是有计划的。

Like now we have to do the work to get there and we had a plan.

我们上市的时候,有一个时刻——我是说一开始,第一天我们就跌了大约15%,我当时心想,系好安全带了。

When we went public, there was some point in time, I mean, first, like we were down like 15% day one, and I was like, buckle up.

第一,波动会很大。

One, it's going to be volatile.

投资者好像不太喜欢我们的故事。

Investors like don't tend to like our story.

显然,我很不擅长向投资者推销这个故事。

Apparently I suck at selling it to investors.

但除此之外,我想的是,看,这破事儿反而激励了我。

But beyond that, it was, look, this shit motivates me.

我喜欢别人说我们不行。

Like, I love it when people tell us we suck.

他们就说我们不行。

They tell us we suck.

那我们就证明他们错了。

Let's prove 'em wrong.

这个业务会变得大得多。

The business is going to be much bigger.

我们有一个计划要达到一千亿美元。

We got a plan to get to $100 billion.

所以我一开始就摆出来了。

So I laid that out front.
M1
M145:31

你什么时候说的?

You said that when?
M2
M245:32

那是在我们IPO之后,股价跌了大概15%。

This was after we went IPO, stock dropped like 15%.

我当时想鼓舞士气,但我也真的相信。

I was trying to rally the troops, but I also believed it.

我有一个发展业务的计划。

I had a plan to grow the business.

现在。

Now.
M1
M145:39

那假设市值大概在多少,250亿美元?

So let's say the market cap's around what, $25 billion?
M2
M245:42

那就是四倍。

So it's a 4x.

所以听起来挺合理的。

So like, it sounds reasonable.

当市值跌破40亿的时候,我当时想,靠。

When we went to under $4 billion, I was like, shit.

二十五倍就更遥远了。

Like, 25x is a lot further away.

就像在公司里工作的人,我们相信有一条通往万亿美元结果的道路。

Like, people who were working on the business, we believe there's a path to a trillion-dollar outcome.

而且我们不设定时间。

And we don't set time.

只是这个业务可以大到足以成为万亿美元业务所需要的规模。

It's just that this business can be as big as what you would need to be a trillion-dollar business.

而且我们实际上刚给一些关键人员制定了一个薪酬计划,基于触发条件给他们更大回报,最高的一档是一万亿美元。

And we actually just did a comp plan to some of the key people that is built on triggers to give them much bigger payouts, but the highest one is a trillion dollars.

所以在任何时候,如果我相信一个未来计划,觉得它能做到那么大,我就想对团队说出来,因为我知道至少在我的过往中,他们看到过如果我说出一个大目标,而且我自己还在拼命干,他们就会跟随,最终我们会走到一个好的位置。

So at every moment in time, if I believe in a future plan and think that it could get to that big, I want to voice that to my team because I know that at least my past, they've seen that if I voice something big and I'm still working my butt off, they follow and eventually we'll get to a good place.
M1
M146:24

从和KKR的交易到IPO之间,大概有三年?

In between the deal for KKR and IPO, there's what, 3 years?

具体时间线是怎样的?

How, what's the timeframe?
M2
M246:29

我们在2018年完成了交易。

So we closed the deal in 2018.

是的,我们2021年4月上市。

Yeah, we went public in April 2021.

所以大约三年半。

So it was about 3 and a half.
M1
M146:34

这个业务由什么组成?

What does the business consist of?
M2
M246:37

在那个时点,它变化很大。

At that point, it changed a lot.

我们刚开始的时候,增长非常快,我的意思是,我们突破了超过一亿美元的EBITDA,而且我们有一个非常简单的算法和广告业务。

So when we first started, we grew really quickly and I mean, we cleared over $100 million of EBITDA and we had a very simple algorithm and advertising business.

如果你做效果广告,算法是关键。

The algorithm is key if you're doing performance ads.

所以我们最早的算法就是,如果你玩纸牌,又玩扑克,玩纸牌和扑克的人也会玩这些游戏,然后它就不停给你推游戏,你会看到游戏、游戏、游戏、游戏、游戏。

So our very early algorithm was if you play solitaire and you play a poker game, people who play solitaire and poker also play these games and it just pushed you games and you'd see game, game, game, game, game.

最终你会因为这样一个简单算法而下载。

Eventually you download off a simple algo like that.

我们意识到的是,随着机器学习技术真正发展,Facebook在2010年代建立了这个很棒的平台,一旦他们推出了移动营销平台,他们真的把广告变成了内容。

What we realized as really machine learning technologies evolved and Facebook built this fantastic platform over the 2010s, once they got their mobile marketing platform out, they really did turn ads into content.
M1
M147:16

把广告变成内容,对你来说意味着什么?

What does turning ads into content mean to you?
M2
M247:18

如果你有一个非常强大的算法,能为用户展示真正适合他们的广告,那消费者就会通过广告发现他们想买的产品。

If you have a very powerful algorithm on showing users ads that are really good for them, the consumer's going to discover products that they want to buy through the ads.

而当你做到这一点时,你就可以给人展示无穷无尽的广告。

And when you can do that, You can show people an endless amount of ads.

他们不会在意自己看到的广告。

They don't care about the ads that they're seeing.

这些广告不具有干扰性。

They're not disruptive.

它们实际上是用户可以参与互动的东西。

They're actually something that they can engage with.

我观察到的是,我推测他们的算法比我们当时拥有的要强大得多。

And what I saw was, and I inferred that their algorithm was way more potent than what we had at the time.

很明显,那种简单的基于规则的算法是行不通的。

And obviously the simple like rules-based algorithm wasn't going to cut it.

所以在2018年,我们开始意识到必须升级到机器学习能力。

And so in 2018, we started realizing we've got to upgrade to machine learning capability.

其他公司已经在这么做了。

Other companies are doing it.

Facebook远远领先于我们。

Facebook's way ahead of us.

要做到这一点,我们需要数据。

In order to do that, we need data.

而我们当时拥有的数据是人们正在玩的游戏。

And the data that we had were games that people were playing.

Facebook所拥有的数据,当然,他们有社交图谱,而且他们的像素代码遍布全球大多数网站。

The data that Facebook had, of course, they had the social graph, but they're pixeled on most of the websites in the world.

广告主的数据在预测与广告主相关的结果方面非常非常重要。

Advertiser data is very, very important in predicting an advertiser-relevant outcome.

我这么说吧,比如你作为一个消费者,浏览了40个不同的网站,搜索不同的产品,过去一年买了4件东西,这就是一个非常好的数据集,可以预测你真正感兴趣的是什么。

So by that, I mean, like, if you're a consumer and you're on 40 different sites and you're browsing for different products and you buy 4 in the last year, that's a very good dataset to predict what are you actually interested in.

如果你没有这种可见性——

And if you don't have that visibility—.
M1
M148:26

这种可见性Facebook有,而你没有。

Which Facebook has and you don't.
M2
M248:27

Facebook有,我们没有。

Facebook had, we didn't.

所以如果我们要构建一个更强大的模型,只靠纸牌、扑克和我们系统里其他游戏的数据,真的很难做到。

And so if we were going to go build a much more robust model, it's very hard to just do it with solitaire and poker data and whatever else, other games we had in the system.

我们需要广告主的数据。

We needed advertiser data.

而对我们来说,这些数据就在移动游戏里面。

Now, in this case for us, it was inside mobile games.

你实际花钱买了什么?

What are you actually spending on?

如果我们能拿到这些数据,就能训练出一个比现有模型强大得多的模型。

If we could get that data, we could train a model that was a lot more powerful than what we had.

你买过什么,在很大程度上预示着你接下来会买什么。

What you buy is very much predictive of what you'll buy next.

所以拿到那些数据对我们来说至关重要。

And so that was critical for us to go get our hands on that data.

我们没法说服广告主跟我们分享那些数据,尽管他们愿意跟Facebook和Google分享。

We were unable to convince advertisers to share that data with us, even though they were sharing it with Facebook and Google.
M3
M348:59

他们就是不愿意和我们分享。

They would not share it with us.
M2
M248:59

我们是个小创业公司,虽然是十亿美元级别的公司,但在这个领域里只是另一家公司,他们觉得我们不需要这些数据,因为我们还没有模型。

We were the small startup, even though a billion-dollar company, just this other company in the space that didn't have a need for the data because we didn't yet have models.

所以为了在早期解决这个问题,我亲自出马,开始收购一些游戏工作室。

So in order to solve that problem early on, I went out and we just kicked off buying some gaming studios.

所以实际上,从KKR投资到IPO,这个业务最终看起来和广告业务差别巨大,因为我们最后拥有了大概14、15个不同的游戏工作室,覆盖游戏各个品类。

So actually, like the business from KKR investment to IPO ended up looking wildly different than an advertising business because we ended up with like 14, 15 different game studios across all categories of gaming.

我们最终拥有这些工作室,这样我们不仅能理解游戏开发者从营销平台和变现平台需要什么,还能把他们的数据用在我们自己的模型里。

That we ended up owning so that we can not only understand what the game developer needs from a marketing platform and a monetization platform, but also use their data inside our model.

于是我们收购了这些工作室,推出了第一个Axon 1模型。

And so we bought the studios, we launched our first Axon 1 model.

Axon这个名字就是我们广告模型的名字。

That Axon name is the name of our advertising model.

第一个模型更多是传统的机器学习,但相比第一个系统是个巨大的升级。

The first one was more traditional machine learning, but a huge upgrade over the first system.

一旦我们把它推向市场,收入增长就非常迅速,但如果我们没有自己拥有这些工作室,并且能够把数据输入模型来训练它,这是做不到的。

And revenue growth started happening really quickly once we brought that to market, but we couldn't do it without owning these studios ourselves and being able to feed data into the model to train it up.
M1
M149:57

从有这个想法——本质上就是垂直整合,对吧?——到实际执行,花了多久?

How long from the idea that we were going to essentially like you're vertically integrating, right?

所以你开始收购游戏工作室。

And so now you're buying gaming studios.

这些游戏工作室应该都拥有很多不同的游戏,而且还在继续产出。

These gaming studios all own a bunch of different games, I assume, and they're producing.

所以现在你掌握了玩家在游戏内行为的数据,对吧?

And so now you have the data on what people are doing inside the games, right?

那么从你有了这个想法到开始收购第一个游戏工作室,花了多长时间?

So the idea of like how long from the time you had that till you start buying your first gaming studio?
M2
M250:15

我们行动非常快。

We move really quick.

有了想法我们就直接去做。

We have an idea and we just go.

和KKR合作的好处之一就是他们真的很支持这个。

And so one of the nice things with KKR was they were actually supportive in this.

他们不会说“我们得先分析分析这到底是什么”。

It wasn't like let's start analyzing like what it is we're doing.

而是说“Adam有了主意,我们跟着他干”。

It's like, Adam's got an idea, let's go behind him.

我们刚做了这笔投资,所以我们得相信他知道自己在做什么。

And we just made this investment, so we gotta believe he knows what he's doing.

所以从想法到第一次收购几乎是立刻发生的。

And so it was from idea to first acquisition almost right away.

当时就是,我们有一个工作室要买。

It was, we have a studio to go buy.

是一个叫People Fund的工作室。

It was a studio called People Fund.

同时我们也在内部建立自己的工作室。

And then we were building up our own studio internally too.

所有人都很支持,因为这个逻辑非常非常合理。

And then everyone was supportive because the logic was really, really sound.

而之所以会有担忧,以及为什么更大的董事会可能会说“嘿,我们不想这么做”,是因为我们是一个服务于游戏公司的平台。

Now the fear and why a Bigger board might have said, hey, we don't want to do this, is we're platform servicing gaming companies.

我职业生涯中做的一切都是始终保持透明。

And everything I've done in my career is be transparent all the time.

就像你的声誉和信任随时可能崩塌,如果你在另一方面违背了信任。

Like your reputation and trust can break down at any moment if you violate trust on the other side of things.

所以我是一个很透明的人,而我们最终陷入这样一种境地:我们在服务游戏客户,现在却要说“我们要和你们竞争了”。

And so I'm a very transparent person and we end up in this space where we're servicing the gaming clients and we're now going, we're going to compete with you.

所以在他们看来,好吧,广告平台现在变成了一个垂直整合的竞争对手。

And so in their mind it was okay, the ad platform's becoming now a vertically integrated competitor.

证据就是亚马逊一直在这么做,对吧?

And the proof for this was Amazon does this all the time, right?

就像,分销平台为什么不建立自己的品牌呢?

Like, why wouldn't the distribution platform build their own brands?

在我们这个案例中,是为了获取数据而建立品牌。

In our case, it was build the brands to get data.

如果你是对面的客户,看到这种情况,很难相信他们还是把你利益放在心上的。

It's very hard if you're a client on the other side and you see this to believe that they're still, they've still got your best interests in mind.

所以,这就是你不选择做这种事情的原因。

And so that would've been the reason you wouldn't choose to do something like this.
M1
M151:36

你可以跟他们说,你真正想要的其实不是游戏的经济收益。

You could make the case to them that what you actually wanted was not the economics of the game.

你想要的是数据,因为你仍然认为广告业务比游戏业务更好。

You want the data because you still thought the advertising business was better than the gaming business.
M2
M251:44

这最终就发展成了那种情况。

That was what that ended up over time.

所以,实际上——

So like the, the fact—.
M1
M151:46

你觉得这可能会改变吗?

Did you think it might've changed?
M2
M251:47

有一段时间,很多在这个领域的人不再信任我们,因为我们的游戏增长得非常快。

There, there was a moment in time where a lot of people stopped trusting us in the, in the space because our games were growing really quickly.

我们把他们的数据喂给了我们的模型。

We were feeding their data into our model.

所以,我们Axon One平台的早期采用者就是我们自己的游戏。

And so the early adopters of our Axon One platform were our own games.

然后你开始看到我们的游戏在增长。

So then you start seeing our games growing.

一方面,有些公司会说,你们在和我们竞争,他们干脆选择不和我们合作。

On the one hand, you had companies that go, you're competing with us, who just chose not to work with us.

我们说,没关系,这不仅是合理的,也没问题。

We said, fine, that, that's not only logical, it's okay.

因为我们下了这个赌注,我们会接受这个结果。

'Cause we made this bet and we're gonna live with it.

而且这对我们的业务可能真的很有好处。

And it's really good for our business potentially.

另一方面,还有一些小企业,游戏领域的小到中型公司。

On the other hand, you had smaller businesses, small to medium-sized inside gaming.

他们只需要能抓住任何机会,赢一把就行。

They just need any win they can get.

所以,我们最终和这些公司合作,他们说,好吧,你们自己的工作室在分享你们的模型数据。

And so we ended up with these companies that then said, okay, your own studios are sharing your model data.

我们也来分享你们的模型数据,帮助我们的业务增长。

We're going to share your model data and help us grow our business.
M1
M152:26

是的,因为如果我是他们,我知道你的产品有效,因为你用它在增长你自己的游戏。

Yeah, because if I'm them, like, I know your product works because you're using it to grow your own games.
M2
M252:31

对也不对,对吧?

Yes and no, right?

比如说,你说这很好,但如果我给你的数据帮助了你的游戏,那我岂不是在助长竞争对手变得更强?

Like, you go, that's great, but then if I feed you data that's helping your own game, so am I fueling a competitor to become better?
M1
M152:38

哦,因为他们可以直接复制你的游戏。

Oh, because you could just clone their game.
M2
M252:40

这就是担忧所在,对吧?

That's what the concern would be, right?

就像你在用我的数据,有效地进入这个领域,和我竞争。

It's like you're using my data to effectively get into the space and compete with me.

现在你必须了解对面是谁。

Now you have to know who's on the other side of it.

关于我的另一个有趣的点是,我小时候玩游戏,但长大后我讨厌游戏。

One other interesting data point about me is growing up I played games, but as an adult I hate games.

我一分钟都不花在玩游戏上。

I don't spend a minute playing games.

所以,并不是说——等等,你讨厌游戏?

So like, it wasn't like— Wait, you hate games?

我的意思是,它只是浪费时间。

I mean, it just consumes time.

这玩意儿会上瘾。

It's addictive.

就比如我吧,我自己没有耐心去练好游戏技术。

Like, it's like, for me, myself, like, I don't have the patience to like get good at games.

所以我游戏玩得很烂,而我讨厌做自己不擅长的事,所以我不玩游戏。

So therefore I suck at games and I don't like sucking at things, so I don't play games.

你跟这些游戏开发者聊,他们必须真正意识到的是,由我主导的公司不可能是游戏开发商。

And you talk to these game developers and they, they like, what they had to really realize is like, the company run through me can't be a game developer.

我根本不在乎游戏内容。

I don't even care about the game content.

我在乎的是数据,在乎的是分发平台。

I cared about the data and I cared about the distribution platform.

所以一旦他们开始意识到,好吧,他们永远不会成为优秀的游戏开发商,这明显是一种策略,是达到目的的手段,事情就开始改变了,但这需要——

So once they started realizing, okay, they're never going to be a good game developer, this is clearly a strategy, it's a means to an end, it started changing things, but it requires—
M1
M153:26

但谁给他们讲了这个故事呢?

Who was telling them that story though?
M2
M253:28

我认识这个领域很多游戏开发者。

I know a lot of the game developers in the space.

我们很多人现在关系相当密切,随着时间的推移,过去十年里,我们很多人是一起在这个行业里成长起来的。

A lot of us are now quite close and over time, like over the last decade, a lot of us have grown up in this industry together.

所以我们变得很亲近。

So we've become close.

所以只需要一顿晚餐、一顿午饭,坐下来,想问什么就问什么。

So it just required a dinner, a lunch, sit down, ask me whatever question you want.

事后看来,我犯的错误是,当人们坐下来问我问题时,我非常坦诚,但我没有直接明确地告诉游戏开发者社区:我们要进入游戏行业了,原因如下。

I'll say in hindsight, the mistake I made is I'm very transparent when I sit down with people and they start asking me questions, but I didn't convey to the community of game developers directly and explicitly, we're getting in the gaming business and here's why.

于是人们开始自己发现这件事,然后觉得我们有什么恶意,但实际上从来没有。

And so people started finding out on their own and then thinking there was some malicious intent when there never was.

但一旦他们坐下来跟我谈,就会觉得,好了,现在我们可以克服这个芥蒂,谈正事了。

But then once they sat down with me, it was like, okay, now we can overcome that and like get down to business.

我们怎么帮你把生意做起来?

How are we going to grow your business?

作为一家公司,我们一直相信,如果客户业务在增长,我们就完整了,就万事大吉了。

And so as a company, we've always had a belief that if our clients are improving their business, we're whole, we're good to go.

我的意思是,游戏,移动游戏领域,风险投资的钱很少。

I mean, the gaming, the mobile gaming space, there's very little VC funding.

很多这类公司都是白手起家的。

A lot of these companies are bootstrap businesses.

创始人就是核心人物。

The founders are the key people.

创始人就是营销人员。

The founders are the marketers.

跟我们合作的公司大多数甚至不在美国。

Most of the companies we work with are not even in the States.

他们在欧洲和亚洲。

They're in Europe and Asia.

所以这类企业,他们需要能帮到他们的合作伙伴。

And so these types of businesses, they need partners that are there to help them.

曾有一段时间,因为我没有主动去讲我们的策略是什么,我辜负了大家的信任。

And for a moment's time, because I was not proactive in talking about what is our strategy, I broke trust.

后来我们又聚在一起,和这个领域的公司坐下来谈,当你意识到那只是沟通失误,而不是存心欺骗时,信任很快就回来了。

Then we got back together, sat down with the companies in the space, and trust comes back really quickly when you realize like it's a communication error, not a desire to deceive.

我们最终继续向前走,从2020年推出Axon One模型到现在,所有这些公司都和我们以更大的规模合作,我们的平台已经成为游戏领域的主导平台。

We ended up going forward, and all of these companies from when we launched the Axon One model in 2020 to today, they all work with us at much bigger scale and our platform has become the dominant one in gaming.

我们可能,我不知道具体多大,但也许这个领域超过50%的营销花费都流回我们的平台,因为另一端的开发者看到他们在我们平台上花的每一分钱,获得了有史以来最好的回报。

We're probably, I don't know how big, but maybe even almost over 50% of the marketing dollars in the space go back to our platform because the developers on the other side are seeing the best returns that they've ever seen in their existence on the dollars that they're spending on our platform.

所以他们的业务在以非常健康的速度增长。

So their businesses are growing at really healthy rates.

这背后是我们渴望以这种方式构建技术,也是他们愿意信任我们,相信这个平台会公平待他们。

It's been powered by desire from us to build this technology the way we did and interest from them to trust us as the platform to do right by them.

过去几年里它一直在演变,现在已经到了一个非常不错的状态。

And that evolved over the last few years, but it's gotten to a really great place.
M1
M155:35

所以你们把游戏工作室卖掉了?

So you sold off the gaming studios?
M2
M255:38

结合我们从来就不擅长做游戏这个事实,我们发展到这样一个地步:所有移动游戏广告主都开始接入我们的模型,并正确的方式与我们合作。

Aligned with the fact that we were never going to be good at gaming, we got to a place where the business had grown so much that every advertiser in mobile gaming was now starting to connect into our models and work with us the right way.

达到那个点之后,我们就意识到不需要这些工作室了。

Once we got to that point, we realized we don't need these studios.

太头疼了。

Headache.

这是个干扰。

It's a distraction.

就像你提到的,我们核心的广告团队只有400人。

As you said, our core team on advertising is only 400 people.

但要运营工作室,工作量巨大。

Well, to run studios is a huge lift.

需要很多人手。

You need a lot of headcount.

那些业务上有1500多人,而且分布在全球各地。

There were 1,500+ people on those businesses and it was distributed over the world.

所以我们到了那个地步,就决定真的管不过来了。

So we got to a place where we said, we just can't manage this.

这不是我们的基因。

It's not in our DNA.

我们根本不知道那边在干什么。

We don't know what's going on.

也没精力去关注。

We're not paying attention to it.

最后我们把整个业务卖给了另一家公司,它的创始人我认识很久了。

And we ended up selling it off to this company whose founder I've known a very long time.

这是个很棒的人,公司叫Tripledot,英国的。

It's a great guy, this company Tripledot out of the UK.

他们买下了全部,这对我们很重要。

They bought the whole thing and that was important to us.

我们不想一个一个地说:我们拥有15个工作室,然后逐个卖掉,只为赚点利润。

We didn't want to go through and say, we own 15 studios, we're going to sell off one at a time just to make a profit.

所以我们把价格压得足够低,让像Tripledot这样的公司有兴趣一次性全部接走。

So instead we just priced it down enough to make it enticing to a company like Tripledot to just take the whole thing off our hands.

我记得大约一年前我们完成了这笔交易。

And we did that, I believe it was about a year ago.
M1
M156:36

那你们拥有这些游戏工作室多久?

So how many years did you have to own these gaming studios?
M2
M256:40

从开始到结束,大概五年左右。

From beginning to end, I want to say 5 years roughly.
M1
M157:45

你们的员工与市值比大概是最疯狂的公司之一了。

You have to have one of the craziest like employee to market cap ratios.

你们怎么能用这么点人运营一家价值1500亿美元、每年现金流几十亿美元的公司?

So how are you able to run a hundred and fifty billion dollar company that's making what a couple billion a year in cash flow?
M2
M257:57

现在比那个数要多。

More than that now.

多不少。

Quite a bit.
M3
M357:58

对。

Yeah.
M2
M257:58

按年化来看的话,第一季度我们赚了——

I mean, run rate-wise, I think Q1 we made our.

应该是第四季度,我们刚公布的Q1业绩,单季度现金就达到了13亿美元。

I guess Q4, what we just announced in Q1 was, I think it was $1.3 billion in cash just in a single quarter.
M1
M158:11

好的。

Okay.

所以每年五十亿美元,或者再多一点,而主营业务只有四百、三百五到四百名员工。

So $5 billion or a little bit more per year with 400, 350 to 400 employees in the main business.
M2
M258:18

对。

Yeah.
M1
M158:19

你们是怎么做到的?

How are you able to do that?
M2
M258:20

我们2022年崩盘的时候,发生了好几件事。

A couple of things happened when we tanked in 2022.
M1
M158:25

你们2022年为什么会崩盘?

Why did you tank in 2022?
M2
M258:26

那是股价暴跌92%的时候。

This is when the stock collapsed 92%.
M1
M158:28

好。

Okay.

而你们是2021年上市的。

And you went public in 2021.
M2
M258:31

2021年上市,2022年股价崩了。

2021 Stock collapses in '22.

那时候我们的市值跌到了不到四十亿美元。

That's when we ended up under $4 billion market cap.

有几件事。

A couple things.

第一,我需要确保留住我的团队,但我说团队,不是指团队里的每一个人。

One is I needed to make sure I retained my team, but by team, I don't mean like everyone on the team.

有些人只是执行职能,是可替代的。

There's certain people that are just doing functions and are replaceable.

有些人则对业务至关重要,你确实需要他们长期和你并肩作战。

There's certain people that are critical to a business and like you really need them in with you for the long haul.

所以我意识到,在创业的时候,你会觉得每个人都应该成为股东。

And so what I realized was when building a business, you feel like everyone should be a shareholder.

我曾经就是那种创始人,会觉得,你是个清洁工,你也应该拿到我公司的股份。

I was like one of those founders that was like, you're the janitor and you should get shares in my business.

当我们上市后,面临这种波动,我们开始收到,或者至少我开始听到很多人的反馈,比如:天哪,我们今年的股权价值跌了很多。

When we went public and we faced this volatility, we started hearing from, or at least I started hearing from a lot of people like, man, we're way down on our equity this year.

我们的薪酬低了很多。

Our comp is way lower.

你们会给我们补上吗?

Are you going to true us up?

你们会不会在另一边给我们股票补偿?

Are you going to give us stock on the other side?

这让我非常沮丧,因为你想想交易的另一面。

And super frustrating for me because it, I, you think about the trade on the other end of it.

那股票涨的时候,你们会把股票还给我吗?

Well, when the stock goes up, are you going to give your shares back to me?

你们不会那么做,对吧?

Like, you're not going to do that, right?

你们会很高兴,而且会拿得比应得的多。

You're going to be happy and you're going to get overpaid.

所以我们当时有这些四年期的授予,分给了团队里的每个人。

And so we had these 4-year grants that we distributed to everyone on the team.

我后来意识到,我不该那样评判,因为有些人确实就是需要这份报酬。

And what I realized was it's unfair for me to judge because some people just need compensation.

比如你一年赚十五万美元,其中五万是股权,股权跌了90%,那你就只剩十点五万美元一年了。

If you're getting paid $150,000 a year and $50,000 of it was in equity that goes down by 90%, now you're at $105,000 a year.

你是真的依赖那些股权。

Like you really depended on that equity.

你可能连账单都付不起。

You might not be able to pay your bills.

另一方面,如果你是个关键工程师,年薪一百万美元,其中六十万是股票薪酬,跌到只剩十万美元,那你一年仍然有五十万美元的收入。

On the other hand, if you're a critical engineer and you're paid $1 million a year and your $600,000 of stock-based compensation goes down to $100 grand, I'm still getting paid $500K a year.

就像,好吧,我们有足够的钱来维持生计,并度过波动期。

Like, okay, there, there's enough money to make ends meet and to ride out the volatility.

所以我们在团队低谷时所做的是,有些人就只拿现金薪酬。

And so what we did at the low point for the team was go, some people were just going to put on cash compensation.

公司里每个人都可以购买公司股份,但我们不需要强迫那些总薪酬较低的人做这个决定。

Everybody at the company can buy shares in the business, but we don't need to force that decision for people that have lower total compensation.

所以他们就可以只拿现金薪酬。

So they can just go cash compensation.

然后我们问,哪些人是公司里至关重要的人?

We then said, who are the people that are like critical to the business?

你的关键工程师,关键产品人员。

Your key engineers, your key product people.

再说一次,记住,我们完全不想做品牌广告。

Again, remember, we don't want to do brand advertising whatsoever.

所以这些人主要是业务人员或销售团队,因为我们甚至没有太多那样的。

So these are mostly the business people or sales team, because we don't even have much of that.

这是核心产品和工程团队。

This was core product and engineering.

如果他们做出非常好的产品,建立非常好的模型,我们就能够扩大业务规模。

If they build a really good product, they build a really good model, we're going to be able to scale the business.

所以我们把获得股权的人数缩减到略超过100人。

And so we took it down to a little over 100 people that we give equity to in the business.

为什么这很重要,因为它迫使我思考,哪些人才是真正重要的人?

And why this was important was it forced me to go, who are the people that matter?

就像,我长期真正和谁一起共事?

Like, who am I really in this with for the long term?

那时我们有更多人。

And we had more people at that point in time.

我们确实把业务精简到了这个核心团队。

We really slimmed down the business to this core group of people.

以及他们周围的支援人员。

And the support around them.

但对我来说,达到那个点很重要,因为正如你所说,A级人才不喜欢和B级、C级、D级的人一起工作。

But it was important for me to get it to that point because to your point of having A players, A players don't like to work with Bs, Cs, Ds.

我的意思是,D级人才会把你A级人才累垮。

I mean, Ds, you're going to just burn your As out.

但团队中任何不如A级人才的人,都会让你最优秀的人分心去和那些人合作、试图让他们跟上进度,这是一个巨大的损失,因为最终你会把A级人才逼走。

But like anything that's worse than an A player on the team and you're distracting your best for working with those types of people and like trying to bring them up to speed, it is a huge loss because eventually you end up churning out your As.

所以我不仅要了解谁是关键人物,还要经历一个时期,在23年,甚至我觉得是23或24年,尽管业务非常火爆,我们却解雇了大量的人。

So I had to not only understand who are the key people, I had to go through this period of time where in '23, even, I think it was about '23 or '24, even though the business was ripping, we were firing a ton of people.

我们解雇了大约40%的团队。

We let go of about 40% of the team.

我觉得是24年。

I think it was '24.

业务同比增长了近100%,而我们却解雇了大约40%的团队,因为我想把它精简到这些A级人才。

The business grew nearly 100% year over year, and we fired about 40% of the team because I wanted to distill it down to these A players.

我想达到这样一种状态:新鲜血液、关键人物、关键岗位,他们获得股权,身边有很多上行支持,然后我们是一个精干高效的组织。

I wanted to get it to a place where fresh blood, key people, key roles, they're getting equity, they've got a lot of upside support around them, and then we're lean and mean organization.
M1
M161:53

所以等等,多讲讲这个思路,因为这听起来像是跨越了好几年,从22年到23年到24年。

So wait, go into more of this thinking because this sounds like it's going over several years from '22 to '23 to '24.

我们只讨论广告业务。

We're only talking about the ads business.

我们不讨论游戏工作室。

We're not talking about gaming studios.

我们不讨论其他的,呃,你好像拥有一个SaaS公司,我记得还有另一个——

We're not talking about the other, uh, you own like a SaaS company that I think has another—
M2
M262:05

不谈那些。

Not talking about those things.
M1
M162:06

我们就专注在这个上面。

Let's just focus on this.

所以现在你们,你知道,大概有350到400人吧。

So now you're, you know, 350 to 400 of them today.

你们那时候是多少人?

What were you back then?
M2
M262:12

呃,我们那时候更多,对,我估计大概接近现在的两倍。

Uh, so we were more, yeah, I'd say probably close to double that.

然后这个叫Giovanni的人,他刚当上CTO,他是22年11月加入的,他和Basil——就是我之前提到的那个CTO——基本上是一起开发了Axon 2模型。

And so this guy Giovanni, who just started as CTO, he joined and he joined in November '22, and he's responsible for him and Basil, the CTO I talked about, they basically together worked on the Axon 2 model.

其实主要是Giovanni主导的,他后来组建了团队,现在也是他在带这个团队。

Really, Giovanni led it and then built out the team and he runs the team now.

我之所以提到他的名字,是因为他进来之后,开始问我一些很有意思但又很难回答的问题。

The reason I raise his name is he came in and he started asking me interesting but difficult questions.

比如问,我们为什么要留着这个人?

Questions like, why do we have this person?

我们为什么要有这个团队?

Why do we have this team?

我们为什么要有这些流程?

Why do we have like these processes?

而作为一家公司,你会有那种——我刚创业的时候,我什么流程都不想要。

And as a business, you sort of go— when I first started, I didn't want any process.

我几乎立了一条不开会的规矩。

I have almost a no meetings rule.

就是,我希望每件事都尽可能高效。

Like, I wanted everything to be as highly efficient as possible.

但十多年下来,你会继承一些流程。

But over a decade plus, you inherit some process.

你上市了,别人告诉你,你需要这些流程,你需要这些人。

You go public, you're told you need these processes, you need these people.

然后你招进来一个新鲜血液,特别有干劲,智商高得离谱。

Well, you get someone in who's fresh blood, who's really hungry, insanely high IQ person.

我是说,他是我这辈子见过最聪明的人之一,比我聪明多了。

I mean, one of the smartest people I've ever met, much smarter than I am.

他每天都在用这些问题拷问我,比如,为什么这个人坐在这个位置上?

And he's grilling me with this question every day, like, why is this person in this role?

为什么这个人会在这里?

Why is this person here?

比如,为什么这个人是那个人的VP,而他下面那个人明明比VP强得多。

Like, how come this person is a VP to this person, and the person underneath that person is much better than the VP.

所以我一直被这些问题困扰,我就想,要么我得去正视这些问题,要么我就得冒失去人才的风险——失去像他这样的人,以及其他像他一样有才华的人。

So I kept getting these questions and I was like, either I'm going to have to address these questions or I'm going to risk losing talent like this person, the other people that are talented like him.

而在处理这些问题的过程中,我们最终——我改变了自己对文化和公司架构方式的理念。

In doing that, we ended up going— I changed my philosophy to culture and how a company's structured.

你创业的时候,你有文化,有文化价值观,你希望这些永远都成立。

You start a business, you have culture, you have cultural values, and like you hope those hold true forever.

但世界变化非常快,科技世界在变,公司也在进化。

Well, the world's changing really quickly and the world of technology is changing and companies are evolving.

如果你觉得它是静止的,以为第一天的文化会一直有效,那我觉得这是个错误。

If you just consider it static where your culture from day one is going to hold true over time, I think it's a mistake.

所以我们做的,就是我把他的问题听进去了,我说,在每个时间点,我们都必须根据今天的世界去重新思考我们的文化。

So what we did is I took his questions to heart and said, at every moment in time, we've got to rethink our culture for what the world has today.

而且那时候LLM已经开始出现了,大量自动化也正在到来。

And you started having LLMs at that point in time and a lot of automation was coming.

同时我们的业务里也有一些核心贡献者,是那种特别能打的人。

And we also had a business where we had these key contributors that are killers.

他们周围也有支持的人,但流程上有很多臃肿的地方。

And then we had support around them, but we had a lot of bloat in process.

连我们也没能避免,尽管我们的人数和营收比已经很低了,可是十多年来就是这么运营的,流程还是积累下来了。

Even we did it despite the low headcount to revenue because of 10+ years of operating in just the way it was.

所以我重新挑战了这一套,我说,如果今天我要重新创办这家公司,我会怎么起步?

And so I re-challenged it and said, if I was starting the business today, what would I start it with?

它会是什么样子?

What is it going to look like?

一年或两年内,什么会被自动化掉?

What is going to be automated away in a year or 2 years?

我怎样才能让Giovanni不再一直问为什么,而是对自己的角色感到兴奋?

How am I going to get Giovanni to stop asking me why and just be excited about his role?

因为他看到的每个地方,身边都有一个超级能干的人。

Because everywhere he looks, there's a super capable person around him.

所以我进去就说,我们要全面启动一大批裁员,希望借此变得更精简,但更重要的是,防止A级人才被污染,这样那些A级人才才能留下来,感觉这个组织是他们的。

And so I went in and just said, we're going to kick off a whole bunch of cuts all over the board, and we're going to do it in this hope of getting leaner, but more importantly, keeping A people from getting contaminated so that those A people can be retained, feel like the organization is theirs.

最后我们替换了很多在这里待了很久的老员工。

And we ended up turning over a lot of tenured people that were here for a long time.

我们替换了那些我认为其岗位最终会被LLM自动化的人。

We ended up turning over people whose roles I felt like were eventually going to get automated by LLMs.

如果我们对他们的岗位有这种感觉,我不会让他们留在一个没有前途的岗位上。

And if we felt that way about their role, I wasn't going to keep them in a dead-end job.

我希望人们去做对他们最有利的事情。

I want people to go and do whatever is best for them.

通常职业和个人成长会引导他们走向最有利的方向。

And usually professional and personal growth leads into what's best for them.

如果我们做不到这一点,我们就会放手。

And if we didn't have that, we were going to move on from it.

于是我们精简了一切,结果对我们来说效果非常好。

And so we just leaned everything up and it ended up working really well for us.
M1
M165:21

太棒了。

That's excellent.

你觉得有没有一个特定的规模,比如一个上限,如果你想,如果你在运营一家公司,你想要一个全是A级人才的团队?

Do you think there's a certain size, like a limit to how many, if you want to, if you're running a company, you want a team of all A players?

你认为员工数量有上限吗?

Do you think there's an upper bound to how many employees you could have?
M2
M265:33

你有两种类型的员工。

You have 2 types of employees.

你需要一些支持性职能,对吧?

You need some support functions, right?

比如,说到底,作为一家上市公司,不是每个人都能成为A级人才,因为他们不在创新的岗位上。

Like, at the end of the day, as a public company, like, not everyone can be like an A-player because they're not in roles to innovate.

所以说有些人的角色只是为了维持运营。

So let's say there's some people that are just doing roles to keep the lights on.

那只是一个必要的要求。

That's just a requirement.

所以先放在一边。

So set that aside.

然后你还有核心人员,尤其是产品和工程。

Then you've got like your core people, especially product and engineering.

我们希望我们的工程师也是产品型人才,所以我们的产品部门不大。

We expect our engineers to be product people, so we don't have much of a product org.

所以我们称之为核心工程。

So let's call it core engineering.

我们希望他们是A级人才。

We expect them to be A people.

要有一个A级人才的团队,你必须能够识别A级人才。

Now, to have a team of A players, you've got to be able to recognize A players.

所以我知道Giovanni是A+级人才。

So I know that Giovanni's an A+ player.

我知道他对任何不是A级的人才都零容忍。

I know that he has no tolerance for anything that's not an A player.

所以他行动很快,他会说,你要么达标,要么就别在我的团队里,你必须达到这个水平,否则就出局。

So he goes and he's very quick to go, you're either cutting it or you're not on my team, but you got to be at this level or you're out.

所以把那些需要这种水平的人才放在领导岗位上,让我有信心,因为他们没有耐心,不会让不合格的人才在这些关键岗位上得逞。

And so putting people in these leadership roles that require that level of talent allows me to have confidence that because they're impatient, they're not going to enable talent that's not qualified in these key roles.

所以你一直在淘汰不符合要求的人,尽可能保持精简。

And so you're always turning over people that don't meet your need and you're going as lean as possible.

但当你有一个A级人才时,你不想裁掉那些人。

Now, when you have an A-player, you don't want to cut those people.

那些人非常厉害,尤其是随着我们向前发展。

Those people are super powerful, especially as we go forward.

你需要的是懂得怎么用AI的精简团队。

And you're going to need lean teams that know how to use AI.

你最好的人比一般的人更懂得怎么用AI。

Your best people know how to use AI better than your mediocre people.

而且这不是某种线性关系。

And it's not by some sort of linear function.

差距要大得多。

It's much greater than that.

所以我们的团队架构是让那些A级或A+级人才当领导,他们能识别出下属中的A级人才,并且对达不到这个标准的人毫无耐心,但凡觉得你不行,他们就会立刻开除。

And so our team is constructed to have leaders who are A players or A+ players who can see the A players underneath and who have no patience for anything that's not, and are very willing to fire on sight if they feel like you're not cutting it.

这个岗位不是你所热爱的。

This role is not one that you're passionate about.

而且我们大多数人,因为团队精简,都很聪明,但有时候光聪明还不够。

And most of our people, because we're lean, are very smart, but sometimes being smart is not enough.

你必须真正投入于建设我们想建设的东西,如果你不适合,

You gotta be really into building what we want to build, and if you're not cut out for it,

你会拿到一份非常不错的遣散费,然后各自上路。

you get a really good severance and you go off on your way.
M1
M167:17

这让我想到你的另一个让我觉得了不起的地方,那就是直到今天,任何人想在公司里雇佣任何人,都必须得到你本人的批准。

So this leads me to another thing that I find remarkable about you, that even to this day, if anybody wants to hire anybody in the company, they have to get an approval directly from you.
M2
M267:25

这个事挺有意思的。

So this was a funny one.

这事之所以发生,是因为有一段时间我们经历了HR的人事变动,我接管了HR部门,然后我发现,在我们裁员之前,公司已经变得臃肿了。

And the reason this came up is there was a period of time we went through turnover in HR, and I took over the HR organization, and I saw that, in the period before we did the cuts, we'd become bloated.

我当时就想,为什么人头数这么高?

And I was like, why is the headcount so high?

为什么一直在增加?

Why does it keep going up?

结果发现,每次我们解雇一个人或者有人辞职,就自动会出现一个新的职位空缺。

Well, it turned out every time we let someone go or someone quit, there was automatically just a new job placement that went up.

那是一个所谓的“替补”职位。

It was a job placement as a quote unquote backfill.

所以,有一个岗位消失了,我就自动重新招人,这意味着你的人员编制根本降不下来。

So I had a role, this role disappears, I'm going to automatically rehire, which means there's no way your headcount could go down.

你的人头数只会增加,因为同时你不可避免地还在招其他岗位的人。

Your headcount's only going up because you're still inevitably hiring other roles too.

这让我烦的是,我们有几百个招聘职位,而招人、培训、从新员工身上获得价值,这个过程需要六到十二个月。

Now, what bugged me about that was we had hundreds of job postings, and in order to hire and train and get value out of a new employee, you're talking about a 6 to 12-month process.

在一个人离职、而你没有那个人的这段时间里,会发生什么?

What happens in the period of time when that person quits and you don't have that person?

如果你能在没有那个人、那个岗位空缺一段时间的情况下继续运转,那你为什么还要替补?

Why do you need to backfill if you can survive without that person, without anyone in that role for some period of time?

你可能并不需要,但说“我要这个人”感觉更好。

You probably don't, but it feels better to say, I want the head.

所以我接手了这件事,我说,来,说服我你需要这个人。

And so I took it over and I said, look, convince me that you need the person.

结果我们从每年大概招几百个新人,或者说至少试图招几百个,降到了只有几十个,因为大家都怕来跟我解释为什么需要这个职位,干脆就不来找我了。

So we went from somewhere in the neighborhood of hundreds of new hires that we were doing a year, or at least attempting to do a year, to in the tens, because people were so spooked about trying to convince me that they need the role, they wouldn't come to me.

现在呢,如果他们来找我,我就知道他们是实在没办法了。

And like, now it's if they come to me, I know that they're desperate.

就是所有事情都要崩溃了。

It's everything's going to break down around me.

大家已经工作到极限了,真的需要多招一个人。

People are working so much that they really need this extra hire.

好,去实现它。

Okay, go make it.
M1
M168:50

我真的觉得你厉害的地方在于,你只是抓住了这个大家都认同的观点,对吧?

I really think what's remarkable about you is you just took this insight that everybody agrees on, right?

那就是公司的价值全在于人才,在于你员工和团队的人才水平。

That the value of your company is just the talent, the level of talent that you have in your employees, your team.

你只愿意和A级人才一起工作。

You only want to work with A-players.

但这总有个上限。

There is some kind of upper bound to it.

我记得我之前问你这个问题的原因,是因为乔布斯说过,他整个职业生涯和经历中,只见过一家公司全是A级人才。

I remember the reason I asked you the question earlier is because Steve Jobs said that he had only ever seen one company in his entire history and his entire experience that was all full of A players.

他说是皮克斯。

He says it was Pixar.

他说,但那只有400名员工,而当时苹果有大概3000人。

He said, but they had 400 employees and at the time Apple had like 3,000.

所以他说,我当然有3000名员工了。

So he says, of course I have 3,000 employees.

他们不可能全是A级人才。

They can't all be A players.

但厉害的地方在于,每个人都认同这一点,却没人真正去干那件难事——确保你不会疏远这些A级人才,并且本质上让他们身边围着一群B级、C级或更差的人。

But what's remarkable is everybody agrees on it, but no one actually does the difficult job of making sure that you don't alienate these A players and essentially surrounding them with Bs and Cs and other less talented people.

因为你得出了错误的结论——他们会走人。

Because you jump to the wrong conclusion, they're going to leave.

而且在很多情况下,他们直接就去创办自己的公司了。

And in many cases, they'll just go start their own company.
M2
M269:39

没错,挑战在于——我是说你在如今的软件行业就能看到——很多公司现在面临的问题是,队伍臃肿,人才大多平庸。

Yeah, the challenge, I mean, like you see it in the software world today, the challenge that a lot of companies have now is bloated workforce and the talent's mostly mediocre.

那解决方案是什么呢?

So what's the solution?

你不能直接裁人。

You can't just fire people.

如果你裁掉一半人,而且大家本来都不是A级人才,那你剩下的还是半拉子平庸。

If you fire half the people and everyone was not an A-player, you're just left with half mediocre.

所以你实际上该怎么做?

And so what do you actually do?

我们幸运的是,我一直觉得自己是团队成员的啦啦队长。

Where we were lucky is that I've always felt I'm a cheerleader for the folks on the team.

而且很长一段时间里,团队里的很多决定都是我来做,我管产品,亲力亲为,但我仍然努力引导大家,让自己周围都是比我聪明的人。

And like for a long time I was making a lot of the decisions on the team and I ran product and I was hands-on, but I still try to direct people and surround myself with people smarter than me.

我一直觉得自己智商还行。

And I always felt like I had a pretty reasonable IQ.

我不是那种特别高智商的人。

I'm not exceptionally high IQ.

我只是特别善于看模式和问题,通常能理解问题是什么,然后尝试提出解决方案并推进。

I just see really, I see patterns and problems really well and I can typically like understand what that problem is and try to propose a solution and move forward.

如果错了,我能快速转向,找到正确答案。

And if I'm wrong, I can pivot quickly and get to a good answer.

所以这大概就是我的技能吧,但与之相伴的是,我始终足够谦逊,明白招人时,你总想提升自己。

And so maybe that was the skill that I had, but paired with that, I was always humble enough to know that when you hire, you always want to upgrade yourself.

你要招到比你自己在某方面更擅长的人,那些你做得不够好的方面。

You want to hire better than yourself at something that you're not as good at.

就像刚才讨论Raf一样,他在BD方面特别出色。

So like the Raf discussion earlier where he's exceptional at BD.

嗯,我记不得一天前、五天前、五年前的对话了。

Well, I don't remember the conversations I had a day ago, 5 days ago, 5 years ago.

所以我需要一个在某个职能上有这种非凡才能的人,来提升我。

So I needed someone like that exceptional talent in a function that could upgrade me.

这样我就可以说,他比我在那个方面强多了。

And so I can go, he's much better than me at that.

所以关键就在于,我采取了谦虚的态度,在每个层级上都进行升级,然后做这些人的啦啦队长,给他们提供成功所需的一切。

And so what's important in that is that I took the humble approach to upgrade at every level and then be the cheerleader for these people and give them whatever they need to succeed.

从我们创业开始,这一点就没变过。

And that hasn't changed since we started the business.

而且我觉得保持这一点非常难,因为很多时候你在创业时,开始招聘高管,这些高管来了之后,他们受过培训,要招聘、要帝国建设,他们建立起自己的团队,然后突然之间,火车就离站了。

And I think it's very challenging to maintain that because a lot of times when you're building a business, you start hiring these executives and these executives come in and they're trained to hire, empire build, and they build up these teams and all of a sudden the train leaves the station.

你本来有一个8人核心团队,突然之间你让他们被这些职业经理人包围,团队变得臃肿,那些你曾经喜欢一起工作的优秀人才感到失望,纷纷离开,最后留下的就是一个让人难受的地方。

You had this core group of 8 people and all of a sudden you surrounded them with these professional managers and the workforce gets bloated and those really good people that you used to love working with, they get disillusioned, they churn out, and what you're left with is a miserable place.

这个现象在很多公司都成立。

That function has held true at a lot of businesses.

而正因为我控制欲强、亲力亲为,我从未让这种情况发生。

And because I was so controlling and hands-on, I never let it happen.

直到今天,我们都没有CRO。

To this day, we don't have a CRO.

我们是一家广告业务公司。

We're an ads business.

我的意思是,随便看看,哪家广告公司没有CRO?

I mean, anywhere you look, advertising business, who doesn't have a CRO?

我们没有CRO。

We don't have a CRO.

我们没有COO。

We don't have a COO.

现在的高管团队就是我、CFO、CTO,加上总法律顾问。

We have today, the C-suite is myself, the CFO, the CTO, And we have a general counsel.

就这些。

That's it.

所以你看我们的公司架构。

And so you look at the structure of the business.

我确保当我们找到人才时,不会让他们感到疏远,我确保他们有一个完美的环境去成长、发展和贡献,让他们感觉良好。

I made sure that we didn't alienate people when we found them, and I made sure that they had a perfect environment to grow, develop, and contribute so that they feel good.

如果你给他们一个感觉良好、有主人翁精神、边学边做的环境,真正聪明的人喜欢和真正聪明的人一起工作。

And if you give them a place to feel good and take ownership and learn as they go, really smart people love working with really smart people.
M1
M172:15

那么我们已经花了好几个小时讨论你打造公司的方式。

So we've now spent many hours talking about the way you think about building your business.

如果要我用几个词概括,我会说是无情的高效和超级的能力。

The way I would describe, if I had to distill it down to just a handful of words, I would say it's like ruthless efficiency and hyper-competence.

这是对某种情况的回应吗?

Is this in response?

因为这并不常见,尤其是在创业投资圈,他们通常就是到处砸钱。

Because it's not common, especially in the startup VC world where it's just like they just throw money at everything.

他们雇上千人,或者过度招聘等等。

They have thousands of people or overhire and everything else.

你的这种无情的高效和超级的能力是对某种情况的回应,还是你一直就是这样?

Is your ruthless efficiency and hyper-competence in response to something, or is this just how you've always been?
M2
M272:42

也许我们运气好,VC们对我们说了不,因为当VC们对你说行的时候,他们想投更多的钱进去。

Maybe we got lucky in the VCs telling us no, because when VCs tell you yes, they want to put more money to work.

所以通常就是,你完成一轮融资,用这一轮的钱,雇更多人,进入下一个阶段。

So it's always like, You took your round, use a round, hire more people, get to the next level.

别担心赚钱。

Don't worry about making money.

我们刚开始的时候,我的意思是,我们担心赚钱。

When we started, I mean, we worried about making money.

我不想往公司里投更多钱。

I didn't want to put more money into the business.

我们就那样。

We were there.

我赚的钱足以不用担心钱,但也没有赚那么多。

I'd made enough not to worry about money, but I didn't make that much.

所以我们想要盈利。

And so we wanted to be profitable.

然后一旦我们开始盈利,我意识到的是,当我招聘和与某人共事时,最重要的一个事情是,我希望他们相信,在任何时候,他们所处的位置都是地球上最适合他们的角色。

And then once we started getting profitable, what I realized is one of the most important things when I hire and work with someone is I want them to believe that at any given time, they're in the best role for them anywhere on the planet.

所以我将最佳角色定义为巨大的专业和个人成长机会。

And so I define best role as massive growth opportunity professionally and personally.

我认为真正好的工作,能让人们变得热情并热爱他们的工作,会给他们成长的能力。

I think really good jobs where people become passionate and love their work give them an ability to grow.

如果你剥夺了这一点,那么他们就该离开了。

If you take that away, then they should leave.

很多时候人们会变得自满,就这么呆着,但理论上你应该直接把他们赶走。

And a lot of times people get complacent and stick around, but in theory you should just force them out.

所以这意味着,要给非常聪明的人成长的空间,你就必须保持精干和高效。

And so what that means is to give very smart people room to grow, you've got to maintain lean and efficient.

如果你不这样做,那些聪明的人就会被流程、被其他人拖累。

If you don't, those smart people get bogged down with process, with other people.

我还发现,非常聪明的人的一个共同特点就是他们不想和太多人打交道。

And I've also found a common characteristic of really smart people is they don't want to deal with other people.

他们只想把事情搞定。

They just want to get shit done.

如果他们在做事的过程中,还得不停地应付其他人,他们最终会精疲力竭,然后走人。

And if in the middle of them getting stuff done, they're stuck with dealing with other people, they're going to eventually get burned out and bail.

所以,基于对这种模式的识别,我知道怎样才能留住这类人才,我从未动摇过这个信念:我们必须给非常聪明的人足够的空间,让他们按照自己的方式去拥有和运营。

And so because of this pattern recognition where I knew what would retain this type of talent, I never wanted to waver from the belief that we got to give very smart people plenty of room to own and operate however they want.

也就是在他们自己的世界里,高度高效,流程精简。

Which is in their own world, highly efficient, limited on process.

正是这一点让我们保持了精干。

And that kept us lean.
M1
M174:19

我很好奇,那些资金更充足的竞争对手,无论是和你差不多时间起步的,还是比你晚起步的,最后都怎么样了?

I'm curious what happened to your better funded competitors that started either around the same time or after yours.

我问这个是因为我和迈克尔·戴尔聊过这个。

The reason I ask is because I talked to Michael Dell about this.

你知道,有一大堆人在做他想做的事情,而且很多时候他们就在他试图做这件事的同一个城市里。

You know, there's a million people doing what he was trying to do, and in many cases they were doing it in the same city that he was trying to do.
M2
M274:31

是啊。

Yeah.
M1
M174:32

而且所有人的资金都比他要充足。

All better funded than him.

有些人筹集的资金,你知道,我认为超过了一亿美金。

Some had raised, you know, I think over $100 million.

但他把每一个对手都打得落花流水。

He smoked every single one of them.
M2
M274:38

是啊。

Yeah.
M1
M174:38

你之前提到的那些竞争对手后来怎么样了?

What happened to these competitors you mentioned earlier?
M2
M274:40

我的意思是,我们处在一个大市场里,所以有几个竞争对手——其中一家现在已经上市了。

I mean, We're in a big market, so a couple are, one of them is public today.

还有几家最终可能会上市,但没有一家能接近我们的运营规模。

A couple more will eventually be public, but no one's even remotely close to the scale that we operate at.

而那些私营的公司,就像我说的,那些由风险投资资助的,要么以极低的价钱卖掉了,要么已经消失了。

And the private ones, like I said, the ones that the VCs that funded either sold for very little or are gone.

很常见的情况是:筹集资金,然后大量招聘人手。

And very common would be raise money, hire a bunch of people.

一路上,我总是听到有人说,你们有巨大的机会,你们做得非常好,那为什么你们不招聘更多人呢?

And along the way, I've always gotten the, you have a huge opportunity, you're doing really well, why aren't you hiring people?

我们现在面前有很大的商业机会,随着我们前进,我们正在扩展我们运营的平台,超越游戏领域,服务任何类型的公司来我们的平台做广告。

We have big business opportunity in front of us right now where as we Going forward, we're really expanding the platform that we operate in outside of gaming to service companies of any kind to come advertise on our platform.

那么,大多数人看到这个自然会问,你们为什么不组建一个销售团队呢?

Well, most people look at that and go naturally, why aren't you hiring a sales force?

你们为什么不招聘一位 CRO 呢?

Why aren't you hiring a CRO?

你怎么不大力推广呢?

Why aren't you hitting it hard?

因为现在有了AI工具,一个真正厉害的人可以顶得上十、二十、五十、一百个人。

And because the reason I don't is that now with AI tools, one person who's really good can be as powerful as 10, 20, 50, 100 people.

所以,我为什么要提前招人呢?不如去找那些单兵能力很强的人,他们懂得怎么用AI代理来完成以前需要很多人干的活儿。

And so why would I go hire in advance of Versus go find those single individuals who could be really good, who understand how to deploy agents to tackle jobs that many people would've done before.

我一直坚定这个观点,因为我见过太多公司这么干:机会来了就招人,结果拉低了整体智商,最后搞得一团糟。

And so I've stuck to this view with high conviction because I've seen companies do exactly that, hire into opportunity, dilute their IQ, and then you're stuck with a mess.

那怎么收拾这个烂摊子呢?

And how do you unravel a mess?

如果那8个人都走了,你根本没法收拾。

If you lose those 8 people, there's no way to do it.

你就完蛋了。

You're just toast.
M1
M175:58

你知道吗,你的Axon模型好不好,马上就能看出来。

You know, with your, if your Axon model is good or not immediately.

对吧?

Right?

因为本质上,你做的就是卖收入的生意,我记得你是这么说的,对吧?

Because you're like essentially the, you're in the business of selling revenue, I think is the way you put it, right?
M2
M276:05

对。

Yeah.
M1
M176:06

那你解释一下,你是从什么时候发现这个模式像现在这样奏效的?之前又是什么情况?

So explain when you knew it was working the way it is now and what was happening before.

之前的模式是怎样的?

Like what was the model before that?
M2
M276:14

嗯。

Yeah.

我的意思是,我们现在所处的阶段,也是我们一直想达到的,就是产品必须足够好到能自己卖出去。

I mean, so where we are today is, and this is where we wanted to get to, which is the product has to be good enough to sell itself.

否则,如果我们还得求着别人做生意,那就说明我们的广告方案不够好,没法规模化。

Otherwise, if we're begging for business, we don't have a good advertising solution that's scalable.

我们也没有那么多销售人员去求生意。

We don't have the salespeople to go beg for business.

所以,这意味着什么呢?

And so So what does that mean?

比如说,如果你是个游戏开发者,接入我们的平台,你准备花一千美元。

Well, if you're a game developer today and you plug into our platform, you're going to spend $1,000.

你肯定能知道,你这笔投入赚回了超过一千美元。

You're going to know with certainty you made more than $1,000 on that spend.

你的商业模式可能是:我希望这一千美元在一年内回本,到第五年能赚到五千美元。

You may have a business model that says, I want to break even on that $1,000 in a year, and by year 5, I know I'm going to make $5,000.

所以你投了一千美元,一年后拿回一千美元,第五年变成五千美元。

And so you put the $1,000 in, you get $1,000 back in a year, and year 5, you're at $5,000.

你的周期也可能更短。

You may have a shorter cycle.

你可能三十天就回本了,六个月后赚了两千、三千美元。

You might break even on the $1,000 in 30 days, and then by 6 months out, you've made $2,000, $3,000.

不管你的商业模式如何,你都能在我们的系统里定价,让每一美元的花费产生多于投入的回报。

Whatever your business model allows, you're going to be able to price into our system and generate more money from the dollar spent than, than what you put into the system.

这个做法关键的一点是,他们变成了套利者。

Now, what's important about that approach is that they become an arbitrager.

他们在我们系统里扩大规模的唯一限制,就是他们银行账户里有多少钱。

The only constraint on them scaling in our system is the money that they have in their bank account.

因为如果你告诉别人,你开始赚得比投进去多了,你马上就会知道。

Because if you tell someone you're starting to make more money than what you put in, you're going to know it.

我们的报告会告诉你,否则你不会扩大规模。

Our reporting is going to tell you, otherwise you're not going to scale.

他们会把自己银行账户里所有的钱都投进来,而我们会在这个套利失效之前,尽可能多地推动规模。

They'll put as much as they have in their bank account and we will drive as much scale as we can before that arbitrage breaks down.

当我们把电商业务推向市场时——电商就是我们触达超过十亿的游戏玩家,但不再只是给他们看游戏广告,现在我们给他们看电商广告。

When we took the e-commerce business to the market, and e-commerce is us accessing a billion-plus people playing games, but instead of just showing them game ads, we now show them e-commerce ads.

这个品类也开始增长得非常快。

This category started growing really quickly too.

我们采用了完全相同的方法:让他们花的每一分钱都能带来收入,让效果可衡量,确保他们知道自己确实在赚钱。

We took the exact same approach, give them revenue for the dollars that they spend, make it measurable, make sure that they know they're making money.

他们就会扩大投放规模。

They're going to scale.

如果你做到了——我所说的效果营销,就是让广告主成为套利者。

And if you do that, and what I call performance marketing is that make the advertiser an arbitrator.

很少人这样定义效果营销。

Very few people define performance marketing as that.

也很少有公司真正执行到位。

And very few companies have executed.

Facebook 在这方面做得非常出色。

Facebook's done a fantastic job of it.

谷歌的有些业务也是这样,这就是他们完全专注的方向。

Google, part of their business says this, this is entirely what we're focused on.

如果他们能赚钱,他们就会继续投入。

If they're making money, they're going to spend.

所以模型本身——当我们不断迭代模型的时候,我们不是大语言模型。

And so the models themselves, when we go and create different iterations of the models, we're not a, we're not a large language model.

所以没有面向消费者的界面。

So there's no consumer interface.

我们不需要说“这是 Axon 2、2.1、2.2、2.3”。

We don't need to go, this is Axon 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3.

但每次我们的研究科学家去改进模型,目标是:你能不能帮广告主在达到他们广告支出回报目标的前提下,带来更多投放?

But every time our research scientists go and improve the model, the goal is, can you drive more spend to the advertiser at their return on ad spend goal?

也就是他们是否创造了更多收入,是否获得了更多触达?

So are they making more revenue and are they getting more reach?

如果一个大型语言模型变得更准确,你给它提示词,它就会给出更好的输出。

If a large language model gets more accurate, you prompt it, you're going to get a better output.

显然,如果我们更准确,使用场景也会增加。

And so, and obviously the use cases go up if we get more accurate.

实际上,这个“提示词”就是广告主拥有全部预算,并且有这些目标。

The prompt effectively is the advertiser has all the budget and has these goals.

我们能为他们提供更高的准确性吗?

And can we deliver more accuracy for them?

我们能帮他们获得更大的规模吗?

Can we get them more scale?

我们能帮他们带来更多投放吗?

Can we get them more spend?

所以我们不断在迭代我们的工作,在实验框架里做测试,试图提取更多价值。

So we're constantly doing iterations on our work and doing tests in our experiment framework to try to extract more value.

更多价值就是让广告主更赚钱。

More value is to get the advertiser wealthier.

他们赚得更多,我们也赚得更多。

They get wealthier, we get wealthier.
M1
M179:03

我记得看到过一张图,就像一个拐点。

I remember seeing a graph, this like inflection point.
M2
M279:06

业务本身出现了巨大拐点,我记得是在 2023 年 4 月推出 Axon 的时候。Axon 1 模型,就是第一个版本,我跟你说过,它只是一个基于规则的系统。

The business itself inflected big time in, I think it was April 2023 when we rolled out Axon. The Axon 1 model, I mean, the first version, like I told you, was just a rules-based system.

Axon 1 是更传统的机器学习。

Axon 1 was more traditional machine learning.

Axon 2 是一个深度学习模型,复杂得多,为广告主创造价值预测的能力也高得多。

Axon 2 was a deep learning model, much more complex, much higher ability to create these predictions of value for advertisers.

所以它从完全没有能力实现我脑海中那个价值主张——也就是把广告主变成套利型营销者——发展到 Axon 1,他们可以做到,但必须花很多钱。

So it went from the point of like no ability to do what this value proposition was that I had in my mind, which is turn the advertiser into an arbitrage marketer, to Axon 1, they can get there, but they have to spend a lot of money.

模型必须学习。

The model has to learn.

他們得做很多手工活才能到那個程度。

They have to do a lot of manual labor to get to that point.

有了Axon 2,任何廣告主都可以直接接入、啟動、花錢,另一頭獲得收入,並賺取差價。

To Axon 2, any advertiser can just plug in, get going, spend money, get revenue on the other side, and make a spread.

當你有這樣一個產品,而且它非常非常可擴展,業務就能增長很多。

When you have that product and it's very, very scalable, the business can grow a lot.

所以我們從——我想是2023年4月吧,那時候股價是9美元、10美元、11美元——到我們最高峰的時候,大概是6個月前,到了750美元。

And so we went from, I think it was April 2023 was when the stock was $9, $10, $11 to when we peaked, it was probably 6 months ago or so at $750.

所以估值從不到40億美元,一路漲到2500億美元的峰值。

So the valuation went from under $4 billion to a peak of $250 billion.

現在我們從那之後回落了一些,但業務依然做得非常好。

Now we've come down some since, but the business is still doing phenomenally well.

我們市值能這樣增長,唯一的可能就是業務基本面也同步增長了。

And the only way we could have grown like that on market cap was if the business fundamentals grew as well alongside it.

而且事實真的是這樣。

And it truly did.

過去三年我們的增長非常驚人,因為AXON 2模型在為廣告主提供這種價值方面太強了。

Our growth has been phenomenal over the last 3 years because the AXON 2 model was so powerful in delivering this kind of value for advertisers.
M1
M180:30

可能有人聽你說過,嗯,你知道,我們沒有具體的市值目標,但我們對一些關鍵人員的薪酬計劃確實是覆蓋到一萬億美元市值的。

When somebody might have heard you say, hey, you know, we, we're not, we don't, we don't have like specific market cap goals, but we do have a plan in place for some of the key players for compensation that goes all the way up to like a trillion-dollar market cap.

可能聽起來有點瘋狂,但你似乎有很多順風,比如說AI給這個業務帶來的順風。

Might sound a little crazy, but it seems like you just have a ton of tailwinds, like AI tailwinds for this specific business.

不只是產品本身,還有你那種極致的效率,以及只用一小群A級人才就能做到的超強能力。

Not only the actual product, what the product is, but your ruthless efficiency and hypercompetence with only having a small team of A-players.

顯然,你手下有一些非常有天賦的人。

Obviously, you have somebody who's really gifted.

他們可能是——不是一個員工。

They could be— it's not one employee.

你實際上沒有400個員工。

You don't really have 400 employees.

但你能讓他們幹出4000人的活。

You could have them doing the work of 4,000.

講講過去三四年裡,AI是怎麼改變你們經營業務的方式,以及對業務的影響吧。

Explain how, just even the last 3 or 4 years, how AI has transformed the way you're running the business and the impact on the business.
M2
M281:10

我是說,當然,現在可用的工具,而且我們都看到了,最近這幾個月這些技術的效能提升速度非常驚人。

I mean, for sure, the tools that are available, and I'd say, as we've all seen, there's been breakaway speed on the potency of these technologies over the last few months.

小團隊能做的事比以前多得多了。

You've got small teams can do much, much more.

所以影響巨大。

So it's huge.

我是說,我們,大概一年半前吧,超過80%的代碼都是LLM寫的,現在這個比例比那還高得多。

I mean, we, over, I think it was about a year and a half ago, over 80% of our code was LLM written, and now it's much higher than that.

這樣一來,LLM配上真正傑出的工程師,就能創造出更多的產出。

And so you've got the ability for the LLM paired with really exceptional engineers to create more output.

這不像——比如說如果你身邊都是B級人才,你的一般工程師可能只是2倍效率,但你的10倍工程師可能變成100倍效率。

And this isn't like, like if you lived in a world of B players, your 1x engineer might be 2x more efficient, but your 10x engineer might be 100x more efficient.

他們不僅能加快做實驗和改進機器學習模型的速度,LLM還能處理這個領域所有的研究。

Not only can they go out and accelerate the rate of speed that they can create experiments and improvements on machine learning models, the LLM can also process all of the research in the space.

這些是研究導向的領域,開源的,但5年前,我們人類不可能讀完所有的研究並理解。但現在,那些懂數學和研究的聰明人可以用LLM,和它配合,基於所有現有的研究來設計未來的實驗,不用擔心錯過什麼,因為LLM已經把所有的東西都抓取了。

These are research-oriented sectors, open source, but 5 years ago, us humans couldn't have gone and read all the research and understood But now very smart people who understand math and research can go use the LLM, pair with it to create the future experiments off all the research that's out there, not believing that they're missing anything because the LLM is scraping everything yet.

所以效率提升的潛力巨大,而且我們是建立在深度學習模型之上的。

So massive amount of potential for efficiency gains, and we're built on a deep learning model.

所以當這些技術變得更強大,預測價值也隨之上升。

So as these technologies get more powerful, the predictive value goes up.

那這意味著什麼呢?

Now, what does that mean?

嗯,對我們的業務來說,一方面,我們有十億用戶,全球每天有超過十億用戶在玩遊戲。

Well, for us in our business, on one hand, we have a billion users who are playing games, billion-plus users who are playing games every single day around the world.

在美國,超過1.5億,而且這還只是成年人。

In the US, it's over 150 million, only adults.

所以全球的渗透率很高。

So penetration into the world is high.

那些重度游戏玩家,和每天刷Instagram六小时的21岁年轻人不是同一类人。

The power user who plays games is not the same 21-year-old who's on Instagram for 6 hours a day.

比如说,那些每天玩两三个小时《Candy Crush》这类休闲游戏的重度用户,更像是有更多空闲时间、用来放松的中年人。

The power user who's playing casual games, Candy Crush for 2, 3 hours a day, as an example, is more of like a middle-aged person who has more time and is just getting relaxation.

这就是我们的基本框架。

That's the framework.

所以我们有非常优质的受众,超过十亿用户,他们花很多时间在游戏上,而且愿意看广告,愿意看很长时间的广告。

So we have this really good audience, a billion plus, good amount of time spent, and they're willing to watch an ad and they're willing to watch an ad for a long time.

我们的平均广告时长超过35秒。

Our average ad is over 35 seconds long.

就像在移动设备上看电视广告一样。

It's like a television commercial on the mobile device.

所以这个框架非常好。

So the framework is really good.

随着技术的进步和服务的客户增多,我们在广告里展示的内容只会越来越好。

What we show in that ad is only going to get much better as the technologies get better and we service more customers.

回想几年前,我们的平台上只投放游戏广告。

And if you think about a couple years ago on our platform, we only served gaming ads.

我们以前给用户看到的全是游戏、游戏、游戏。

We used to take a user and say, game, game, game, game, game.

如果你不是那种经常换游戏玩的人,那这种广告形式对你来说就很糟糕。

If you weren't in the business of switching games, that's a pretty bad ad format to show you.

但现在我们开始做电商的产品广告了,而且未来我们会为世界上各种类型的商家服务,广告的多样性会大大增加。

Well, now as we've gotten into product ads for e-commerce businesses, and it really, as we go forward, it'll be for any kind of business in the world, the diversity will go up.

技术已经能够实现这一点,对最终消费者的价值也会提升。

The technology is already capable to do it, and then the value to the end consumer will go up.

这跟我之前说的广告变得更像内容是一样的道理。

And that whole thing I said earlier of the ad becomes more like content.

我们希望能够让当地洗衣店被正在玩游戏的人发现,因为我们把精准的广告投放给了那些确实需要洗衣服务的人。

The hope we have is that we can get the local laundromat discovered by someone playing a game because we serve a really good ad to someone who needs their clothes washed.

如果这能实现,并且我们达到那样的规模,这个业务会比现在大得多得多。

If that happens and we get to that level of scale, this business is going to be much, much bigger than it is today.

而且我们能真正影响中小型企业经济增长的机会也会比现在大得多。

And the opportunity for us to really impact economic growth for businesses that are small to medium size is going to be much bigger than it is today.
M1
M184:12

所以你们从游戏转向了电商,这正好——我本来想问的是,你们还想扩展到哪些其他类型的业务?

So you go from gaming to e-commerce that you literally just— my next question was going to be like, well, what other kind of businesses do you want to expand out to?

你真的相信你们能为每一个细分领域都做到这一点吗?

You really believe that you can do this for every single segment?
M2
M284:21

当你拥有这么多玩游戏的中年用户时,唯一的限制就是定向技术和广告主那边的客户。

When you have this many people who are playing games and they're middle-aged, the only limit is the technology for targeting and the customer on the other side.

我坚信我们公司最大的机遇是帮助中小型企业。

And I fundamentally believe the biggest opportunity we have as a business is help the small to medium-sized businesses.

我们没有销售团队,所以大型企业最终会自己找上门来,因为我们的平台足够大,但我们不会主动去推销。

We don't have a sales force, so eventually we'll get the large enterprises 'cause they're going to come to a platform as big as ours, but we're not out there selling them.

我们想要帮助那些中小型企业。

We want to help those small to medium-sized businesses.

我们在游戏行业成功的原因,就是去找那些在其他平台得不到太多支持的公司,跟他们说,你们只有10个人,我们一起合作吧。

What made us really successful in gaming was going to the companies that really didn't have much support at most of the other businesses and going, look, you're 10 people, let's work together.

让我们帮你发展业务。

Let us grow your business.

最近有一家来自土耳其的移动游戏公司成功退出,我记得他们只有10到15个人,卖了10亿美元。

There's a company that recently exited out of Turkey in mobile gaming that I believe was like 10, 15 people and sold for a billion dollars.

他们上线不到一年就卖了10亿美元。

They sold under 1 year from launch for a billion dollars.

他们几乎所有的营销和变现业务增长都建立在我们平台上,而且他们的游戏本身非常出色,极具创新。

Almost all of their business growth on the marketing and monetization side was built on our platform, and they had a fantastic game that was super innovative around that.

正因为我们的平台为此而建,我们才能帮助这样的公司,这让我们感觉非常好。

But because our platform's built for this, we were able to help a company like that, and that makes us feel really good.

所以如果我们能把这一点应用到其他类别,比如本地洗衣店,或者那些开设Shopify店铺、卖口红并且有独特卖点的小公司,他们一旦在我们的平台上推出,就能快速发展。

So if we can translate that into these other categories, to the local laundromat or to the company that spins up a Shopify store and is selling lipstick and has some cool spin on selling lipstick, and they launch on our platform, they can really ramp up.

我们自己也会感觉非常好。

We'll feel really good about ourselves.
M1
M185:33

这是针对直接面向消费者(DTC)的吗?

Is this targeted for like direct-to-consumer?

你觉得你们也会做B2B吗?

Do you, do you think you'll be doing this B2B as well?
M2
M285:38

最终我们希望同时开拓消费市场和企业市场。

Eventually we hope to tackle the consumer market and the enterprise market.

没有理由不这样做,因为另一方面来说,如果你有十亿用户,他们都是成年人,他们也都有工作。

There's no reason not to, because again, on the other side, if you have a billion users and they're adults, they have jobs as well.

如果我们的技术能够对所有消费者类别进行精准定向,我确信在企业端也会没有限制。

If we get to the point where our technology can do the targeting across every consumer category, I'm pretty sure it's going to have no limit when it comes to enterprise side as well.
M1
M185:53

我很欣赏你们经营业务的方式。

Like the way you run the business.

这次对话非常精炼,没有废话。

This conversation had no fat on it.

非常感谢你抽出时间,Adam。

Thanks very much for making the time, Adam.

这太棒了。

This is awesome.
M2
M285:58

嗯,谢谢邀请我。

Yeah, thanks for having me.

这真的很酷。

This was really cool.
M1
M186:00

希望你喜欢这一集。

I hope you enjoyed this episode.
已剔除 3 处广告(点击展开查看)
M3
M329:00广告 · 已剔除

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M3
M356:45广告 · 已剔除

Adam is one of the most focused and intense founders I've ever met.

As you're seeing during this conversation, Adam is driven to build a great product that serves his customers, relentlessly improve that product over time, and win.

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M3
M386:01广告 · 已剔除

Please remember to subscribe wherever you're listening and leave a review and make sure you listen to my other podcast, Founders.

For almost a decade, I've obsessively read over 400 biographies of history's greatest entrepreneurs.

Searching for ideas that you can use in your work.

Most of the guests you hear on this show first found me through Founders.