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Bill Ackman: The Biggest Fight of His Life

948 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 76:39
M1
M10:00

所以你需要想清楚的是,中断的风险。

So the thing that you need to think through is the risk of disruption.

而AI带来的就是大幅提升了中断的风险。

And what AI has done is massively increased the risk of disruptions.
M2
M20:13

今年你和Lucy过得挺不容易的吧?

You've had a challenging year this year with Lucy.

怎么回事?

What happened?
M1
M10:17

这孩子之前一直很健康。

Otherwise healthy child.

实际上,她患了一种我们之前不知道的叫做动静脉畸形的情况,这是大脑中的一种结构。医生是这么描述的:动脉,你知道,通常血液从动脉流入毛细血管,再流入静脉。

What happened was she had, unbeknownst to us, what's called an arteriovenous malformation, which is a kind of structure in the brain where the— the way the doctors describe it is the arteries, you know, typically blood flows into the arteries and then to the capillaries and then to the veins.

从动脉到毛细血管,动脉里血流很大,到了毛细血管血流变慢,然后再到静脉。

And when you go from arteries where there's a huge amount of blood flow to capillaries, the blood flow slows down and then to the veins.

所以呢,呃,她这种情况,有一个所谓的桥,直接从动脉通到静脉。

So they, uh, in her case, she had what they call a bridge that went from the artery directly to the vein.

所以久而久之,压力太大了。

So over time, there was too much pressure.

进入她脑部的这些静脉,其中一条静脉就爆裂了。

Going into these veins in her brain, and one of those veins burst.

然后大量血液涌进她的大脑,而大脑容积是有限的。

And then a large amount of blood filled her brain, which is a confined volume.

就好比一个气球在你大脑里鼓起来,挤压周围的脑组织和颅骨。

And so it's a bit like a balloon blowing up inside your brain, and that put pressure on the surrounding brain and the skull.

颅骨肯定不会移动,所以压力就向下传导。

And obviously the skull doesn't move, so the pressure goes downward.

对中脑产生压力。

It puts pressure on the midbrain.

中脑控制呼吸。

The midbrain is what keeps you breathing.

维持心跳。

Keeps your heart beating.

最不幸的是,根据她的Oura Ring,我们相信这件事发生在早上9点左右。

And the really unfortunate thing, we believe this happened around 9 in the morning based on her Oura Ring.

她住在,你知道,一个年轻女孩独自住在Williamsburg。

She lived, you know, young woman lives alone in Williamsburg.

那天下午4点我给她发了短信。

And I texted her at 4 o'clock that day.

那天我还给她打过一次电话。

I had called her another time that day.

其他家人也试着联系她,不过是在发现她没取行李之后。

Other family members had done the same, but only when she hadn't picked up her luggage.

她当时正要出发去阿布扎比参加婚礼。

She was, you know, she was leaving for Abu Dhabi for a wedding.

她有个朋友第二天结婚。

A friend of hers was getting married the following day.

她本来要去妈妈家取行李,但过了两个小时还没出现,没人能联系上她。我当时在睡觉,大女儿去找她,发现她躺在公寓地板上,几乎不能呼吸,右侧脸朝下趴着。

And she was picking up her luggage from her mom's house and she didn't show a couple— when she was 2 hours late and no one could reach her that week, I was sleeping at the time, but my oldest daughter went to find her and they found her lying on the floor of her apartment, barely breathing, face down on her right side.

我女儿以为她死了。

And she thought she was dead.

打了911。

Called 911.

她能听到她非常费力的呼吸声。

She could hear her breathing in a very labored way.

我睡觉时不把手机放身边。

And then I don't sleep next to my cell phone.

我女儿不知道我家的座机号码。

My daughter doesn't know the landline number for my house.

所以她打电话给大楼里的一个人。

So she was able to call someone in the building.

楼里有个家伙敲了门,使劲砸门,然后把手机递给我,屏幕上是我女儿,接着他就跳上了一辆出租车。

Guy in the building knocked on the door, pounded on the door, and handed me the phone with my daughter on it, and then hopped in a cab.

急救人员不知道该送她去哪家医院,因为他们不知道她出了什么事。

The EMT didn't know which hospital to take her because they didn't know what had happened to her.

有一个大问题,有时候急救人员会觉得某人只是喝醉了,所以才摔倒的。

One of the big problems, sometimes the EMT thinks someone's just drunk and that's why they fell.

而对待醉酒的人的办法就是让时间过去。

And the way you treat a drunk person is you just let time go by.

但时间流逝对于脑出血的人来说非常——大脑受压越久,造成的损伤就可能越大。

Time going by for a person with a brain hemorrhage is very— the more time the brain is under pressure, the more damage that can take place.

12点05分到了医院,她当时就坐在轮床上,他们还在试图判断她到底怎么了。

Got to the hospital at 12:05 and she was just sitting on a gurney there while they were trying to figure out what she had.

最后,他们给她做了CT扫描。

Eventually, they gave her a CT.

他们发现她脑出血了。

They figured out she had a hemorrhage.

他们叫了外科医生。

They called the surgeon.

你要做的是尽快释放大脑的压力。

And what you need to do is you need to release the pressure on the brain as quickly as possible.

做法是移除大约百分之四十的颅骨,让大脑能扩张到头骨之外。

And the way you do that is you remove about 40% of the skull to allow the brain to expand beyond the skull.

然后,呃,我们从Elmhurst医院转院了,顺便说一句,呃,我对他们在那里的照顾非常满意,那是皇后区的一家市立医院。

And, uh, we moved her from, um, you know, Elmhurst Hospital, uh, by the way, uh, very pleased with how they cared for her there, city hospital, uh, in Queens.

我们把她转到了Mount Sinai医院,嗯,Neri和我以前在那里帮过忙。

We moved her to Mount Sinai where, you know, uh, Neri and I spent some time helping Mount Sinai.

所以我们认识那儿的团队。

So we got, we knew the team there.

而且,呃,他们也有非常出色的神经外科医生和神经科学、脑科诊疗团队。

And, uh, they also have very good neurosurgeons and, and a neuroscience, uh, brain practice.

她当时插着呼吸管。

And, you know, she was on a breathing tube.

嗯,她头上缠着绷带,当然,上面写着“无骨”,好让护士们知道要小心。

Um, you know, she was wearing some— she had bandage, of course, on her head, and it said no bone, right, to make sure that nurses knew not to— to be careful.

呃,我们就是这样开始的。

And, uh, that's how we started.

然后,呃,我基本上对医生说了我称之为“放手一搏”的演讲。

And so, uh, you know, the, the— I basically gave the doctors the— what I call it— the dare to be great speech.

我说,咱们看看能做到什么地步。

I said, you know, let's, let's see what can be achieved.

需要什么尽管用我们的资源,不设上限。

Buy whatever you need from us, unlimited resources.

咱们看看最新最先进的技术。

Let's look at latest and greatest technologies.

他们基本就是跟我们说,Bill,我们不知道她会留下什么后遗症。

I mean, they basically told us, look, Bill, we don't know what kind of deficit she's going to have.

大脑受压了19个小时。

19 Hours of pressure on the brain.

实际上我几周后才知道,通常如果超过5小时,他们就不会做手术来救命了,因为基本假设是脑死亡。

I didn't learn actually until weeks later, they don't normally do the surgery to save someone when it's been more than 5 hours because the assumption is brain death basically.

所以19个小时,她离死亡无限接近。几小时、几分钟,我不确定具体时间。

So 19 hours, she's as close to death. Hours, minutes, I don't know exactly.

所以我们不知道她会变成什么样,但我是个非常乐观的人。

And so we didn't know what would become of her, but I'm a very optimistic person.

她的认知能力随着时间逐渐恢复了。

And she's regained over time her cognition.

她还是我们认识的那个Lucy。

She's the same Lucy we knew.

她的幽默感也没变。

She's got the same sense of humor.

这真是太了不起了。

It's really kind of remarkable.

她醒来时不能走路、不能说话,不幸的是,也看不见东西。

She woke up not being able to walk, to speak, and unfortunately to see.

她的行走能力正在恢复。

Her walking is coming back.

我觉得她会重新获得行走能力。

I think she's going to regain her ability to walk.

她的语言能力恢复得非常缓慢。

Her speech very slowly is coming back.

有大概17个我们学过的元音之外的元音,她现在能发出其中的15个左右。

There's something like 17 vowels beyond the vowels that we were taught, and she can do about 15 of the 17 now.

她几乎每天都能学会一个新的辅音。

Each day she's almost learning a new consonant.

她能说几个词了,当然,“不”这个词她说得特别好。

She can say a few words, certainly 'no', she's quite good at.

至于视力,她甚至在这方面也有了一些进展。

And then vision, she's even shown some progress there.

但是,你知道,我花了很多时间和医生们合作。

But I've, you know, I spent a lot of time, you know, working with the doctors.

你知道,我跟他们提的想法是,看看我们能为她做些什么,而我们为她学到的一切,也能用来帮助其他人。

And, you know, my pitch to them was, let's see what we can do for her, and everything we learn for her, we can help others.

你知道,Neri 和我会把这些成果分享给所有人。

And, you know, Neri and I are going to make this available to everyone.

然后,呃,三个月后,大概是我从生日派对回来的路上,我接到了一个朋友的电话。

And, uh, 3 months after, I guess I was coming back from my birthday party, and I got a call from a friend.

当时我们正在和 Mount Sinai 谈,关于重新开发他们第五大道的园区,建一个脑科研究所,某种脑科中心。

We were talking to Mount Sinai actually about doing a redevelopment of their Fifth Avenue campus to build a brain institute, some kind of brain center.

而且我们和他们的想法非常一致。

And we were very aligned with their idea.

问题在于那可能是一个十年期的项目,超级复杂,显然要拆除现有的医院,搬迁人员,再把人员搬回来。

The problem with that is probably a 10-year project and super complicated, obviously taking down an existing hospital, moving people, bringing people back.

然后,在第65街和11大道交汇处,有一栋空的生物科技大楼可以用,离办公室只有十个街区。

And a vacant biotechnology building became available on 65th and 11th Avenue, 10 blocks from the office.

60天后,我们完成了那栋楼的交易。

And 60 days later, we closed on the building.

我们签了合同购买该地块的其余部分。

We signed a contract to buy the rest of the site.

这是一个3.4英亩的地块。

It's a 3.4-acre site.

我们的目标是建造世界上最伟大的脑科研究所。

And our goal is to build the world's greatest brain institute.

一切都以患者为中心,我们如何将治疗方案带给患者?

Everything from a focus on the patient, how do we get treatments to patients?

而且科技领域有很多有趣的事情在发生。

And there's a ton of interesting things going on in technology.

显然,每个人都知道 Neuralink,但大概还有十多家其他公司正在研究 brain-computer interfaces 和其他从大脑获取数据的方法,对吧?

Obviously, everyone knows Neuralink, but there are probably a dozen other companies working on brain-computer interfaces and other ways to get data from the brain, right?

所以,我们不仅能够从大脑获取越来越多的数据,还能比以往更好地解读这些数据。

If you think about it, and of course AI, right?

所以我希望 Lucy 能靠自己正常说话,只要努力就好。

So not only are we able to get more and more data from the brain, we're able to interpret that data better than ever before.

我希望她的视力能恢复。

So I'm hoping Lucy can speak normally and on her own, just working at it.

但如果她在这些方面有缺陷,在相对短期到中期内就会有解决方案。

I'm hoping her vision returns.

想象一个世界,你戴上一副带有摄像头的眼镜,摄像头捕捉视觉画面,然后将其传输到你的 visual cortex,你就是这样看见东西的。

But if she has deficits in those areas, there will be solutions in the relatively short to intermediate term.

想象一个世界,你戴着一副眼镜,眼镜上带有一个摄像头,摄像头捕捉视觉信息,然后把它传输到你的视觉皮层,这样你就能看见了。

Envision a world where you wear a pair of glasses that basically have a camera, and the camera takes in the vision and kind of ports it to your visual cortex, and that's how you see.

我是说,那将是……马斯克说他会很快让人们有一个初步的方式来看到东西,而且是在五年之内。

I mean, that will be how— Elon says he's going to have a rudimentary way for people to see within a relatively short amount of time, and within 5 years.

实际上,我差不多向每个人都寻求了帮助,他跟我说,五年之内,人们就会拥有更好的视力——实际上就是仿生视觉。

Actually, I've reached out to pretty much everyone for help on this, and he told me, he said 5 years, people will have better vision than— will have bionic vision in effect.

Kellner医生是这样跟我描述的——这件事一直是Lucy在主导——很多神经学家甚至神经外科医生都是虚无主义者。

The way Dr. Kellner describes it to me is that— it's been Lucy's lead on this whole thing— a lot of neurologists and even neurosurgeons are nihilists.

他们不相信病人能真正取得实质性的恢复,但其实他们可以。

They don't believe that the patients can make really material recoveries, and they can.

我们听到了很多有趣的康复故事,跟Lucy分享这些很好,但我们能做的会更多。

And we've heard a lot of interesting stories of recovery, which are great to share with Lucy, but we're going to be able to do a lot more.

而且纽约实际上可能是最好的地方之一。

And New York's actually probably one of the best places.

呃,来做这件事,而且目前还没有类似的地方。

Uh, to do this, and there isn't anything like it.

所以我们对此感到很兴奋。

So we're excited about it.
M2
M28:01

你们所做的回应简直太了不起了。

What you guys have done in response is just incredible.
M1
M18:05

是的,有意思的是,我在职业生涯中积累的所有技能、经验、人脉和资源,都让我处在一个非常有利的位置,去帮助我的女儿,也帮助其他有这个困扰的人。

Yeah, so what's interesting is that all of the skills, experiences, relationships, resources that I've developed over my career work— set me up to be incredibly well positioned, uh, to, to help my daughter and to help other people that have this, have this problem.

我算是个房地产投资者,所以我能用很低的成本买下这栋楼。

I'm like a real estate investor, so I was able to buy the building at a fraction of what it cost.

至于建筑和设计,我又娶了一位非常有才华的建筑师,她在这里会扮演一个很重要的角色。

And architecture, design, also married to a very talented architect who's going to play a pretty important role here.

所以我想我们会做出一些真正有意思的事情。

So I think we're going to do something really interesting.

而且我们得到了大量想要参与进来的人的支持,很多情况下——我们很喜欢那些给我们写信的人,他们亲身经历过这些,有兄弟、姐妹、母亲、父母受过这种苦,他们看到了现有治疗的本质,想要改变这一切。

And we've had an incredible outpouring of people who want to be part of this, who in many cases— we love people who write to us who've dealt with this on a very personal level, have a brother, a sister, a mother, a parent who've suffered, and they've seen kind of the nature of the treatment that's available today and they want to change that.

这很有意思。

It's interesting.

实际上,人们会问,Bill,你怎么处理这样的事情?

And actually, people say, Bill, how do you deal with something like this?

嗯,我首先要做的就是想办法帮助我的孩子。

Well, the first thing I had to do is figure out how to help my child.

当我在那方面取得进展时,这另一件事真是令人惊叹——它让我觉得有好事从中而来——我有个看法,每件坏事都会催生出一些好事。

And as I made progress with that, this other thing is an amazing— It makes me feel like something good is coming out of— I have this view that every bad thing, something good comes from it.

这就是她从经历中所产生的好事之一,这让我感觉很好。

This is among the good that's coming from what she's going through, and that makes me feel good.
M2
M29:27

你一直持有这种看法,还是后来学会的?

Did you always have that view or was that learned?
M1
M19:29

我是慢慢想明白的。

I figured that out over time.
M2
M29:31

什么时候?

When?

有没有那么一个时刻……

Was there a moment when that—.
M1
M19:34

嗯,我在商业上经历过几次濒临破产的处境,每一次之后,我的情况都实质性地变好了。

Well, I've had a few near-death experiences in business, and in each one of those cases, I was materially better off after that.

所以这些算是,你知道,很好的教训。

So those are kind of, you know, good lessons.

“杀不死你的会让你更强大”这句话绝对是真理。

The what does not kill you makes you stronger thing is definitely true.

顺便说一句,对于我的孩子,对于Lucy,我想这对她来说会是好事。

And by the way, for my child, for Lucy, I think this is going to be good for her.
M2
M29:58

再多说说这个。

Say more about that.
M1
M110:00

你看,她是一个很棒的、了不起的人,但如果她能挺过如此毁灭性的打击,那会让她变成一个超人。

Look, she's a wonderful, amazing person, but if you can recover from something as devastating as this, it's going to make her into like a superhuman.

而且她本身就是个很好的人。

And she is a wonderful human being.

我是说,帮助她康复的一个因素就是,第一,她妈妈每天都陪着她。

I mean, one of the things that's helping her recover is, one, her mom has been there every day.

我把办公室搬到了医院里。

I moved my office into the hospital.

她住进医院的第二天,我就完成了两个IPO。

Within a day of her moving into the hospital, I did 2 IPOs.

这两个Pershing的IPO,我是在西奈山医院11 West的11楼1107病房里完成的。

The 2 Pershing IPOs I did from room 1107 on the 11th floor of 11 West at Mount Sinai Hospital.

嗯,Zoom的力量。

Um, power of Zoom.

所以我就是,先开45分钟的Zoom会议,然后去陪女儿15分钟,然后再开下一个会。

So I did, I would do a Zoom meeting for 45 minutes and then I would go spend 15 minutes with my daughter and then I'd do the next meeting.

所以,我女儿就是我的动力,你知道,为了这两个我们正在做的IPO。

And so I had my daughter as the inspiration, you know, for these 2 IPOs, uh, that we were working on.

我们直到8月8号才把她从医院接出来。

And we only moved her out of the hospital, uh, August 8th.

嗯,她一直在布里奇汉普顿做康复,然后她会回来城里,你知道,做一个小的手术。

Um, and she's been rehabilitating in Bridgehampton and then she's coming back, um, into the city, you know, for a little procedure.
M2
M211:01

嗯哼。

Mm-hmm.
M1
M111:01

然后她会搬进自己的公寓,我们——事故发生后几周内就在我们楼里买了套公寓,我们一直在设计它,让它成为最适合她康复居住的地方。

And then she's moving into her own apartment that we've been We bought an apartment in our building within a few weeks of the incident, and we've been designing it to be the best rehab recovery place for her to live.

而社交,人与人之间的互动,对于从这种事情中恢复过来的人来说,绝对是至关重要的。

And socialization, social interaction is absolutely critical for someone recovering from something like this.

你获得的情感支持等等,她的朋友们一直很了不起。

The emotional support that you get and everything, and her friends have been amazing.

她的朋友们每天都陪着她。

Her friends have been with her every day.

每天,至少有一个朋友会来。

Every day, one or more of her friends shows up.

和她聊天,一起吃饭,陪她互动。

And talks to her, eats with her, engages with her.

她是个特别乐于付出的人,朋友超多。

And she's like this super giving person, ton of friends.

大家都爱Lucy。

Everyone loves Lucy.

所以她现在得到了惊人的回报,因为她的朋友们都来帮助她。

And so she's getting an amazing return on that because her friends are showing up to save her.
M2
M211:50

这一切让我觉得人类可以如此了不起。

All of this makes me feel that humans can be so amazing.

是的。

Yeah.
M1
M111:55

我是说,你几乎可以从任何事情中恢复过来。

I mean, you can recover from almost anything.

对。

Yeah.

而且顺便说一句,对于中风、脑损伤、军人TBI这类情况,现在有了更多希望。

And by the way, there's a lot more hope for people who've had strokes, brain injuries, military TBI type stuff.

而且这个领域有很多人对我们进展缓慢感到非常沮丧,他们想成为解决这个问题的人。

And there are a number of people in the field that have been really frustrated with, you know, how far we've not gone, who want to be the ones that fix this.
M2
M212:23

是什么阻碍了我们进一步的发展?

What's been preventing us from going further?

比如,为什么我们没在这类事情上突破极限?

Like, why haven't we pushed the limits on this stuff?
M1
M112:29

答案是一些因素的综合:保险行业、经济因素以及医院的运作方式。

The answer is some combination of the insurance industry and just economics and hospitals, how they work.

我是说,神经外科医生想做手术,然后接着做下一个。

I mean, a neurosurgeon wants to do their surgery and then move on to the next one.

神经外科医生收入很高,但他们的报酬来自做手术。

Neurosurgeons are highly compensated, but they get paid for doing surgeries.

他们不会为患者长期的康复过程获得报酬。

They don't get paid for the recovery of the patient over time.

康复,每家医院都有某种康复项目,但很多时候,它糟糕得令人尴尬,而且保险公司可能只支付六周的护理费用。

Rehabilitation, every hospital has some kind of rehabilitation program, but in many cases, it's embarrassingly inadequate, and the insurance company might pay for only 6 weeks of care.

然后他们被送回家,家里并不是理想的场所,而且这需要很多人一起帮忙。

And then they get sent home and their home is not the ideal place and it's in a major— takes a village.

如果他们是家里的主要经济支柱,而这场病让他们彻底垮了呢?

What if they're the principal breadwinner and they're devastated by this?

也许另一个家庭成员就不得不出门工作,而不是在家照顾他们。

Maybe the other family member has to go out and work as opposed to care for them.

最让我沮丧的事情之一,是麻省总医院康复科主任告诉我的,我们一直在跟他聊,他说:比尔,露西能恢复到这个程度简直是个奇迹。

One of the most depressing things I was told by the head of rehab at actually Mass General, we've been talking to, he said, Bill, what Lucy's achieved is remarkable.

她得到了不可思议的照顾。

She's had incredible care.

一般的人,第一,他们不会去做这个手术。

The typical person, one, they wouldn't do the surgery.

第二,就算做了手术,普通病人出院后往往只能进疗养院,因为家人没法照顾他们,而他们往往几个月后就死于肺炎,因为在疗养院里能得到的护理水平就是这样。

Two, if they do the surgery, the typical patient ends up in a nursing home when they check out of the hospital because the family can't take care of them and they die a few months later from pneumonia because just the care that can be achieved in a nursing home.

这真的让人非常沮丧。

It's super depressing.

所以这就是一个在经济上我毫无限制的案例,我可以最大限度地帮助她,提供最好的护理。

And so this is one of the cases where I'm financially unconstrained in my ability to help her and so we can maximize the care.

我们现在要在这家研究所努力解决的问题是,怎么能让每个人都享受到这种护理,科技在这方面会帮上大忙。

Now what we're going to try to figure out in the institute is how we do this in a way that everyone can have the benefit of the care, and technology is going to help a lot.

一位优秀的言语治疗师可能一小时要500美元。

A great speech therapist could be $500 an hour.

保险公司会按一定比例支付,但只限于一段时间。

Insurance will pay for whatever percentage of that, but only for some period of time.

但人们可以在多年之后继续康复。

But people can keep recovering years and years later.

当然,人工智能可能会成为一个出色的言语治疗师。

But of course, AI could be an amazing speech therapist.

所以科技有很多方式能让我们帮助人们从这些伤病中恢复。

So there are lots of ways that technology are going to enable us to help people recover from these injuries.

顺便说一句,这一切,你知道,我们把它叫做——重点是脑康复、恢复和长寿,对吧?

And by the way, this all, you know, we're calling it— the focus is brain rehab, recovery, and longevity, right?

一家脑康复研究所是做什么的?

What does a brain rehab recovery institute do?

它专注于大脑恢复和你身体的康复。

It focuses on brain recovery and your physical recovery.

大脑加上身体恢复,本质上就是长寿。

The brain plus your physical recovery, it's fundamentally longevity.

另外医院不太擅长的事情就是营养,对吧?

And the other thing that hospitals aren't very good at is nutrition, right?

医院的食物很吓人,对吧?

The food in hospitals is frightening, right?

比如有人心脏病发作,第二天早上就给他吃煎饼和橙汁。

They have someone who has a, you know, heart attack, and the next morning they're having like pancakes was served with orange juice.

露西的情况是,我们为她做了每顿饭。

In Lucy's case, we made food for her for every meal.

研究所将提供很棒的食物,因为营养至关重要。

The institute's going to have amazing food because nutrition is critical.

所以我们可以利用这种经济条件做很多事。

So there are a lot of things we can do taking advantage of this financial circumstance.

我会用它来建造一个最优的机构,而且我认为最终它能自我维持。

I'm going to use it in a way that will enable us to build something optimal and I think ultimately self-sustaining.
M2
M215:08

你是一位了不起的父亲。

You're an incredible father.
M1
M115:10

多么了不起的回应。如果我没法做到,我会觉得非常糟糕,我会成为世界上最沮丧的人之一。

What an amazing response to terrible I would feel if I couldn't do it, I would be one of the most frustrated people in the world.

我真的觉得我就是被设计来帮助她的,我所有会的技能都用在这里了。

I literally feel like I was designed to help her, everything I know how to do.
M2
M215:26

你提到了Oura Ring,就是那个Oura Ring上的数据。

You mentioned the Oura Ring, the data on the Oura Ring.

是什么数据表明有事情发生了——

What was the data that indicated something was—
M1
M115:31

我一直跟Oura的CEO有联系。

So I've been in touch with the CEO of Oura.

他其实是在Twitter上主动联系我的。

He actually reached out on Twitter.

我认为你肯定可以用Apple Watch,也希望可以用Oura Ring。所以实际情况是,你看她那个脉搏飙升的情况,我其实发到Twitter上了,大概九点钟左右,她的脉搏一下子蹿得很高,然后又降下来,看起来挺不寻常的。

And I think you can certainly with an Apple Watch and hopefully with an Oura Ring. So what happened was, if you look at her spike, I actually put it on Twitter, at like 9 o'clock or so, there was a very quick spike in her pulse and then kind of a drop-off that looked kind of unusual.

如果你把那个飙升和下降跟一个人摔倒结合起来——Apple Watch有摔倒警报。

And if you combine that spike and a drop-off with someone falling, like the Apple Watch has an alert when someone falls.
M2
M216:02

对。

Right.
M1
M116:03

嗯,如果这种情况发生,而且是在脉搏大幅飙升的时候,那基本上可以合理推测。

Well, if that happens and it happens when there's a huge spike and there are—you can reasonably assume.

你可以问,是不是心脏病发作了?

You can say, did they have a heart attack?

是不是别的什么?

Did they have a whatever?

这些都是可以查看的。

These are things you can look at.

而且我觉得Oura Ring应该具备同样的功能,他们好像正在开发这个。

And I think Oura Ring should have the same capability, and I think they're working on it.
M2
M216:18

你怎么让自己的大脑保持健康?

How do you keep your mind in a healthy place?

你做什么来保持头脑清醒?

What do you do to keep your head right?
M1
M116:23

我几乎每天早上都打网球,或者做点别的运动。

I play tennis almost every morning or do some form of exercise.

我觉得这可能是我做的最重要的一件事,因为这是我一天中唯一完全专注于朝我飞过来的球的时候,而不是想着其他乱七八糟的事。

I think that's probably the most important thing I do because it's the one thing I do over the course of the day where I'm completely focused on the ball that's coming at me, as opposed to whatever else is going on.

所以对我来说,这是一种非常重要的冥想形式。

So I think that is a really important form of meditation for me.

这是其一。

That's one.

我睡了个好觉。

I got a good night's sleep.

我跟家人待在一起,诸如此类的事。

I spent time with my family, things like that.
M2
M216:47

你还冥想吗?

Do you still meditate?
M1
M116:49

我有一阵子没冥想了。

I haven't in a while.

但在这充满挑战的一年里,我冥想过,你知道,当时我在闹离婚。

I did for this challenging year, and I, you know, I was in the middle of divorce.

我基本上是自己一个人,冥想真的很有帮助。

I was kind of on my own, and it really helped.

我可能应该——你是怎么处理好这一切的?

And I probably should—how do you manage it all?
M2
M217:04

我是说,你有四个活跃的公开实体,还有女儿的事,还有一个七岁的孩子,你还想做个好丈夫。

I mean, you have 4 effective public entities, you have this with your daughter, you have a 7-year-old, you want to be a great husband.

你怎么把这些事情都协调好?

How do you harmonize all of these things?
M1
M117:17

Pershing Square从我创立到现在已经走了很长的路。

So Pershing Square has come a long way from when I started it.

我刚创立的时候,我基本上就是那个什么都干的人,我想出所有的点子,然后有一个分析师帮我执行它们。

When I started it, I was sort of the chief bottle washer guy, and I would come up with all the ideas and I have an analyst that would help me prosecute them.

而且如果说有股东积极主义的话,我就是那个负责人,等等。

And if there was activism, I was the guy, et cetera.

22年多以来,我们组建了一支非常出色的团队。

Over 22 years, we've built an amazing team.

我们这个行业,员工在一家公司工作的半衰期很短,顶尖人才可以跳来跳去,一入职就能拿到上亿美元的签字费,诸如此类。

We're in an industry where the half-life of someone who works for a firm, people are paying, the top people can move from one place to another and get huge $100 million bonuses for showing up, things like this.

结果就是行业里流动率很高。

And the result is a lot of turnover in the industry.

我们Pershing Square几乎没有人员流动。

We have no turnover at Pershing Square.
M2
M217:51

这是好事还是坏事?

Is that good or bad?
M1
M117:52

嗯,如果说有人……我们确实一直没有人走。

Well, if there's someone that we've— we've had no turnover.

当然我们也犯过一些错误,期间也换过一些人。

Obviously we've made some mistakes and we've replaced some people over time.

但你看投资团队,核心成员到现在已经九年没变过,只是新加了几个同事。

But if you look at the investment team, the investment team has been the same team for now 9 years with a couple of new additions.

这其实是一件非常好的事情。

And that's actually a really good thing.

如果人员像旋转门一样不停地换,你根本没法真正信任他们。

If you have a constant revolving door of new people, you don't really know that you can trust people over time.

他们真的在跟你说实话吗?

Are they really telling you the truth?

他们真的把某个情况的所有风险和收益都告诉你了吗?

Are they really telling you all the risks and rewards of a particular situation?

当你和同事建立了关系,一起合作了九年,有这种透明和坦诚的文化,我从来不会怀疑投资团队成员跟我说的任何话。

When you've built a relationship with people and you work with them for 9 years and you have this culture of transparency and candidness, I don't for a second ever question anything that's being told to me by a member of the investment team.

他们告诉我的是直白、坦诚的事实。

They're telling me the flat, candid truth.

这种状态非常舒服。

That's a very comfortable place.

所以回答你的问题:Pershing的投资流程由一个经验丰富的团队管理得非常好。

So the answer to your question is the Pershing investment process is incredibly well run by a very experienced team.

我扮演了重要角色,有最终决定权,但我不再是那个产生大部分点子的人了。

That I play an important role in, I have the ultimate say, but I am no longer the guy that generates the bulk of the ideas.

我现在只贡献投资组合中少部分的想法,这很有帮助。

I'm someone that generates a minority of the ideas in the portfolio, so that's helpful.

而且业务本身,结构上是由Ben负责运营Pershing Square的很多商业事务。

And then the business itself, the way it's structured is Ben is responsible for running a lot of the business elements of Pershing Square.

这样我就能腾出精力去思考,去做更多战略性的工作,偶尔想出一些创意。

So that frees me up to think, it frees me up to work on more strategic stuff, and it frees me up to come up with the occasional kind of idea.

所以Pershing差不多能自我运转。

So Pershing kind of takes care of itself.

嗯,我们有几个上市实体。

Well, we have a number of public entities.

我们有一个非常棒的会计团队。

We have an amazing accounting team.

这些上市公司基本上做同样的事情。

And those public companies all sort of do the same thing.

其实它们就是——管理公司从我们拥有的实体收取管理费,那就是Pershing Square Inc.,股票代码PS。

They're really just— there's the management company that earns fees from the entities we own, that's Pershing Square Inc., PS ticker.

还有两只公开交易的基金,持有几乎相同的投资组合。

There are 2 funds that are publicly traded that own effectively the same portfolio.

我们对这些实体有一些治理责任。

There's certain governance responsibilities we have for those entities.

但实际上,它们每一个都有独立的董事会。

But they're really actually, each of them have independent boards of directors.

所以我们的角色更像是外部投资经理。

So our role there is as the kind of external investment manager.

我们那两个公司的董事会都非常优秀。

We have excellent boards at both of those.

典型的封闭式基金董事会有点丢人。

The typical closed-end fund board is a bit of an embarrassment.

我不知道你对这个领域关注得多紧,不过你看到过博阿兹·韦恩斯坦参与代理投票之争。

I don't know how closely you follow the space, but you've seen Boaz Weinstein going into proxy contests.

典型的封闭式基金董事会是一群人——我不想点名,我不清楚。

The typical closed-end fund board is a group of people who— I don't want to pick any, I don't know.

就拿BlackRock来说吧。

Say BlackRock for the moment.

我记得在哪儿看到过,他们担任了八十六个——同样的六位董事担任了八十六个封闭式基金的董事会成员。

I think I read somewhere that they sit on 86— the same 6 directors sit on 86 closed-end fund boards.

当你担任八十六个董事会的成员时,很难进行真正的治理,对吧?

It's hard to do real governance when you sit on 86 boards of directors, right?

通常的限制是四个,由ISS规定的。

The typical limitation is 4 by ISS.

我们实际上聘请了真正的董事。

We hired actually real directors.

我们给他们付真正的董事级别的薪酬。

We pay them like real directors.

他们不会同时兼任很多——五十个其他董事会——所以我们的董事会非常好。

They're not serving on multiple, 50 other— so we have really good boards.

而我们所做的事情从根本上说很简单。

And what we do is fundamentally simple.

所以Pershing某种程度上是自我运转的。

So Pershing kind of runs itself to some degree.

就是因为授权、激励机制和利益一致性。

Just because of delegation, incentives, alignment.

我们的利益一致性最好,因为没有人拿个股的报酬。

We have the best alignment because no one's paid on individual stocks.

都是依据业绩来定。

They're based on performance.

归根结底,业绩将是我们管理公司最大的驱动力,因为底层资产的复利增长才会让我们的费用收入增长。

At the end of the day, performance is going to be the biggest driver of our management company because the compounding of the underlying assets is what grows our fee stream.

所以它是一个利益非常一致的主体。

So it's just a very aligned entity.

我拥有公司大约百分之四十五的股份。

I own about 45% of the company.

团队拥有另外的,我想,百分之三十五的股份。

The team owns another, I think, 35% of the company.

然后我们还有一部分少数股权由公众和一些与我们共同投资的战略投资者持有。

And then we have a minority interest held by the public and some strategic investors that invested with us.

所以,如果你把利益一致性搞对了,把人搞对了,而且你有一些刻在石碑上的原则,并且你坚持做了一段时间。

So it's if you get the alignment right, you get the people right, and you've got some principles written on a stone tablet and you've been doing it for a while.
M2
M221:18

但你超级好胜。

But you're super competitive.
M1
M121:19

当然。

Sure.
M2
M221:20

我知道你想成为世界上最优秀的投资者。

I know you want to be the best investor in the world.
M1
M121:22

当然。

Sure.
M2
M221:23

所以这算是一条路,然后还有另一条路,那就是做父亲和丈夫。

And so this is like one path, and then there's another path that's like dad and husband.

当然。

Sure.
M1
M121:31

我想说,在最近这段时间里,你知道,这个AOI项目的筹备占据了我一些精力,正如你所预料的,过去六十天或九十天里,因为我正在组建团队。

I would say the one thing I would say in the last, you know, the setup of this AOI thing has consumed some mindshare, mine, as you would expect, over the last 60 or 90 days because I'm assembling the team.

就像——有一个时刻,有点像我们发起了代理权争夺战,控制了董事会,现在我们要引进一位新的CEO。

Just like with— there's a moment, it's a bit like we ran a proxy contest, we took control of a board of directors, now we've got to bring in a new CEO.

一旦我们引入CEO,团队就位并公布之后,我就不参与日常运营了。

Once we bring in the CEO and the team's in place and announced and everything else, I don't get involved in the day-to-day operations.

AOI也会是同样的情况。

And the same thing's going to be true for the AOI.

从某种意义上说,它会像另一家投资组合公司,尽管我会——我们都会在董事会里。

It's going to be like another portfolio company in some sense, although I'll— we're all going to sit on the board.

我会担任董事会主席。

I'm going to chair the board.

但是,你知道,这与建立AOI类似,我不认为我能同时进行代理权争夺战。

But there is a, you know, it is similar to, I don't think I could be doing setting up the AOI and we had a proxy contest underway at the same time.
M2
M222:12

AOI是Ackman-Oxman Institute,给所有听众解释一下。

AOI is the Ackman-Oxman Institute, just for everybody listening.
M1
M122:16

是的。

Yes.
M2
M223:58

你什么时候思考效果最好?

When do you do your best thinking?
M1
M124:00

实际上,通常是在度假的时候。

Often it's when I'm on vacation, actually.

我一些最好的想法是在我完全放松的时候,或者洗澡的时候冒出来的。

Some of my best ideas are ones where I'm literally totally relaxed or I'm in the shower.
M2
M224:07

你对泡沫做过很多研究。

You've done a lot of research about bubbles.

我很好奇,你会怎么解释什么是泡沫?

I'm curious, like, how would you explain what a bubble is?
M1
M124:13

泡沫就是,呃,当很多人赚到钱,人们有很强的FOMO,他们想参与赚钱,这导致越来越多的钱涌入同一笔交易,直到估值过高,然后狂热,最后泡沫破裂。

A bubble is when human nature, uh, when a lot of money is being made and people have a lot of FOMO and they want to participate in having money being made, and it leads more and more money going into the same trade, if you will, until overvaluation takes place and then ebullience and then eventually the bubble bursts.
M2
M224:37

这些似乎都发生在技术变革时期,比如铁路、汽车、晶体管、互联网。

They seem to happen around these technological changes like railroads, automobiles, transistors, the internet.
M1
M124:43

当然。

Sure.
M2
M224:44

我们现在处于这样的时期吗?

Are we in one now?
M1
M124:45

嗯,我们肯定处于一个转型期。

Well, we're certainly in a transition.

你可以说AI绝对是变革性的,而且我认为它是我们这一代人经历过的所有技术中最具变革性的。

You could say AI is absolutely transformational and it's the most transformational technology I think of all of our respective lifetimes.

确实存在泡沫般的元素。

There are bubble-like elements.

我认为在风险投资的私人领域有很多疯狂的事情在发生。

There's a lot of crazy stuff going on in the private world of venture, I think.

我们开始投资一些——说到泡沫,Pershing现在在投资一些早期阶段的创业公司。

We're starting to invest in some— talk about a bubble, we're Pershing is now investing in some venture-stage businesses.

大约两周前,我会见了一家公司,他们当时并没有在融资。

Met with a company, let's say 2 weeks ago, and they weren't raising money.

两天后,他们就完成了一轮融资。

2 Days later, they close a round.

他们被某个投资者抢先了,那人在4亿美元估值时投了5000万。

They were preempted by some investor who put $50 million in at a $400 million valuation.

然后两周后,他们又在10亿美元估值时筹了5000万。

And then 2 weeks later, they raised another $50 million at a billion-dollar valuation.

所以很多人担心错过未来。

So there's a lot of people fearing missing out on the future.

因此大量资本涌入风险投资,竞争激烈,很多人抢跑,导致估值非常高。

And so a lot of capital going into venture, a lot of competition, and a lot of preempting, and leading to very high valuations.

我看到一家公司在A轮融资时的投前估值是50亿美元。

I saw a company Series A round at a $5 billion pre-money.
M2
M225:46

你怎么避免这种FOMO?

How do you avoid that FOMO?
M1
M125:48

这取决于你处于人生的哪个阶段。

It depends on where you are in life.

沃伦·巴菲特在60年的职业生涯中,其自律精神令人惊叹。

Warren Buffett was remarkable for his discipline over a 60-year career.

而且有趣的是,在最近一次真正的泡沫——互联网泡沫时期,伯克希尔的股票反而跌到了历史低点,因为人们觉得他有点落伍了,而其他所有人都在赚钱。

And actually interestingly, in the last real bubble, the internet bubble, that's when Berkshire stock hit like an all-time low because people said he's kind of lost it while all these other people are making money.

他就是不参与,但他就那么硬扛着继续往前走。

He just didn't participate, but he just shouldered on.

我觉得这归根结底是短期视角和长期视角的问题。

I think it's a question of short-term versus long-term perspective.
M2
M226:12

对于那些现在可能正在尝试融资的创始人,您有什么建议?

What advice would you give founders right now who might be trying to raise?
M1
M126:19

现在正是融资的好时机。

It's a great time to raise capital.

而且假设你融到了资金,不要因为觉得钱会永远在那儿就大手大脚地花。

And assuming you raise the capital, don't spend it so quickly expecting money will be there forever.

这让人想起互联网泡沫时期,当时对于那些相当可疑的商业模式,市场上实际上有源源不断的资金可用。

What this is reminiscent of is in the internet bubble, there was effectively unlimited amount of capital available for kind of suspect business plans.

然后有一个周末,《巴伦周刊》上登了一篇文章,把公开市场上所有互联网公司以及它们账上还剩多少现金,全部列了出来。

And then there was a piece in Barron's one weekend, and it listed all of the internet companies in the public markets and how much cash they had left.

那大概就是市场崩盘前一周的事。

That was probably the week before the market blew up.

对于一家没有资本的私营公司来说,白手起家本身就需要某种纪律性。

What happens to a private company that has no capital is a certain discipline associated with bootstrapping yourself.

然后你融到了5000万或1亿美元,你就会彻底改变资金使用的方式,觉得只要需要钱,随时都可以去市场上去拿。

And then you take in $50 million or $100 million and you completely change the way you deploy capital, betting that anytime you need money, you could just tap the markets.

总会有那么一个时刻,会有某种形式的爆雷。

There will come a time, there'll be some form of a blowup.

一个相当引人注目的案例,人们会因此损失一大笔钱,这就会引发一次重新洗牌。

A pretty high-profile one where people lose a whole bunch of money, and that will cause a reset.

我认为,那些在资金使用上很有纪律性、从而拥有多年现金流储备的公司会活下来,而那些3个月后就要去融资的公司,就会消失。

And I think the companies that are disciplined in how they spend the capital so they have years of runway will be the survivors, and the ones that have to raise money in 3 months will be gone.

我给创始人的建议是,把每一块钱都当成自己的钱来花,花得非常谨慎,不要指望那种欢欣鼓舞、随手可得的资金会永远存在。

My advice to founders is treat every dollar as if it's your own money and spend it really carefully, and don't expect the kind of ebullient, freely available capital thing to exist forever.
M2
M227:35

所以,现在要赶紧融资,但要把钱放在银行里。

So raise money now, but keep it in the bank.

别花。

Don't spend it.
M1
M127:38

或者明智地花。

Or spend it judiciously.
M2
M227:41

您怎么看投资中的区别?您通常在公开市场做的投资,和在一级市场做的风险投资,这两者有什么不同?

How do you see the difference between investing, which is what you've typically done in the public markets versus private markets in terms of ventures?
M1
M127:48

好的。

Sure.

公开市场上,我们投资的是我们所谓的超级持久增长型公司,就是那些各自领域内最占主导地位的企业。

So public markets, we're investing in what we call super durable growth companies, businesses that are the most dominant companies in their respective spaces.

它们盈利能力很强。

They're highly profitable.

资产负债表非常健康。

They have strong balance sheets.

关键的成功要素,是预测它们能否持续获得或保持市场份额、增长业务并拥有定价权。

And the key sort of success factor is predicting kind of their ability to continue to either gain or maintain market share and grow their business and have pricing power.

在公开市场上,CEO确实重要,但我们一直以来的观点是,如果我们不喜欢这个CEO,我们可以换一个更好的。

In the public markets, yes, the CEO matters, but we've always had the view, well, if we don't like the CEO, we can find a better one.

而在风险投资中,你真正押注的是人,而不仅仅是商业计划书。

In venture, you're really betting on the person more than the business plan.

你投资的这家公司可能还没有收入,或者正在亏损。

And you're investing in a company that is maybe pre-revenue or it's losing money.

你赌的是它们能以足够快的速度增长,最终从一家烧钱的公司变成一家能持续产生现金流的公司。

You're betting on their ability to grow at a fast enough rate that ultimately they go from being a capital consumer to one that's going to generate cash over time.

所以它们有一些相似之处,但相比公开市场,它更加依赖创始人、依赖CEO。

So it has some similar elements, but it's much more founder-dependent, CEO-dependent than the public markets.

最好的公开市场公司,如果CEO出了什么事,你总能找到另一个优秀的人来管理。

The best public market companies, if something happens to the CEO, you can find another great person to run it.
M2
M228:51

最好的私有公司,如果没有CEO,你大概会怎么权衡想法和这个人本身?

The best private companies, without the CEO, you probably How much are you weighting sort of the idea versus the person?
M1
M129:01

我更看重人而不是想法,因为最初的想法往往不是最终成功的那个。

I weight the person more than the idea because often the original idea is not the idea that turns out to be the success.

创始人总会遇到障碍,最初的想法行不通。

And the founder is going to hit a roadblock, original idea doesn't work.

我最成功的风险投资,其实我一开始并不喜欢那个想法。

My most successful venture investment, I didn't like the idea.

那就是Coupang,创始人Bom Kim,他的商业计划是打造韩国的Groupon。

This was Coupang, which was Bom Kim, and his business plan was to create the Groupon of South Korea.

即使在那个时候,也就是2009年,我觉得Groupon的商业模式很糟糕,但他非常有说服力地论证了为什么韩国是开展互联网业务的好地方,而且我很喜欢他这个人。

Even at that time, which was 2009, I thought Groupon was a really bad business model, but he made a very powerful case for why South Korea was a great place to launch an internet business, and I liked him.

最终,他建成了韩国的亚马逊,跟最初的商业模式几乎毫无关系。

Ultimately, he built the Amazon of South Korea, really nothing to do with the original business model.

所以最成功的投资,其实是在赌他们应对挑战、逐步摸索出商业模式的能力。

So the most successful, you're really betting on their ability to manage through the challenges that emerge and figure out a business model over time.
M2
M229:47

AI是如何改变投资行业的?

How is AI changing the investment profession?
M1
M129:50

投资者最重要的事情就是评估风险。

The most important thing an investor has to do is assess the risk.

我的意思是,一家企业的价值就是它在其生命周期内产生的现金流的现值。

I mean, the value of a business is the present value of the cash it generates over its life.

而它的生命周期,你知道,早期的年份比晚期的年份更重要。

And its life, you know, the early years of the life matter more than the later years.

但如果你要对一家企业进行非流动性的长期投资,你需要以相当高的置信度预测它十年、二十年、三十年后的样子。

But you need to predict with a pretty high degree of confidence what a business is going to look like 10 years out, 20 years out, 30 years out if you want to make an illiquid long-term investment in the business.

我们看待流动性投资也是这个思路。

And we look at even liquid investments that way.

你要投资那种即使股市关闭十年,你也乐意持有的东西。

You want to invest in something that if the stock market were to shut for 10 years, you're happy to own it.

这是个好纪律。

It's good discipline.

所以你需要考虑的是被颠覆的风险。

So the thing that you need to think through is the risk of disruption.

而AI极大地增加了被颠覆的风险。

And what AI has done is massively increased the risk of disruption.

所以你投资的企业必须非常非常谨慎地考虑。

So you got to be very, very thoughtful about the businesses you invest in.

企业,回到Warren Buffett。

Businesses, go back to Warren Buffett.

如果你回去读Warren Buffett,这位有史以来最伟大的投资者,他当时也没能察觉到互联网带来的颠覆风险。

If you go back and read Warren Buffett, the greatest investor of all time, he was not able to perceive the risks of disruption created by the internet, for example.

比如Wikipedia颠覆了World Book。

Wikipedia disrupting World Book.

好了,现在有了AI。

Well, now we have AI.

问题复杂多了。

It's a much more complicated problem.

我们所有人都注定会在某个或某几个企业上显得愚蠢,因为我们没有预见到AI带来的颠覆风险。

All of us are guaranteed to look foolish with one business or another that we didn't anticipate the risk of disruption because of AI.
M2
M230:57

你认为哪些企业会因为AI而变得更值钱?

What businesses do you think become more valuable as a result of AI?
M1
M131:01

昨天其实见了Cognition的一位创始人,这家公司很有意思,他们的软件或者说AI实际上能让那些因为历史收购而积累了大量遗留系统的大型银行和金融机构——他们可以重写COBOL代码为现代代码,而且只需要几天而不是几个月。

Actually met with one of the founders of Cognition yesterday, very interesting company, and their software or their AI in effect enables banks, big financial institutions, for example, that spend a ton of money on dealing with legacy systems because of an agglomeration of acquisitions they did over time.

他们能把COBOL代码重写成现代代码,几天就能完成,而以前需要好几个月。

They can rewrite the COBOL into modern code and do it in a matter of days as opposed to many months.

我认为,AI会大幅降低大型金融机构的运营成本。

And I think the cost to run big financial institutions is going to come down meaningfully because of AI.

那些在科技上大手大脚花钱的公司,如果能做到这一点,就能引进一些东西,效率会大幅提升。

Big spenders, if you will, on tech are going to be able to bring some of that. They're going to become a lot more efficient.

现在的问题是,他们能不能保住利润?

Now, the question is, are they going to be able to keep the profit?

如果每家公司都不得不使用最好的软件来更高效地运营,变得更AI原生,那么问题就是他们能不能留住这部分利润,还是说利润或利润率会被转嫁给客户。

If everyone's going to be forced to use the best software to run their business more efficiently and become more AI native, and the question is whether they get to keep that profit or whether the profit or the margin gets passed on to the customer.

这取决于业务的性质和定价能力。

And that's a function of the nature of the business and pricing power.

钱本身的问题在于它是商品,而银行做的就是提供钱的生意。

The problem with money generally is it's a commodity and banks are in the business of providing money.

所以这是个复杂的问题,要看具体业务。

So it's a complicated question, depends on the business.

我认为AI会催生出很多以前根本不可能出现的生意。

I think AI will enable the creation of many businesses that heretofore could not be created before.

AI能让那些从未创业过的人摇身一变成为创业者。

And AI will enable entrepreneurs, people to become entrepreneurs who've never been entrepreneurs before.

就拿Meta最近连夜发布的新东西来说,我还没时间亲自试,但办公室的人都在说它多好用,我觉得是Muse吧,反正就是那个。

Just even the most recent overnight release of Meta, I haven't had a chance to play around with it, but guys in the office were talking about how easy it is to use, I think it's Muse, whatever it is.
M2
M232:32

对,Muse.ai。

Yeah, Muse.ai.
M1
M132:34

是啊,现在人们可以轻松创建自己的Agent,让它们帮自己干活。

Yeah, how easy it is for people to now create their own agents to do stuff for them.

这个改进的速度,比我见过的任何东西都要快得多。

The pace of improvement is by far the fastest of anything I've ever seen.

想想以前的微软,1.0版本到2.0版本,重大更新之间可能隔了好几年甚至更久。

If you think about Microsoft in the old days, 1.0 versus 2.0, it might be a couple years or more between updates of consequence.

而现在,重要更新几天就来了。

Here you get an update of consequence in days.

有点像开特斯拉,一夜之间软件就升级了。

It's a bit like driving a Tesla and overnight they're updating the software.
M2
M232:59

作为投资者,这会不会让你害怕?

Does that scare you as an investor?
M1
M133:00

我一般不害怕,所以用‘怕’这个词可能不太对,但我要说的是,你必须非常慎重地考虑护城河,以及它们到底有多宽。

I'm generally not frightened, so scare is probably the wrong word, but I would say you have to be very thoughtful about the moats and how wide they really are.

我认为对投资者来说,最难的问题就是预测颠覆的风险。

And I think it's the most complicated question for an investor, how to predict the risk of disruption.

有些看起来是全球最强大的公司,但也会有一些说没就没了。

Businesses that seem like the most dominant businesses in the world, there will be some that will just disappear.
M2
M234:44

你是如何从‘我对这家公司感兴趣’变成‘现在我们往里面投十亿美元’的?

How do you go from, I'm interested in this company, to now we're writing a check for $1 billion into it?
M1
M134:50

通常不是我们一觉醒来才听说这个公司。

Usually it's not a company we just woke up and heard of.

我们一直在寻找世界上最好的生意。

So we're looking for the best businesses in the world.

所以随着时间的推移,我们会建立一个所谓的‘公司库’,这些公司都是我们长期关注的。

So over time we kind of build this, you know, call it a library of companies that we've followed for a long period of time.

我们一直看好这个业务。

We've liked the business.

但之前没机会拥有它,因为可能做了大量研究后,我们发现,在这个价格下,比如35倍市盈率,很难做到20%以上的回报率,而那是我们的目标。

And we haven't had a chance to own it because we may have done a lot of work, but we said, look, at this price, at 35 times earnings or whatever, it's hard for us to get to a 20-plus percent rate of return, which is our ambition.

所以我们会做完功课,然后因为估值问题把它先放一边。

So we do the work and then put it aside on valuation concerns.

然后等待某一天,要么有宏观事件发生,比如疫情给了我们买入这类公司的机会,要么就是SaaS大崩盘。

And then we wait for the day that either some macro event happens, COVID gives us a chance to buy that kind of a business, or even the SaaS apocalypse.
M2
M235:30

对啊,SaaS崩盘。

Yeah, SaaS-pocalypse.
M1
M135:32

那次崩盘几乎让所有和软件相关的东西重新定价。

Which caused pretty much everything to do with software to get repriced.

这给了我们机会,比如以我们看来非常有吸引力的估值买入微软,以及其他一批真正高质量的生意。

That gave us an opportunity, for example, to buy Microsoft, in our view, at a very attractive valuation and a host of other really high-quality businesses.

但是我们的流程通常是团队中有两名成员会对一家公司进行深入研究。

But the process is we typically have 2 members of the team do a deep dive on a company.

他们显然会从SEC文件、10-Ks、10-Qs、会议通话抄录开始。

They'll start obviously with kind of the SEC filings, 10-Ks, 10-Qs, conference call transcripts.

然后我们会整理出我们要了解的关键问题。

Then we'll kind of assemble what the key issues are that we're trying to understand.

我们花相当多的时间在专家网络上。

We spend a fair amount of time on expert networks.

我们会和公司的前员工交谈。

We'll talk to former employees of a company.

我们会和其他行业专家交谈。

We'll talk to other industry experts.

我们会和竞争对手的人员交谈以深入了解根本问题。

We'll talk to people at competitors to kind of get to the underlying issues.

然后我们会建立一个商业模型,再评估一下这生意是否划算。

And then we kind of build a model of the business and kind of get an assessment of how does this pencil?

以我们今天能买到的价格,这能产生什么样的回报?

What kind of return does this generate at the price we can buy it for today?

这些是其中的一些要素。

Those are some of the elements.

然后那个团队会整理出一份演示文稿,并向小组展示。

Then that team will put together a deck and they'll present it to the group.

现在,那个两人团队通常不是Ryan或我本人。

Now, that 2-person team usually is not Ryan or myself.

Ryan是我们的CIO。

Ryan's our CIO.

我猜我会称它为portfolio manager。

I guess I'd call it the portfolio manager.

而我们会做自己的独立评估,这让我们有足够的信息去提出正确的问题。

And we do our own sort of independent assessment, which gives us enough information to be dangerous to ask the right questions.

然后我们还有团队的其他成员,另外5个没有直接参与这项工作的成员。

And then we have the balance of the team, another 5 people who haven't done the work in the name.

那个小组聚在一起讨论一个投资。

And that group comes together to discuss an investment.

那次会议可能会做出对该公司投资的决策,或者可能会说,好吧,还有一些未解决的问题,让我们彻底弄清楚这个担忧。

And out of that meeting may come a decision to make an investment in the company, or it may say, okay, there's still some open issues, let's get to the bottom of this concern.

然后他们会回去做进一步的研究,再回到团队。

And then they'll go back and do the work and come back to the team.

这就是基本流程。

That's the basic process.
M2
M237:02

你们在内部是如何使用AI来加速工作或完成你们通常无法完成的工作?

How are you guys using AI internally in that investment process to either speed up the work or do work that you normally couldn't do?
M1
M137:08

是的,今天我们更多地是把AI当作研究工具,用来了解相关的特定主题。可以说,它还没有深入渗透到我们的流程中。

Yeah, today we're really using AI more as a research tool to learn about a certain subject that's relevant. It hasn't, I would say, crept too deeply into our process.

我们不把它用于构建模型。

We're not using it to build models.

在一个每个人都能同样使用AI的世界里,很难做到差异化。

In a world where everyone has the same access to AI, it's hard to be differentiated.

我认为留给人类的是那种跳出框架的思维、创造性的过程、以及从审视所有事实中获得的洞察,而AI则更多是对过去已发生事情的回顾。

I think what's left to humanity is kind of the outside-the-box thinking, the creative process, the insight that's gleaned from looking at all the facts, whereas AI is a bit of a review of everything that happened before.

如果你看看我们最成功的投资,通常是那些我们做了别人没做过的事情的案例。

If you look at our most successful investments, they've usually been cases where we've done something that someone hasn't done before.

比如在大疫情之前购买credit default swaps,或者投资破产公司的股票,或者金融危机前卖空AAA公司的信用。

Buying credit default swaps before a pandemic, for example, or investing in the stock of a bankrupt company or shorting the credit of a AAA company before the financial crisis.

这些都是我们最好的投资,而且——你不可能在模型中找到它们。

Those are among our best investments and they were— you couldn't have found it in a model.

AI不会告诉你去做任何这些事。

AI would not have told you to do any of those things.
M2
M238:05

很多value investors在2010、2011年之后表现不佳,但你们没有。

A lot of value investors have underperformed sort of like post-2010, 2011, but you haven't.

你觉得这是为什么?

Why do you think that is?
M1
M138:12

我们一直非常注重持续提高我们对业务质量的标准。

We've been very good about continually sort of increasing our standards for business quality.

我们想拥有世界上最好的、被颠覆风险非常低的企业,我觉得我们在这一点上相当自律。

We want to own the best businesses in the world that have a very low risk of disruption, and I think we're quite disciplined about that.

另外,我们不只是做纯多头的股票投资者。

And the other thing is that we're not just a long-only equity investor.

我们有过几次机会性的操作,当对宏观事件的看法与别人不同时,赚了一大笔钱。

We have opportunistically made a pile of money in a couple of cases when we've had a view about macro events that's different from others.

如果你有这种看法,又能找到一种不对称的方式来下注,就能赚很多钱。

And when you have that, and you can find an asymmetric way to make that bet, you can make a lot of money.

所以我们在新冠疫情爆发前赚了不少钱,因为我们比全世界提早了几周,意识到全球经济活动可能需要停摆。

So we made a lot of money kind of going into COVID because we, I would say, were weeks ahead of the world and of the view that there would have to be a global economic shutdown.

我们还因为判断会出现大规模通胀而赚了大钱。

And we made a lot of money because we said there has to be massive inflation.

所以我们押注利率会上升。

So we bet that rates would rise.

我们做过的一件事,之前也聊过,就是在2015、2016年左右遭遇了非常大的亏损。

One of the things we did that we've talked about before, but we had this very large loss circa 2015, 2016.

那次经历之后,我说,我们得把投资原则刻在石板上,摆在桌上。

And after that experience, I said, we got to take our investment principles and literally engrave them on a stone tablet and put them on our desk.

这是个很好的办法。

It's a very good way.

列清单其实是个不错的方式,可以确保避免犯错。

Having a checklist is actually not a bad way to make sure you avoid mistakes.

我们有一个很好的清单。

And we have a good checklist.
M2
M239:18

清单上都有什么?

What's on that checklist?
M1
M139:19

我们投资的企业性质:简单、可预测、自由现金流充沛的公司;什么样的管理层是我们想要的;专注于大盘、流动性好的上市公司;厌恶做空。

The nature of the businesses we're investing in, simple, predictable, free cash flow generative companies, the kinds of management teams that we're looking for, focus on large-cap kind of liquid public companies, an aversion to short selling.

这是一个很好的教训。

That was something, a good lesson.

在不对称投资方面,我们寻找的是那种与全世界看法不同的观点,然后我们可以用一种工具来执行,其回报相对于投入的资本来说非常巨大。

And on the asymmetric side, we're looking for a case where we have a view that's different from the rest of the world, and then we can express that view with an instrument where the payoff is very large relative to the amount of capital that we put to work.

但原理很简单——我们在寻找世界上最优秀、最具持久性的成长型公司。

But it's a very simple— we're looking for the best super durable growth companies in the world.

我们花很多时间思考护城河。

We spend a lot of time thinking about moats.

显然,我们希望它们由世界上最优秀的团队管理;如果不是,我们心里也得有人选,万一需要换团队时能顶上。

And obviously we want them run by the best teams in the world, or if it's not run by the best team in the world, we want to have someone in mind that we could install if we need to replace the team.
M2
M240:07

你们为什么不做空头了?

Why did you stop short selling?
M1
M140:09

我从来就不喜欢做空,因为它的不对称性是反过来的,对吧?

I never actually liked short selling because it's asymmetry in reverse, right?

可能无限亏损,但能赚到的却是有限的。

You can lose infinitely and the amount you can make is finite.

但我在金融危机前做空了债券保险公司,就是那个MBIA?

But I was— we shorted the bond insurers going into the financial crisis, and that was a very— that was the MBIA one?

对。

Yeah.

不过大多数钱是来自信用违约互换,而不是做空股票。

But most of the money we made, we made on the credit default swaps as opposed to shorting stock.

之后就没再做空。

And then we did nothing.

后来有人向我推荐了一个欺诈性的庞氏骗局。

And then someone pitched me on a fraudulent pyramid scheme.

我们做了研究,然后说,这是个欺诈性的庞氏骗局。

And then we did the work and said, it's a fraudulent pyramid scheme.

我们当时想,做空一个欺诈性的金字塔骗局,然后把详细分析交给联邦贸易委员会,这怎么可能亏钱呢?

And we said, how can we lose money shorting a fraudulent pyramid scheme and then delivering to the FTC a detailed analysis?

他们必须调查,而那些受害的是社会上最弱势的群体。

They'll have to investigate and the people being harmed are the most disadvantaged people in society.

所以我们觉得这是个绝佳的机会。

So we thought it was an amazing setup.

我们喜欢做顺风局的投资。

And we like to make investments where the wind is at our back.

我们说,看,现在就是顺风。

And we said, look, the wind's at our back.

我们在帮助一群被利用的弱势群体。

We're helping a group of disadvantaged people who are being taken advantage of.

这家公司是邪恶的。

It's an evil company.

这一定能成。

This has to work.

但我们低估了市场动态的风险,比如Carl Icahn突然出现,买入股票,投入资金来跟我们对着干。

And we underestimated the risk of market dynamics, i.e., Carl Icahn showing up, buying the stock, putting capital to work against us.

这让我们意识到,这一行水真的很深。

And it just reminded us that it's a really shady business.
M2
M241:16

你当时做空的那家公司,那个金字塔骗局,我们就不提名字了,但它引发了针对你的大量攻击。

The company that you were shorting, the pyramid scheme, we won't mention the name, but that generated these huge attacks against you.

有人建了黑你的网站。

There were websites against you.

我记得CNBC还有一段很有名的节目,就是因为这事儿来的。

There was a famous CNBC segment that I think came as a result of that.

当你愿意发表这种反对意见时,你个人付出了什么代价?

What about the personal cost to you when you're willing to put out a contrary opinion like that?
M1
M141:35

嗯,做多公司股票要容易得多。

Well, it's much easier to be an investor in companies.

你能交到更多朋友。

You make a lot more friends.

你买一只股票,别人跟着你一起买,股价上涨,大家都赚钱。

You buy a stock, other people pile in with you, it goes up, everyone wins.

但做空一只股票就不一样了,那次我们几乎占了整个空头头寸的绝大部分,所以其他人基本上都站在对立面。

You short a stock, and in that case, we were the vast majority of the short interest, so everyone else was sort of on the other side.

而且这家公司觉得我们对它构成了生存威胁。

Then you had a company that we were an existential threat to.

他们长期以来一直被批评者、媒体和其他人攻击,所以他们建立了很多基础设施来反击批评者。

They were willing to use whatever— they had been attacked over time by critics, by media, by others, and they built up a lot of infrastructure to go after the critics.

所以他们早就准备好来对付我们了。

So they were kind of well prepared to kind of go after us.

然后这变成了一种对冲基金的操作,比如‘咱们来逼空Bill吧’。

And then it became a bit of a hedge fund trade where let's go squeeze Bill.

这是最糟糕的部分,某种意义上,业界觉得‘这些人玩大了,咱们可以逼空他们’。

That was kind of the unfortunate part of it where in some sense the industry is like, okay, these guys are over their skis, we can squeeze them out.

那部分可不好玩。

And that was not the fun part.
M2
M242:24

跟以前相比,你在公众生活中相对低调了一阵子。

You were relatively quiet, I would say, from a public life point of view compared to what you were before.

但最近几年,你发声多了很多。

And now in the last few years, you've been a lot more vocal.

为什么是现在?

Why now?
M1
M142:33

嗯,我一直以来都挺支持言论自由的。

Well, I've always been kind of a free speech kind of thing.

你可以看看我高中时的年鉴。

Go back to my high school yearbook.

我被列为‘最啰嗦’,年鉴上的寄语是‘闭嘴的人不会惹麻烦’。

I was listed as most verbose and my yearbook epithet was a closed mouth gathers no foot.

所以我算是以表达自己观点比较直言不讳而有点名气。

So I was sort of known for being expressive about my point of view.

我人生中一个重要的动力就是,我一直希望能够说出自己相信的东西。

One of my important drivers in life was I always wanted to be able to say what I believed.

随着我在 Twitter 上的关注者越来越多,这让我在某种程度上有了更多影响力。

As my follower count grew on Twitter, it gave me on the margin more influence.

当我在意各种议题时,我想要帮助推动某种叙事。

And as I cared about various issues, I wanted to help advance a narrative.

这就是为什么我在这些事情上更公开了。

And that's why I've been more public about it.

而且我也得到了回报,因为它确实起了作用,开始是一些小事。

And I've been rewarded by it working, beginning with smaller things.

你居然能用一条推文影响到政府、影响历史走向,这挺酷的。

And you can actually influence the administration, the course of history with a tweet, which is pretty cool.

如果没人愿意说皇帝没穿衣服或者更严重的话,很多坏事就可能悄悄发生。

A lot of evil can go by if no one's willing to say the emperor is not wearing clothes or more.
M2
M243:24

我想在继续往下聊之前,先回头说一下 AI 的事情。

I want to come back just one second to the AI thing before we move on from it.

你自己是怎么用 AI 的?

How are you using that personally?
M1
M143:29

我最近用得比以前多很多。

I'm using it a lot more recently.

我女儿有过一次严重的健康问题,而 AI 在帮你为小孩做医疗决策时,特别擅长进行核查和辅助。

My daughter's had a major health incident and AI is amazing at vetting, helping you make medical decisions for a child.

它是一个非常强大的工具,我觉得每个医生其实都应该用 Dr. Claude 或者选你最喜欢的 AI 来检查自己的工作。

It's an incredibly powerful tool, and I think every doctor should actually be checking their work with Dr. Claude or pick your favorite website, favorite AI.
M2
M243:54

你觉得像 Brookfield 这样的公司会变得更有价值吗?就是那种有形的、接近基础设施的东西,在 AI 的世界里会更有价值。

Do you think companies like Brookfield get more valuable where it's like a tangible almost infrastructure becomes more valuable in a world of AI?

还有一个赌注,我很想听听你的看法,就是 Thrive 开始买这些体育团队了。

And there's another bet, and I'd love to hear your reaction to this, which is Thrive is starting to buy these sports teams.

他们假设我们处在一种杠铃格局中,对吧?

Under the assumption that we have this barbell, right?

一只手是 AI,另一只手是这些有形的体验,它们会变得越来越有意义的体验,人们可能也会愿意为这些体验付更多钱。

We have AI in one hand, and on the other hand, these tangible experiences are going to become more and more meaningful to people, and presumably they'll pay more for those experiences.
M1
M144:22

关于 Brookfield,我认为它是一个管理得非常好、非常出色的公司。

So on Brookfield, I think it's an incredibly well-run, amazing company.

他们在基础设施方面非常擅长,在融资方面也很在行。

They're very good at infrastructure, and they're very good at financing.

他们很擅长搞建设。

They're very good at building things.

所以想想数据中心,想想电力供应。

So think data centers, think power.

对算力的需求几乎是无限的,而他们正好处在有利位置。

There's effectively infinite demand for compute and they're very well positioned.

所以我觉得 Brookfield 肯定是 AI 浪潮中的赢家。

So I think Brookfield is an AI winner for sure.

他们会提供很多骨干电力和其他的支持。

They'll provide a lot of the backbone power and otherwise.

是的,我很欣赏 Josh Kushner。

Yeah, I'm a big Josh Kushner fan.

我不太清楚最近那个棒球队的投资是 Thrive 相关的,还是他个人的。

I don't know how much of the recent baseball investment is Thrive-related or personal.

对我来说,这不完全清楚,但我确实觉得有很多人待在家里感到孤单,但如果你去参加一场大型体育赛事,比如看一场尼克斯队的比赛,那种感觉——可能比赛快结束时一半的观众不高兴,但比赛进行中的时候,那是一种非常人性化的、兴高采烈的体验。

It's not quite clear to me, but I do think that there's a lot of people sitting home being lonely, but you go to a big sports event, the feeling that you have at a Knicks game, maybe at the end of the game, half the crowd is unhappy, but while it's underway, it's sort of a very human elation-type experience.

不过,我不确定棒球队是不是——他们的估值方式不是我想象的那种评估大多数资产的方式。

Now, I don't know that baseball teams are— they're not valued in a way that I think about valuing most assets.

我认为它们的估值更像艺术品,而不是金融企业。

I think they're valued more like an artwork than a financial enterprise.

据我所知,绝大多数体育团队,如果它们能赚钱,也赚得不多。

The vast number of sports teams, as far as I know, if they make money, it's not a lot.

并不是说所有者期望它们产生巨大的现金流。

And it's not like the owner is expecting them to generate massive cash flow.

他们今天接受较低的回报,是因为相信未来会产生更多的现金流。

They're taking a small return today on the basis that it's going to generate a lot more cash flow in the future.

我认为绝大多数体育界的所有者都准备花掉他们被允许的每一块钱来扩张他们的特许经营权。

I would think the vast majority of sports owners are prepared to spend every dollar that they're allowed to in expanding their franchise.
M2
M245:55

你打算买一个体育团队吗?

Are you going to buy a sports team?
M3
M345:57

不。

No.
M2
M245:58

你从一个偶尔大声疾呼的活动家转变为试图在幕后推动变革。

You went from being an occasionally loud activist to trying to enact change behind the scenes.

为什么会有这样的转变?这种方式更有效吗?

Why the change, and is it more effective this way?
M1
M146:08

这是因为我们能够在幕后实现改变,而一开始我们做不到,对吧?

It's because we were able to effectuate change behind the scenes, and we weren't when we started, right?

当我们进入这个行业时,我们没有信誉或名声。

When we went into the business, we didn't have credibility or reputation.

我们从未进入过董事会会议室。

We hadn't been in the boardroom.

我当时20岁,你知道,比现在年轻20多岁,在那个世界里,你资金有限,声誉有限,你只能买下公司5%的股份,必须依靠想法的力量来赢得大机构的支持。

I was 20, you know, 20-plus years younger, and, uh, in that world where you have limited financial resources, you have limited reputational resources, you can buy 5% of a company and you have to win on the power of the idea to get the big institutions to support you.

你最终可能不得不进行代理权争夺战,等等。

You might have to end up in a proxy contest, et cetera.

20年后,我本人以及团队的其他成员都进入了多个董事会。

20 years later, I've been on multiple boards as have other members of the team.

我们拥有投资公司并成为长期投资者的成功记录。

We have a track record of success of investing in a company, being a long-term investor.

在早期,他们会说,哦,你只是个短期投资者。

In the early days, they would say, oh, you're just a short-term investor.

好吧,随着时间的推移,我们能够证明我们的利益实际上与企业的长期持有者的利益一致。

Well, over time we've been able to prove that actually our interests are in the interests of the long-term holders of the business.

所以今天当我们购买公司股份时,我们确实会收到首席执行官的信。

And so today when we buy a stake in the company, we literally get letters from the CEO.

最近我们进行了一些新的投资,在其中几个案例中,我们实际上得到了非常不错的——在五六个案例中的三个,我们收到了首席执行官的信,说非常感谢你们投资我们公司。

Recently we made a number of new investments and in a couple of the cases we actually got very nice— 3 of the 5 or 6 cases we got letters from the CEO saying, thank you so much for investing in our company.

我读了你第二季度的信。

I read your second quarter letter.

你们看待业务的方式和我们一样。

You think about the business in the way we do.

请告诉我们什么时候可以去拜访你们。

Let us know when we can come see you.

而且如果我们有任何想法给他们,我相信他们会非常乐意接受。

And if we have any ideas for them, I'm sure they'll be very receptive in taking them.

在那个世界里,我们不必成为一个活动家。

In that world, we don't have to be an activist.
M2
M247:25

你认为如果要成为活动家,你是否应该必须持有股份一段时间?

Do you think if you're going to go activist, you should have to hold your shares for a certain period of time?
M1
M147:30

我不认为法律上应该强制要求,但我认为是这样。

I don't think you should be legally required, but I think yes.

我认为活动主义——更直接地回答这个问题——如果专注于在短期内推高股价却对公司长期造成损害,那显然是没有意义的。

I think activism, more direct answer to question, that is focused on causing the stock price to go up in the short term but causing the company long-term harm obviously makes no sense.

大幅削减开支,也就是减少投资,这样我们就可以报告一个利润更丰厚的季度。

Cut your expenses dramatically, i.e., underinvest so that we can report a more profitable quarter.

那不会带来好的结果,要么杠杆化公司并将资本返还给股东。

That's not going to lead to a good outcome, or lever up the company and return the capital to shareholders.

最极端的版本是'greenmail',这在很大程度上已经被禁止,但你可以将某些类型的活动主义视为几乎是'greenmail'的一种形式。

The most extreme version was greenmail, which has largely been outlawed, but you can view certain kinds of activism as a form of almost greenmail.

让短期持有者受益,代价是那些被迫持有股票的人,而董事会的工作就是阻止这种事。

Let's benefit the short-term holders at the expense of people who are stuck owning the stock, and the board's job is to kind of shut that stuff down.

而且我觉得现在的股东,像Vanguard、BlackRock这些指数基金的持有者,他们不会——他们是永久性的所有者。

And I think shareholders today, the Vanguard, BlackRock, the index fund owners are not going to be— they're forever owners.

他们不会支持那些短期举措,导致长期负面后果。

They're not going to support some kind of short-term initiative that will cause long-term negative consequences.
M2
M248:26

你刚才提到了指数基金。

You talked about index funds there for a second.

对于普通工薪阶层、想要投资的人,你有什么建议?

What advice do you have for the ordinary person who's making a paycheck and wants to invest?
M1
M148:34

所以如果你想做投资者,那得投入大量时间。

So if you want to be an investor, it's something you got to allocate real time to.

你得研究和学习。

It's something you have to study and learn.

你得做足公司的功课。

You've got to do your homework on companies.

所以这是一个选择。

So that's a decision.

如果你只是想参与股市,我觉得指数基金是很好的方式,长期来看它们跑赢了大多数主动投资者。

If you just want to have exposure to the stock market, I do think index funds are a very good approach and they've beaten most active investors over long periods of time.
M2
M248:51

那你会怎么做?

How would you do that?

你会每月定投吗?

Would you do dollar-cost averaging on a monthly basis?

还是会想,嗯,现在太高了,先等等?

Would you be like, oh, it's high now, so I'll hold off?

你怎么看这个问题?

How do you think about it?
M1
M148:58

我觉得关键在于:第一,尽早开始。

I think the key is to: one, start young.

越早开始存钱做长期投资,对你的退休生活越好,这就是复利的力量。

So the sooner you can start putting aside money that you can invest for the long term, the better for your retirement, the power of compounding.

我不会因为觉得市场贵了就持有现金等机会。

I wouldn't sit around holding cash because you think the market's expensive.
M2
M249:11

你之前提到了股票期权。

You mentioned stock options earlier.

我想回头聊一下这个。

I want to come back to that.

从成熟公司的角度看,比如Meta或微软这类公司,它们完全可以用现金支付,但却使用期权,你怎么看?

How do you think about stock options from a mature company perspective where it's like, let's say Meta or Microsoft or an example like that where they could pay cash easily too, but they use options?
M1
M149:26

或者使用某种形式的限制性股票。

Where they use restricted stock as some form.

我的意思是,限制性股票或期权的好处在于有归属期。

I mean, the benefit of some form of restricted stock or options is the vesting.

它能帮你留住人才,而每年直接给现金做不到这一点。

It gives you some ability to retain talent in a way that just paying someone cash every year doesn't.

所以我觉得它仍然是个非常有用的工具。

So I think it's still a very useful tool.

当然,它也能创造更多的利益一致性。

It also obviously creates more alignment.

员工会真正关心股价,我觉得这对他们来说是一种重要的纪律。

People actually care about the share price, which I think is an important discipline for employees.

至于Pershing Square这个管理公司(就是我们赠送的那个礼物),我们不打算发行大量期权或限制性股票。

Now, Pershing Square, the management company, which was the gift we gave with purchase, we don't intend to issue any meaningful amount of options or restricted stock.

我们的员工基础本身就已经持有——我们在整个公司广泛分配了股权。

We have an employee base that already owns— we spread equity very widely throughout the firm.

所以大约80%的股票由团队持有。

So 80% of the stock or so is held by the team.

所以我们很幸运,很长一段时间内都不需要发行股权或期权。

So we're in the fortunate position of not having to issue equity or options for a very long time.

但也许20年后,新的一代在公司里没有股权了。

But maybe 20 years from now, we have a new generation that doesn't have any equity in the company.

我们可能会选择——它可以是一个有用的工具。

We may choose— it can be a useful tool.
M2
M250:20

我很高兴市场给了我在它上市时买入一些的机会。

I was very happy the market gave me an opportunity to purchase some of that when it came out.

它跌到了大概23美元左右。

It went down to like $23 or something.
M1
M150:25

对,我也买了一些。

Yeah, I bought some too.
M2
M250:26

我想简单聊一下Netflix。

I want to talk about Netflix for a second.

你买了它,大概一个月后又卖了,现在又买回来了。

You bought this, you sold it like a month later, and then now you've rebought it.

这个决定是怎么做出的?

What went into that decision?

你之前是错的,现在是对的了。

You were wrong, now you're right.

你是怎么改变主意的?

How did you change your mind?
M1
M150:39

Netflix可以说是我们长期以来做过大量研究的公司之一。

Netflix is one of the companies, if you will, in the library that we had done a lot of work on over time.

而创造机会的是——至少我们第一次考虑时——他们没达到订户增长的预期。

And what created the opportunity, at least the first time as we thought about it, was they had missed subscriber growth guidance.

股价暴跌了。

Stock got crushed.

我们认为Netflix是一家非常了不起的公司,地位非常强势。

And we think Netflix is an amazing business with a very dominant position.

我们买了公司相当大的一笔股份。

And we bought a meaningful stake in the company.

然后我们和管理层会面,把我们详细的演示文稿发给了他们。

We then met with management and we shared our detailed deck with them.

他们完全同意我们对公司的判断。

They completely agreed with our thesis on the company.

所以我们觉得我们和管理层高度一致。

So we felt we were kind of super aligned with management.

我们聊了一些事情,比如为什么Netflix不——我们说,为什么你们没有一个广告模式,一个更低成本的广告模式?

We talked about things like why Netflix isn't— we said, why don't you have an advertising model, lower-cost advertising model?

他们说,我们永远不会这么做的。

They said, we're never going to do it.

大概三四周后,他们公布了财报,如果你回头去听那次财报电话会议,管理层看起来备受打击。

About 3 or 4 weeks later, they announced earnings and if you go back and review the earnings call, management seemed shell-shocked.

他们又一次没达到订户数字。

They missed the subscriber numbers again.

他们看起来对此非常惊讶。

They seemed very surprised by this.

他们说,我们必须得适应。

They talked about, we're going to have to adapt.

我们必须得推出广告模式,而就在三周前他们还说永远不会这么干。

We're going to have to launch an advertising model, literally 3 weeks before they said they would never do it.

我的收获是,当你投资了一家公司,然后你得知与最初判断不符的新信息时,你要么得买更多,因为股价已经便宜了,而且你认为新信息不重要;要么就得退出,因为原来的逻辑已经破了。

And my takeaway was you make an investment in a company and then you learn new information that's inconsistent with the original thesis, you either have to buy a lot more because the stock's gotten cheap and you believe that the new information is not material, or you have to exit because the thesis is broken.

我们决定退出,因为可以说,逻辑已经破了。

And we made the decision to exit on the thesis, if you will, being broken.

我们在写给投资者的信中说,听着,我们卖出是因为这个原因。

Now, the letter we wrote to our investors, we said, look, we're selling for this reason.

我们认为管理层最终能解决这个问题,但Pershing Square投资的是世界上确定性最高的公司,而在这里,结果的可能性范围已经大大扩大了。

We think management is going to be able to work through this problem, but what Pershing Square invests in, the highest certainty companies in the world, And we think the dispersion of outcomes here has widened dramatically.

他们可能会做对,也许能大获成功,但更有可能的是他们做不对。

They may get it right and maybe a home run, but there's a much greater probability that they don't get it right.

他们对广告模式以及它能不能成功一无所知。

They don't know anything about advertising models and whether that's going to be successful or not.

所以,鉴于结果分布很广,我们有更好的地方来配置资本。

And so with the wide dispersion of outcomes, we have a better place to deploy the capital.

我们把钱拿去买谷歌、Alphabet。

We took the money, we bought Google, Alphabet.

因为对我们来说,我们不需要用亏钱的方式来赚回来。

Because again, for us, we don't need to make it back the same way we lost the money.

我们总是可以利用税收亏损,这对我们有价值,然后把它重新部署到其他更高确定性的地方。

We can always take a tax loss, which has some value to us, and redeploy it in something else, which is higher certainty.

而且,如果你看看 Pershing Square 的投资组合,我们持有的是全球最高确定性、最可预测的公司。

And again, if you look at the Pershing Square portfolio, we own the highest certainty predictable companies in the world.

这个(投资)失去了确定性,至少在我们看来是这样。

This lost its certainty element, at least in our mind.

那后来发生了什么?

Now, what's happened since?

他们执行得非常出色。

They executed extremely well.

他们建立了一个非常成功的广告模式。

They built a very successful advertising model.

他们成为了更占主导地位的公司。

They became an even more dominant company.

他们变成了现金流产生能力更强的业务。

They became a much more cash flow generative business.

而在流媒体大战中,他们赢了。

And the streaming wars, they won.

像迪士尼、派拉蒙这样的公司都被挤到了一边。

The Disneys of the world, the Paramounts of the world have kind of been pushed aside.

Netflix,你可能关灯睡觉前都还在看它,而且他们处于极佳的创新位置。

Netflix, you probably turn off the lights practically before you turn off your Netflix, and they're incredibly well positioned to innovate.

如果你是创意人士,无论是卖内容还是制作内容,你都会去那里。

They're the place you go if you're any creative person to sell your content or to produce your content.

但因为执行得很好,股价又回到了非常高的市盈率,就没有吸引力了。

But the stock, because they executed really well, went back to a very high multiple and not interesting.

然后最近,股价又跌了一半。

And then relatively recently, the stock got cut in half again.

所以我们原本认为拥有的高确定性业务,他们以合理的价格证明了自身。

So now we had the high certainty business we thought we owned, They proved themselves at a price that made sense.

我们买回来了。

We bought it back.
M2
M253:46

你所参与的、我认为人们最不了解的业务是霍华德·休斯。

The business that you're involved with that I think people know the least about is Howard Hughes.

你是怎么参与其中的?为什么你对它这么兴奋?

How did you get involved in that and why are you so excited by it?
M1
M153:56

当然。

Sure.

霍华德·休斯是我们为了另一项投资成功而创建的实体。

So Howard Hughes was an entity we created to make another investment successful.

我们投资了一家叫 General Growth 的公司。

So we invested in a company called General Growth.

我们在金融危机期间买了这只股票。

We bought the stock during the financial crisis.

股价下跌了99.5%。

Stock was down 99.5%.

我们买了公司25%的股份。

We bought 25% of the company.

我们在它申请破产保护前几个月买进的。

And we did so a few months before it filed for Chapter 11.

事实上,我们当时在推动董事会申请破产保护。

And it was actually, we were pushing the board to file for Chapter 11.

而他们在试图避免。

They were trying to avoid it.

这是一个不可避免的情况。

It was a case where it was inevitable.

但我们的观点是,我们可以进行重组,让股东们保留他们在公司的投资,也许会有一些稀释。

But our view is we could run a restructuring where the shareholders could keep their investment in the company, maybe with some dilution.

然后——我加入了公司的董事会。

And that's— I joined the board of the company.

我们领导了那次重组。

We led that restructuring.

与直接竞争对手、如今仍然相当成功的Simon Property Group相比,General Growth的复杂性在于,除了Class A购物中心之外,他们还拥有大量土地,并在从Rouse收购的业务中进行了大量开发。

What created complexity in General Growth versus its direct competitor, which was a company called Simon Property Group, which is still quite successful today, was they had, in addition to Class A shopping malls, they owned a lot of land and they did a lot of development in a business that they acquired from Rouse.

他们拥有所谓的MPC或小城市,市场讨厌那个业务。

They owned these so-called MPCs or small cities, and the market hated that business.

所以我们说,看,让我们通过把所有这些业务、这些土地项目、这些MPC以及任何不像Class A商场的东西从公司中剥离出来,让General Growth看起来和Simon一模一样。

So we said, look, let's make General Growth look exactly like Simon by taking all of those businesses, all these kind of land plays, these MPCs out of the company and anything else that didn't look like a Class A mall.

我们把所有非核心的东西都塞进了Howard Hughes,理论是——顺便说一句,这是我第一次见到——通常情况下,当你从一家公司剥离出一个公司时,剥离公司的股票价格会下降剥离出的东西的价值,因为这有点像股息。

We took all the non-core stuff and stuck it in Howard Hughes on the theory that— and by the way, it's the first time that I've ever seen— normally when you spin off a company from another company, the spinning company stock price drops by the value of the thing you spin off because it's kind of like a dividend.

在这个案例中,我们剥离了Howard Hughes,而General Growth的股票价格上涨了。

In this case, we spun off Howard Hughes and General Growth stock went up.

由此带来的负面影响——所以David Simon称之为Shitco。

The overhang from this— so David Simon called it Shitco.
M2
M255:27

Shitco。

Shitco.
M1
M155:29

他正在提交竞争性投标。

He was putting in a competitive bid.

我们的结构,也就是我们与Brookfield做的交易,是创建这个实体。

Our structure, which was a deal we did with Brookfield, was to create this entity.

我们称它为Howard Hughes。

We called it Howard Hughes.

他取笑它,称之为shitco,但它实际上也确实是shitco,因为它就是所有那些——

He was making fun of it by calling it shitco, but it was really sort of shitco because it was just everything that was—.
M2
M255:40

可以说是没人想要的资产。

The assets nobody wanted, so to speak.
M1
M155:42

然后我们聘请了,我认为,一支非常优秀的企业团队,David Weinreb和Grant Herlitz,来逐步处理这些资产,直到过去五六年投资组合变得相当集中,只剩下MPC。

And then we hired, I thought, quite a very good entrepreneurial team, David Weinreb and Grant Herlitz, to kind of work through these assets over time until the portfolio was quite focused in the last 5 or 6 years to just MPCs.

我们说,看,市场最终会明白为什么这是一个很好的业务。

We said, look, the market's finally going to understand why this is a really good business.
M2
M255:58

MPC是总体规划社区吗?

And MPCs are master-planned communities?
M1
M156:00

它们现在是小型城市。

They're small cities at this point.

所以我们在休斯顿拥有The Woodlands,一个小城市,大约15万人,有高层办公大楼、购物中心、学校和教堂。

So we own The Woodlands in Houston, which is a small city, 150,000 people, something like this, with high-rise office towers and shopping centers and schools and churches.

我把这个业务比作SimCity游戏,我们像是这些社区的良性所有者。

I describe the business a bit like SimCity the game, where we act as kind of the benign owner of these communities.

对我们来说的好处是,我们拥有所有的商业用地和住宅用地。

And what's in it for us is we own all of the commercial land and all the residential land.

我们把住宅用地卖给房屋建造商。

We sell the residential land to home builders.

我们不卖商业用地。

We don't sell the commercial land.

我们用商业用地来建设社区所需的一切。

We use it to build whatever the community needs.

如果你从长远、几十年的角度来看,这是一个随着时间的推移能产生大量现金的业务。

And if you take a very long, multi-decade view, this is a business that over time generates a huge amount of cash.

我们有一系列这样的城市。

And we have a series of these small cities.

但在华尔街对该业务敬而远之14年之后,我们说,看,是时候让我们把Howard Hughes改造成别的东西了。

But after 14 years of Wall Street wanting nothing to do with the business, we said, look, it's time for us to kind of transform Howard Hughes into something else.

华尔街不喜欢Howard Hughes核心业务的原因是土地和开发这类业务的长期记录不佳。

And the reason why Wall Street doesn't like the core Howard Hughes business is land and development sort of have a bad long-term track record.

而且虽然我们的土地跟普通土地很不一样,这真的是——想象一下你拥有纽约市,还拥有所有空置的商业用地和所有空置的住宅用地,而且拥有它超过一百年。

And while our land is very different from just any land, it's literally— imagine you owned New York City and you owned all the vacant commercial land and all the vacant residential land, and you owned it over a 100-year period of time.

对吧?

Right?

你绝对可以——你真的可以赚到数万亿美元。

You could make an absolute— you literally make trillions of dollars.

这真的就是机会所在。

That's really the opportunity.

而且实际上我们拥有的土地都在人们正在迁往的地方:德州、拉斯维加斯、夏威夷。

And actually the land that we own is in places where people are moving to: Texas, Las Vegas, Hawaii.

但作为一只公开交易的股票,它的交易价格总是相对于其资产价值有大幅折价。

But still as a public stock, it's always traded at a big discount to the value of its assets.

所以随着时间推移,我们买入了这家公司的大量股份。

So over time we've bought a significant stake in the company.

我们现在持有公司47%的股份,并且正把它打造成我们所说的现代版Berkshire Hathaway。

We now own 47% of the company and we're transforming it into what we call a modern-day Berkshire Hathaway.

Buffett做了什么?

What did Buffett do?

他从一家垂死的纺织业务起家。

He started with a dying textile operation.

随着时间推移,他清算了纺织业务。

Over time, he liquidated the textile operation.

他把这些资本重新投入到保险、银行、一家糖果公司以及后来的其他业务中。

He reinvested the capital in insurance and banking and a candy company and other businesses over time.

他最终建立了一个集团企业,但这个集团企业在很长时期内以非常高的比率让资本复利增长。

And he built a conglomerate ultimately, but a conglomerate that compounded its capital at a very high rate over a long period of time.

而且它做到这一点,几乎没有发行——只发行了很少的股票。

And it did so without issuing— issuing very little stock.

所以自从我们投资这家公司以来,自从我成为执行主席、Ryan成为他们的CIO以来,我们做的事情就是收购了一家叫Vantage Holdings的保险公司,一家P&C专业保险公司和再保险公司。

So what we've done since we've made our investment in the company, since I became executive chair, since Ryan became their CIO, is we acquired an insurance company called Vantage Holdings, a P&C specialty insurer and reinsurer.

最近,我们招募了,我相信是保险行业最优秀的管理团队,而且我们将依靠这支非常有才华的团队来承保风险,逐步把这家小保险公司发展成大型保险公司。

Most recently, we recruited, I believe, the best management team in the insurance industry, and we're going to build this little insurer into a big insurer over time with that very talented team underwriting the risks that we take on.

然后由Pershing Square来管理资产。

And then Pershing Square is managing the assets.

Buffett做的独特之处在于他运营了一家保险公司,但实际上起初他做得并不好。

What Buffett did that was unique is he ran an insurance operation And actually in the beginning, he didn't do a very good job with that.

他花了时间才学会如何运营保险公司。

It took him time to learn how to run an insurance operation.

但他并没有像保险公司通常做法那样,只把资产配置在固定收益证券组合里,而是基本上把承保产生的所有浮存金投入短期国债,这样就有充足资本来支付理赔。

But he managed the assets not in just a portfolio of fixed income securities, which is the typical approach for an insurer, but he took basically all of the float generated from writing insurance and he put that money in short-term treasuries so that there was plenty of capital available to pay claims.

然后他把保险公司剩余的资产用来购买普通股。

Then he took the balance of the assets of the insurer and he bought common stocks.

而且我们知道,Buffett是一位非常优秀的普通股投资者。

And Buffett was a very good common stock investor, as we know.

于是这家保险公司最终随着时间推移在负债端通过承保业务赚钱,收取的保费超过支付的理赔,同时在资产端获得可观的回报。

And so the insurer ultimately over time made money on the liability side by making a profit writing business, collecting more premiums than it paid in claims, and then it earned an attractive return on its assets.

当你获得有吸引力的资产回报,并且负债基本上负成本时,你就可以运营一家年回报率达到20%甚至更高的保险公司。

And when you earn an attractive return on assets and you have basically negative cost liabilities, you can run an insurer that generates a 20% or more annual rate of return.

这就是我们在Howard Hughes正在做的事情。

And that's what we're underway to do at Howard Hughes.

现在,没有人注意到,也没有人在意。

Now, no one notices and no one cares.

为什么?

Why?

因为它仍然是一家人们讨厌的房地产公司。

Because it's still a real estate company that people hate.

但Howard Hughes核心业务的性质是,它会随着时间推移自我清算。

But the nature of Howard Hughes's core business is over time it self-liquidates.

所以每年我们都会出售数亿美元的土地。

So each year we sell hundreds of millions of dollars of land.

随着时间的推移,我们的土地资产会慢慢消失。

Over time, our land assets will go away.

每年我们在夏威夷卖出数亿美元的公寓。

Each year we sell hundreds of millions of dollars of condominiums in Hawaii.

目前我们有40亿美元的公寓已经签约,正在陆续交付。

We've got $4 billion of condominiums under contract in the process of being delivered.

我们的房地产资产每年产生接近3亿美元的净运营收入。

We generate something approaching $300 million of net operating income from the real estate assets.

所以过去,我们把所有产生的现金都 reinvest 到了房地产里。

So historically, we took all of the cash we generated and reinvested in real estate.

比如说,我们在凤凰城又买了一个MPC。

We bought another MPC in Phoenix, for example.

我们不会再这么做了。

We're no longer going to do that.

我们会投入必要的资本,让这些小城市继续保持宜居的卓越状态。

We're going to reinvest whatever capital is necessary to make these small cities continue to be amazing places to live.

它们也一直被评为全美最宜居的地方之一。

And they're always highly ranked as among the best places to live in the country.

但除此之外,我们会产生数十亿资金,先投入到保险业务中。

But beyond that, we're going to generate billions of capital that we're going to deploy initially in insurance.
M2
M260:19

你说的投入,是指放到保险公司的股权部分里,这样就能承保更多保费,同时也能用这部分股权去投资——

And when you mean deploy, that goes into the equity component of sort of the insurance company, which allows you to write more premiums, but allows you to invest sort of the equity—
M1
M160:28

那会变成资本。

That will become capital.

收购Vantage之后,我们已经额外注入了3亿美元的资本。

We've already put $300 million of additional capital in Vantage since we bought the company.

随着时间推移,房地产运营产生更多现金,我们也在想办法加速从房地产公司向保险控股公司的转型。

And over time, as we generate more cash from the real estate operation, we're looking at things we can do to accelerate the transformation from a real estate company to an insurance holding company.

但巴菲特当年拥有的,是公司的一大块股权。

But what Buffett had was he had a big stake in the business.

他持有一半。

He owned half.

我们持股47%。

We own 47%.

这让他能够做长期思考。

That allowed him to think long-term.

所以我们也在采取长期策略。

So we're taking the long-term approach.

我们已经招募了一支非常有才华的团队。

We've recruited a very, very talented team.

所以我觉得,负债端我们已经准备好了,可以在保险领域做明智的事,资产管理方面我们也会做得很好。

And so I think we have the liability side set up for us to be doing smart things in insurance, and we're going to do a good job managing the assets.
M2
M261:13

关于这个我有好多问题。

I have so many questions about this.

现代版的伯克希尔·哈撒韦,这个说法被到处用。

So modern-day Berkshire Hathaway, that term gets thrown around a lot.

这对你来说意味着什么?

What does that mean to you?
M1
M161:20

意思是,我们会像巴菲特那样运营,保险业务会长期成为伯克希尔·哈撒韦价值的驱动力。

It means we're going to operate much the same way Buffett did in terms of insurance will be the driver of the value of Berkshire Hathaway over time.

就是它的保险业务。

It's its insurance operation.

巴菲特谈买入可口可乐或美国运通之类的公司时,那些都是在保险公司里买的资产。

When Buffett talked about buying Coca-Cola or American Express or other companies, those were assets purchased in the insurance company.

所以我们会对这个保险业务采取长期视角,在不大量增发普通股的情况下把业务做大。

So we're going to take a long-term view on the way we manage this insurance operation, and we're going to grow the business without issuing a lot of common stock.

对吧?

Right?

所以流通股数量是有限的,而保险的妙处在于,它其实是一个很能产生现金的生意。

So there are a finite number of shares outstanding, and the beauty of insurance, it's actually a very cash-generative business.

所以你在未来几年会看到的是,这项业务正在转型。

So what you're going to see over the next several years is the business transforming.

今天按资本算的话,大概70%是房地产,30%是保险。

Today it's probably 70% real estate and maybe 30% insurance by capital.

然后在未来五年,它会转变到大概70%到75%是保险,25%是房地产,除非我们找到更快的方式。

And then it will migrate over the next 5 years to something maybe 70% or 75% insurance, 25% real estate, unless we figure out a way to do that more quickly.
M2
M262:14

所以如果你要列出Berkshire成功的关键,有点像回顾的话,那就是——他拥有控制权,所以他可以——

So if you were to list the keys to Berkshire's success, sort of like looking back, it's the— he had control so he could make—.
M1
M162:21

他可以采取长期视角。

He could take a long-term view.

他不受股东短期情绪的影响。

He wasn't exposed to the short-term whims of his shareholders.

他拥有永久资本。

He had permanent capital.

他不支付股息。

He didn't pay dividends.

他保留了业务产生的所有资本。

He retained all the capital the business generated.

他有投资普通股的天赋,并且能够招募有才能的人来经营Berkshire Hathaway的各种业务。

He had a talent for investing in common stocks and he was able to recruit talented people to run the various businesses of Berkshire Hathaway.

他也没有通过大量发行股票期权或在收购中发行股票来稀释股东权益。

He also didn't dilute his shareholders by issuing a lot of stock options or by issuing stock in acquisitions.
M2
M262:47

为什么没有更多人模仿呢?

Why don't more people copy that?

听起来那么简单。

It sounds so simple.
M1
M162:50

这不吸引人。

It's not sexy.

就是成为一家保险公司的投资运营部门。

Be in the investment operation of an insurance company.

我认为这是人们不这样做的重要原因。

I think that's a big part of the reason why people don't do this.

现在,要获得一家上市公司47%的股份是很困难的。

Now, it's difficult to get to a 47% stake of a public company.

通常不会发生。

Usually doesn't happen.

这有点像历史的产物。

This is sort of a creature of history.
M2
M263:05

你认为Berkshire的成功很大程度上归结于这样一个事实吗:我是说,巴菲特本可以收取2%管理费和20%业绩提成,但他拿了较低的薪水,然后和股东一起增长财富?

Do you think a lot of Berkshire's success there boils down to the fact that, I mean, Buffett could have been paid 2 and 20 at some point, but he took this modest salary and sort of grew his wealth alongside the shareholders?

如果他收取了2和20——不是说你在这样做,而是对投资组合——那么Berkshire的成功会有什么不同?

How different would the success of Berkshire look had he taken 2 and 20 on— not that you're doing that, but like on the portfolio?
M1
M163:23

我认为他实际上愿意免费工作,这对Berkshire的文化氛围非常有帮助。

I think his willingness to work for free in effect was a very helpful thing to the ethos around Berkshire.

可能让其他员工的薪酬谈判变得更容易。

Probably made negotiations around compensation for other employees easier.

你看,巴菲特以前经营一个合伙企业,他获得超过6%回报后利润的25%,而且成本由合伙企业承担。

Look, Buffett ran a partnership where he got something like 25% of the profits over a 6% return and the costs were covered by the partnership.

到他退出那个业务时,我认为他管理了1亿美元,其中2500万美元是他自己的,另外7500万美元由其他投资者持有。

By the time he retired from that business, I think he had $100 million under management of which $25 million was his and then $75 million was held by other investors.

但我认为他意识到,如果继续以合伙企业的形式运作,第一,我没有永久资本。

But I think he figured out that if I keep running in this partnership format, one, I don't have permanent capital.

他厌倦了与那些给他钱、又从他那里拿走钱、影响他业绩的投资者打交道。

He was getting tired of dealing with investors who were giving him money, taking money from him, that were affecting his results.

他可能算了一笔账,然后说,看看复利的力量。

He probably did the math and said, look at the power of compounding.

如果我拥有这个小小的Berkshire Hathaway一半的股份,并且余生都能获得20%的回报,我最终会处于一个非常好的位置,而额外的业绩提成对我来说没那么重要。

If I own half of this little Berkshire Hathaway thing and I generate a 20% return for the rest of my life, I'll end up in a very good place and the marginal promote is not that important to me.

而且顺便说一句,他能够以一人乐队的方式运作投资业务,我认为这也让他能够做到这一点。

And by the way, he was able to run the investment operation as a one-man band, which I think also enabled him to do this.
M2
M264:26

我记得有天晚上和查理·芒格聊天,问他伯克希尔·哈撒韦成功中最被低估的方面是什么,就是人们很少谈论的那部分。

I remember talking to Charlie Munger one night, and I asked him what the most underrated aspect of Berkshire Hathaway's success has been, the part that people don't talk about the most.

他说,我们几乎从未被环境逼迫着做决定。

And he said, we were almost never forced to make decisions by circumstances.

所以我们总是有选择。

So we always had options.

你怎么看?

How do you think about that?

你对此有什么反应?

What's your reaction to that?
M1
M164:44

我们就是围绕这一点来设计我们的业务的。

We've designed our business around that.

Pershing Square的独特之处在于,如果你看看各种——我们管理一个离岸实体叫Pershing Square Holdings。

The unique thing about Pershing Square is if you look at the various— so we manage an offshore entity called Pershing Square Holdings.

员工拥有那家公司28%的股份。

Employees own 28% of that company.

我们管理Howard Hughes。

We manage Howard Hughes.

它直接和间接地由员工以及Pershing Square基金持有,比例大致相同。

It's owned directly and indirectly about the same by employees plus the Pershing Square funds.

然后我们刚刚上市了一个叫Pershing Square USA的实体,员工在该实体投资了五亿多美元。

And then we just took public an entity called Pershing Square USA, and employees invested $500 and something million in the entity.

所以我们特别之处在于,我们在管理的每个上市工具中都有类似锚定股份,每个都是某种永久资本实体,这意味着如果市场恐慌,人们想要流动性,他们可以卖出这些公司的股票,但资本仍然留在工具里,这让我们能够在新冠崩盘期间或金融危机期间买入股票。

So what's unusual about us is we have sort of these anchor stakes in each of the public vehicles we run, and each of them is sort of a permanent capital entity, which means that if there's a panic in the market and people want liquidity, they can sell the stock of each of these various companies, but the capital stays in the vehicle, which enables us to buy stock during the COVID crash or to buy stock during the financial crisis.

我认为巴菲特做的一件非常聪明的事是,他在某个年龄决定了他想如何生活,他不想过那种不断筹资的日子,而对冲基金行业就是那样。

I think one of the very smart things Buffett did is he decided at a certain age how he wanted to live his life, and he didn't want to live a life dealing with constantly raising money, which is what you have to do if you're in the hedge fund business.

对冲基金业务,当你表现很好时,机构配置者会拿走你的资金,因为你占他们投资组合的比例太大了。

The hedge fund business, when you do really well, institutional allocators take money away from you because you come up as too big a percentage of their portfolio.

当你表现不佳时,人们也会拿走资金,因为你表现不好。

When you have a bad period, people take money away from you because you're having a bad period.

所以你必须——而且你真的不能封闭,因为如果你不开放,人们不会对你做尽职调查,那么下次你需要筹资时,人们需要花好几个月重新了解你的业务。

So you have to be— and you really can't close because what happens if you're not open, people don't do due diligence on you so that the next time you need to raise capital, it's a many-month process for people to learn about your business again.

所以这是个——

So it's a—.
M2
M266:17

而且你把所有时间都花在筹资上了。

And you're spending all your time like raising capital again.
M1
M166:19

随着你越来越大,这耗费你大量时间。

As you get bigger and bigger, it consumes a huge amount of your time.

我把我们最大的投资错误归因于我自己分心,不得不四处奔波筹资以维持资本基础的稳定。

And I attribute our biggest investment mistake to my being distracted by having to be on the road to some extent raising capital to try to keep the capital base stable.

我们决定彻底退出那种资金可以撤出的管理业务,就是那些开放式基金。

And we made a decision to just get out of the business of managing money where the money could leave, these sort of open-ended funds.

如果你看看今天的Pershing Square,如果我们以接近历史水平的复利增长,20年后我们将管理1万亿美元。

And if you look at Pershing Square today, if we just compounded anything close to historic rates, we'll be managing $1 trillion in 20 years.

那就够了。

And that's plenty.

这是个好生意。

That's a good business.
M2
M266:49

我们来聊聊Bremont。

Let's talk about Bremont.

你是怎么和这家手表公司扯上关系的?

How did you get involved with the watch company?
M1
M166:52

对,Bremont。

Yeah, Bremont.

故事是这样的,我当时在达拉斯参加Howard Hughes的董事会会议。

The story here is I was at a Howard Hughes board meeting and it was in Dallas.

我们当时的办公室在一个综合用途建筑里,带一个购物中心。

Our office at the time was in a mixed-use complex with a shopping center.

午休时,我下楼去商场,路过一家手表店。

During a lunch break, I went down to the mall and I walked by a watch store.

当时有个特别好的年轻销售,他跟我聊起一块儿宝名表。

There was a very good young salesman and he talked to me about a Bremont watch.

我从来没听说过这个牌子,最后就买了一块表。

I'd never heard of the brand before and I ended up buying a watch.

后来不知怎么的我就弄丢了。

And I somehow lost it over time.

我有个表保险箱,它好像就埋在那个保险箱里面了。

I have a watch safe and it kind of got buried in the watch safe.

过了好几年,我要去伦敦,实际上是因为Pershing Square的事。

And years later, I was heading to London for actually Pershing Square-related reasons.

一个朋友刚跟我说,他戴着块漂亮的百达翡丽走在伦敦街上,结果被偷了。

And a friend had just told me that he was wearing a nice Patek Philippe watch walking down the street in London and it was stolen.

他还说,比尔,你现在在伦敦不能再戴好表了。

And actually, he's like, Bill, you cannot wear a nice watch in London anymore.

因为你知道,最好的情况是被偷,最坏的情况嘛,你还可能受伤。

'Cause you're gonna get, you know, at best they're gonna steal it, at worst, you know, you can get hurt.

所以我当时就想,那我戴什么表好呢?既不用太担心弄丢,又不是小偷盯上的那种知名牌子。

So I literally said, oh, what watch can I wear that I can, we're a little less concerned about losing it and, or it's not a recognized brand that a thief is gonna go after.

我翻了翻我的表抽屉,找到了这块宝名表,心想,哇,这块表真酷。

I'm like looking through my watch drawer and I found this Bremont watch and I'm like, oh, this is a super cool watch.

于是我就戴上它,住在梅菲尔,出门散步,结果第二天就路过了一家宝名表店。

So I put it on and I was staying in Mayfair and I was walking down the street and I walked by the Bremont store, like literally like the day, the next day.
M2
M268:14

哇。

Wow.
M1
M168:15

就是我到伦敦的时候。

When I got to London.

我就走进去,真的很喜欢那些表,最后买了八块宝名表,基本上是拿来送礼的。

So I walked in, I really liked the watches, and I ended up buying 8 Bremont watches basically for gifts.

当天晚上我跟Pershing Square Holdings的主席吃饭,就送了他一块宝名表。

And that night I had dinner with the chair of Pershing Square Holdings, and I gave him a Bremont watch.

哦,我离开店里的时候还写了张小纸条。

And oh, I wrote a little note when I left the shop.

他们送了我一个免费的宝名时钟。

They gave me a free Bremont clock.

可以挂在墙上。

Could put on the wall.

我问,这家公司是谁的?

And I said, who owns this company?

他们说,哦,是两位英国兄弟,English兄弟。

And they said, oh, 2 British brothers, the English brothers.

于是我就给他们写了张小纸条,说,亲爱的英格利什先生们,如果你们以后有兴趣找一个合作伙伴,我或许可以当那个伙伴,帮你们把公司做大。

And so I wrote them a little note and I said, dear Mr. and Mr. English, if at some point you are interested in having a partner, I would be interested in potentially being that partner and perhaps I could help you grow your company.

我爸从小就教我欣赏表。

My father taught me to like watches.

这有点像是父子之间的共同爱好。

It was a bit of a father-son thing.

他们给我回了邮件。

They emailed me back.

我开了个Zoom会议,他们说,其实我们有一个长期股东想卖掉股份,最后我就买下了公司一小部分的少数股权。

I did a Zoom and they said, actually, we have a longtime holder that's interested in selling their interest, and ended up buying a smaller minority stake in the company.

时间过了,当时的投资逻辑是我们有个很好的增长策略。

And time went on and the thesis at the time was we have this really good growth strategy.

我们要开一大堆精品店。

We're going to open all these boutiques.

我们的精品店都是盈利的。

Our boutiques are profitable.

结果呢,没成,他们资金烧得很快。

Well, it didn't work out and they burned through the capital pretty quickly.

但我觉得这些投资有点像业余爱好式的投资。

But I view these investments a bit like hobby investments.

这倒不是我投入了大量资源去做的事情。

It's not like something I put a lot of resources into doing.

这有点像沃伦·巴菲特式的投资,我甚至没做尽职调查。

It was a bit of a Warren Buffett-style investment where I didn't do due diligence.

我只是评估了跟我打交道的人的品格,然后握了握手。

I just assessed the character of the people I was dealing with, shook hands.

我唯一参与的就是帮忙招了个新CEO,一个叫Davide Giurato的家伙。

The only involvement I had was helping recruit a new CEO, a guy named Davide Giurato.

后来呢,Davide跟董事会之间不太顺利,董事会对公司发展方向有分歧,我站在了Davide这边。

Anyway, things weren't working out between Davide and the board, and the board had a disagreement with him about the direction of the company, and I sided with Davide.

我觉得他做的决定都是对的。

I thought he was making all the right decisions.

他大幅提升了手表的质量。

He dramatically improved the quality of the watches.

他是个非常出色的手表设计师。

He's a phenomenal watch designer.

我很喜欢这个方向,但在公司干了二十年的那些老员工觉得变化太大了。

I love the direction, but sort of the old guard who had been with the company for 20 years felt it was too much change.

来得太快了。

It was coming too quickly.

我们甚至换了新Logo。

We even have a new logo.

是不是品牌精神都没了?

Are we losing the ethos of the brand?

然后董事会就吵起来了。

And there was a bit of a board fight.

我这个人本来就有点激进,就多掺和了一点,最后又投了一笔钱,拿下了公司的实际控制权。

And being a bit of an activist, I sort of got a little more involved and ended up putting in a chunk more capital, buying effective control of the company.

我加入董事会担任非执行主席。

I joined the board as non-executive chair.

我把我侄子安排进去,算是个帮手来解决问题。

My nephew, I inserted as kind of to help fix things.

在过去大概一年左右的时间里,他们取得了非常棒的进展。

And they've made amazing progress in the last, I would say, year or so.

也挺有意思的——我们这行的其他人都是买体育球队。

And it's been kind of a fun— other people in my industry buy sports teams.

我买下了这家小手表公司,它超酷的。

I own this little watch company and it's super cool.

这款表还要上月球呢。

And this is a watch that's going to go to the Moon.
M2
M271:08

我得搞一块。

I got to get one of those.
M1
M171:09

对。

Yeah.

它叫Supernova。

It's called the Supernova.

有一个很酷的地方,就是表盘全是夜光的——晚上整个表盘都会亮起来。

And one of the things that's cool, the face has all of these phosphorescent— the face lights up completely at night.

看起来就像太空里的太阳能板阵列。

It looks like these solar arrays in space.

你知道的,它是陶瓷的,有个陶瓷表圈。

You know, it's a ceramic, you know, you got a ceramic bezel.
M2
M271:23

太棒了。

Amazing.
M1
M171:24

用的是瑞士机芯,顶级的瑞士机芯之一。

It's a Swiss movement, you know, one of the highest quality Swiss movements.

而且设计非常出色。

And, you know, it's phenomenal design.

我们在外面也有很多粉丝。

And we've got a lot of fans out there.

而且我觉得人们喜欢——我喜欢戴一块别人不知道我花了多少钱买的手表。

And I think people like— I like wearing a watch where the guy does, you know, doesn't know what I paid for it.
M2
M271:38

是的。

Yeah.
M1
M171:38

而且,因为那些表不那么出名,小偷目前还不会为了它们砍掉你的手腕。

And also, because they're less well-known, the thieves don't chop off your wrist for them yet.

我的意思是,也许等到了那个时候,那可能对品牌有好处。

I mean, maybe that's when we get to that point, maybe that's good for the brand.
M2
M271:49

跟我说说招聘新CEO的事。

Talk to me about recruiting a new CEO.

这是你作为激进投资者做过的事情之一,而且你这次某种程度上又做了同样的事。

That's one of the things that you've done as an activist and you sort of did it here again.

你采用什么样的流程来找到全世界最适合这个职位的人?

What is the process that you undertake to find the best person in the world for that position?

你是怎么做到的?

How do you do that?

你为什么那么擅长这件事?

Why are you so good at that?
M1
M172:02

所以随着时间的推移,我们用了好几种不同的方法。

So we've done it a couple different ways over time.

对于潘兴资本来说,我们一般做法是,根据我们的经验,找一个以前做过这件事的人风险最低,回报潜力最高。

For Pershing, the way we've generally done it is, in our experience, finding someone who's done it before is the lowest risk, highest return potential.

所以Chipotle经历了疯狂的食物安全问题,我们需要一个人,而Brian Niccol的名字不断被提起。

So Chipotle went through crazy food safety issues and we needed someone, and Brian Niccol's name kept coming up.

然后我们利用这些类似专家网络的东西,去和曾经为Brian工作过或与Brian竞争过的人交谈。

And then we used these sort of expert networks to talk to people who used to work for Brian or compete against Brian.

通过这种全方位的考察,你可以了解到很多,而且得到的都是非常赞誉的推荐。

And you can learn a lot by the kind of 360 views and just had kind of glowing references.

然后我们和这个人见面。

And then we meet the guy.

我觉得我最好的技能之一,虽然并不完美,也犯过一些错误,但随着时间的推移,我成了非常善于判断人品的人。

I would say one of my best skills, though it's not been perfect, I've made a few mistakes, over time I've become a very good judge of people.

你需要什么?

What do you need?

你需要那些对工作充满热情、能力很强、精力充沛、诚实正直等等的人。

You need people who are super passionate about the job, a lot of capability, a lot of energy, and honesty, character, etc.

而且我觉得这些在一个小时内就能评估出来。

And you can assess that I think in an hour.
M2
M272:59

我想稍微换个话题,聊聊你这个人。

I want to switch gears a little bit and talk about you as a person.

别人对你最大的误解是什么?

What are other people's biggest misconceptions about you?
M1
M173:06

我一生中有过这样的经历,人们会说,比尔,根据我在媒体上看到的,我对你的印象和见到你本人时完全不同。

I had this experience over the course of my life where people would say, Bill, I had a completely different impression of you based on what I read in the media than when I meet you in person.

比尔,你看起来真是个好人。

Bill, you seem like a really nice guy.
M2
M273:16

是啊,你友善多了。

Yeah, you're much nicer.
M1
M173:19

也许我在Twitter上的某些表达方式让人们觉得我是个刺头什么的,但我并不是那种有敌意的人。

And perhaps some of my Twitter expressions make people think I'm just a firebrand or whatever, but I'm not a hostile kind of person.

我只是个试图寻求真相的人。

I'm just someone trying to get to the truth.
M2
M273:31

我觉得媒体就是这样给人定位的,对吧?

I think media positions people in this way, right?

某些人因为某种原因,通过你的激进投资者活动,你就会被这样定位,然后人们就形成了这些误解。

Certain people for whatever reason through your activism you kind of get positioned in this, and then people form these misconceptions.
M1
M173:42

我其实觉得康宝莱事件随着时间的推移确实造成了一些声誉损害,因为他们某种程度上揭穿了我。

I actually think that the Herbalife thing did do some reputational damage over time because they sort of called me out.

作为一名做空者,我得说普通大众就觉得那是邪恶的坏事。

Being a short seller, I would say the general populace just thinks that's like an evil bad thing.

所以我觉得那件事已经过去很久了,做空Herbalife大概是在2012年底。

And so I think having that be very much in the rearview mirror, the Herbalife short was like the end of 2012.

那是很久以前的事了。

That was a long time ago.

信不信由你,我们已经有一段时间没有进行主动投资了。

Believe it or not, we'd not made an activist investment for more than a while.

最近一次主动投资是在2016年。

The last activist investment was in 2016.
M2
M274:14

你还会再做一次吗?

Would you ever do it again?
M1
M174:16

我觉得我们不需要以任何传统形式成为激进投资者。

I don't think we'd have to be an activist in any kind of traditional form.

我们会深度参与我们所投资的公司。

We will get quite involved in the companies we're involved in.

而且我想,如果我们在一家公司持有大量股份,觉得他们做错了,并且我们认为值得花精力去干预的话。

And I guess if we had a big stake in a company, we felt they were doing the wrong thing and we thought it was worth the energy.

我不知道我们是否还需要再发起一次代理权之争。

And I don't know that we're ever going to have to run another proxy contest.

我觉得你不会去跟一个有300万推特粉丝的人打代理权之战。

I don't think you run a proxy contest against someone with 3 million Twitter followers.

我认为那对管理层来说结局会很糟。

I think it ends badly for management.

我认为我们有足够的影响力,可以通过对话达成正确的解决方案。

I think we have a sufficient amount of influence that we can get to the right answer with dialogue.

这就是我的想法。

That's what I think.

所以我不认为我们必须做激进投资者。

So I don't think we have to be an activist.

激进投资就是你被挡在董事会门外,根本没人请你进去。

Activism is when you're outside the boardroom and you're not going to get invited in.

如今,我认为在我们持股的任何公司,如果我们想要董事会席位,他们都会给我们,因为我们是主要股东。

Today, I think any company that we're a shareholder in, if we wanted board representation, they would give it to us because we're a major shareholder.

我们有良好的声誉。

We've got a good reputation.

我们是长期投资者。

We're a long-term investor.

我们会为业务做正确的事。

We're going to do the right thing for the business.
M2
M275:03

我们总是以同一个问题结尾,那就是:对你来说,成功是什么?

We always end with the same question, which is, what is success for you?
M1
M175:07

我对成功的定义——对Pershing Square来说——是希望投资者通过我们的投资获得改变人生的回报,这样他们退休时就能做自己想做的事。

My definition of success for obviously Pershing Square is I want the investors, obviously you can measure it, have a very attractive life-changing— make a life-changing investment with us so that by the time they retire, they can do the things they want to do.

他们可以支付孩子的教育费用。

They can pay for education for their kids.

他们可以买下退休后想住的房子。

They can buy the house they want to retire in.

对我个人来说,60岁对我来说是一个重要的时刻。

For me, my definition of 60 has been a moment for me.

我五月份庆祝了我的60岁生日。

I celebrated my 60th birthday in May.
M2
M275:37

等等,能说得再深入点吗?

Wait, go deeper on that.

对你来说是一个时刻,那意味着什么?

A moment for you, what does that mean?
M1
M175:40

我每年都会想,比如我热爱夏天。

I sort of think about each year, like I love the summer.

夏天是我一年中最喜欢的时光之一。

It's one of my favorite times of year.

而且夏天过得飞快。

And the summer goes by so quickly.

大多数人,健康的人能活到80多岁。

And most people live, healthy people live to their 80s.

我已经60岁了。

I'm 60.

所以大概还有20到25年。

So that's 20 to 25 years from now.

我希望AI,还有更好的生活方式能让我活得更久,远超这个数字。

And I'm hoping to AI and, and, uh, you know, doing a better job enables me to live to meaningfully more than that.

我有个外婆活到将近106岁,她又抽烟又喝酒。

I have a grandmother who lived to almost 106, and she smoked and drank.

呃,我不知道这是不是她长寿的原因,但,你知道,我希望——当我的时间用完时,我能活出有意义的一生。

Um, I don't know if that was contributing to her longevity, but, um, you know, I want to— by the time I have no more time, I want to have had a significant life.

我对意义的定义一直是:对尽可能多的人产生最有益的正面影响。

And my definition has always been I want to have the greatest beneficent impact on the largest number of people.

当然你先从家人和朋友开始,等等,但实际上我觉得这个研究所会让我在真正需要的地方产生巨大影响。

Obviously you start with family and friends and so on, but, and actually I think this institute is going to be a way I'm going to be able to have a huge impact on something that's really needed.

所以对我来说,成功就是活出有意义的一生。

So success for me is having a significant life.
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M3
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