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1998年股东大会 · 巴菲特芒格点评(批评)美国的公立教育系统

76 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 10:49
M1
M10:00

下午好,Munger 先生,Buffett 先生。

Good afternoon, Mr. Munger and Mr. Buffett.

我叫 Patrick Byrne。

My name is Patrick Byrne.

我是股东,我今年又从 Ohio 的 Cincinnati 来到这里提个问题,想看看能不能让你们两位在某个话题上出现分歧。

I'm a shareholder, and I'm here from Cincinnati, Ohio, back again this year to ask a question to see if I can get the two of you to disagree on a subject.

我挑了教育这个领域,觉得在这个问题上,你们两位之间也许能看出一点分歧。

I picked education as an area where we might see some daylight between the two of you.

不过先说教育这个话题之前,我想先简单表达一下感谢。

First, though, on the subject of education, I'd like to offer some brief thanks.

我很幸运,我父母在七十年代末做了个很明智的决定,买了一些 Berkshire 的股票,放进我和我兄弟们的大学基金里,而那基本上就支付了我们的高等教育费用。

I'm lucky in that my parents, in the late '70s, made a wise choice of buying some Berkshire stock and putting it in a college fund for my brothers and me, and that basically paid for our higher education.

我猜,像我们这样的人肯定有成千上万,他们的教育费用都是靠你们两位创造出来的财富支付的。

I suspect there must be thousands of people like us who've had our education paid for by wealth that the two of you created.

确实是你们创造的,我们欠你们一份情,虽然说实话,如果我们都不去上大学、把股票一直留着,可能会好得多。

Created, and we owe you, although we'd probably all have been a lot better to skip college and keep the stock.

说到教育,Milton Friedman 曾经说过,或者写过,如果你真的在乎美国的贫困问题,在乎女性和少数族裔所处的不利地位等等,那如果你在美国只能治好一件事,那应该就是公立教育系统。

Well, on the subject of education, Milton Friedman has said, or has written, that if you really care about poverty in the U.S. and the disadvantage of women and minorities and so on, that if you could cure one single thing in the U.S., it would be the public education system.

当然,Buffett 先生,您一直都非常公开地支持公立教育,也为此做了很多事情,我相信 Munger 先生也是一样。

Mr. Buffett, of course, you've been very publicly supportive and done many things, and I'm sure Mr. Munger has as well, for public education.

我还注意到,在去年的这场年度会议上,Munger 先生——嗯,其实你们两位都在商学院里有参与——不过我会说,Munger 先生对美国公立教育系统是有一点批评的。

And I noticed last year in this annual meeting, Mr. Munger— well, both of you are in business schools, but Mr. Munger, he was a tad critical, I would say, of the U.S. public education system.

所以我想知道,你们两位是否同意 Friedman 的说法,你们觉得公立教育的重要性是什么,以及我们可以做些什么来改进它。

And I wonder if you two agree with what Friedman says and what you think the importance of public education is and what might be done to improve it.
M2
M22:09

我先让 Charlie 一会儿来说,不过我想先说一句,Patrick Byrne 是 Jack Byrne 的儿子,Jack Byrne 在 GEICO 于七十年代中期陷入麻烦时,让它起死回生,也因此帮我们赚了一大笔钱。

I'm going to let Charlie go on in a second, but I just want to say Patrick Byrne is the son of Jack Byrne, who made a fortune for us by resuscitating GEICO when it got into trouble in the mid-'70s.

事实上,我是在 Washington 一个周三晚上的大概八点钟见到 Patrick 的父亲的,当时 GEICO——它已经破产了,或者说,离被正式宣布破产已经非常非常近了。

In fact, I met Patrick's dad on a Wednesday night about 8 o'clock at night in Washington when GEICO was— it was bankrupt and it was about very close to being declared so.

那天晚上我和他谈了大概三个小时,第二天我就出去买了五十多万股 GEICO,也就是 Becky 提到的那笔,价格是两块零八美分,按后来我们七十美元买的那只股票来算,相当于四十美分。

And after talking with him about 3 hours that night, the next day I went out and bought 500-some thousand shares of GEICO that Becky referred to at $2.08, which is 40 cents on the stock that we paid $70 for later on.

所以说,Patrick 的父亲,我们也许是让 Byrne 家族赚了点钱,但他让我们赚了很多钱。

So Patrick's dad, we may have made the Byrne family a little money, he made us a lot of money.

Patrick 现在在 Cincinnati 经营 Fechheimer,而且干得非常出色。

Patrick is now running Fechheimer's in Cincinnati and doing a sensational job.

他的兄弟 Mark——如果我们能赶上六月三十号这个目标日期,我们就会在 London 和 Bermuda 建立一项重要业务,而我们会是其中非常大的合作方。

His brother Mark— and on June 30th, if we hit the target date, we'll be establishing a major operation in London and Bermuda in which we will be a very large partner.

所以他们家现在就只剩下另一个兄弟还没加入了,他现在正在 California 打高尔夫,不过要是形势不好了,我们会试着把他也招募过来。

So he's only got one other brother left, and he's out playing golf in California, but if times get tough, we're going to try and recruit him.

好了,Charlie,给了你这么多准备时间,你对教育有什么要说的?

Now, Charlie, with that, all that time to prepare, what do you have to say about education?
M3
M33:35

嗯,我当然同意 Milton Friedman 的看法,就是说——如果有哪个问题是我们一旦能修好,就特别值得去修的,那很难找出一个比这个更值得修的了,尤其是教育,特别是在很多大城市里,它的失败状况实在太糟糕了。

Well, I certainly agree with Milton Friedman that there's— it would be hard to name one factor, if we could fix it, that would be more worthy of fixing than the, particularly the education, where the failures are so horrible in many big cities particularly.

所以,是的,我认为这是个非常严重的问题,而且必须解决。

So yes, I think it's a terrible problem and, and it needs fixing.

当然,关于到底什么才是解决它的最佳办法,一直存在非常巨大的争论。

Of course, there's a huge debate as to what the best ways to— what the best way is to fix it.

而我自己对于大城市的公立学校体系能靠自身惯性完成修复,是持怀疑态度的。

And I am skeptical myself of big city school systems getting fixed under their own momentum.

换句话说,我相当能理解那些认为我们可能必须转向像 vouchers 这样的替代方案的人,因为在有些地方,激励机制已经坏到一种程度了,靠渐进式改良是修不好的,它需要的是革命性的改变。

In other words, I'm quite sympathetic to the people who say we may have to go to an alternative like vouchers, that the incentive structure has gotten so bad in some places that you can't fix it with evolution, it takes revolution.

Warren,你对公立学校更乐观一些。

Warren, you're more optimistic about the public schools.
M2
M24:43

嗯,我也不一定就更乐观。

Well, I'm not necessarily more optimistic.

不过我大概会觉得,如果没有一个面向全体人口、质量又不错的公立学校体系可供使用,那么民主本身某种程度上就像个笑话,因为起点上的不平等实在太大了。

I probably feel, though, that democracy without a good public school system available to the entire population is sort of a mockery because there's so much inequality to start with.

我的意思是,这不只是金钱上的不平等。我是说,我的孩子,不管他们继不继承钱,或者你的孩子,不管他们继不继承钱,跟那些父母双方都在拼命维持家庭运转的孩子相比,或者也许只有一位家长、而且还生活在贫困中的那种孩子相比。

I mean, it isn't just inequality of money, but I mean, my kids, whether they inherit any money, or your kids, whether they inherit any money, compared to the kids of somebody that— where both parents are struggling to keep the place going, or maybe just one parent and living in poverty.

我的意思是,起点本来就已经极其不平等了,如果还让那些通常本来就处在更高位置的人——只是因为投错了胎的人——继续占优势,我觉得这就是——我不认为社会应该容忍这一点,或者说,一个富裕社会不该容忍这一点。

I mean, it is so unequal to start with that giving those who are generally higher up who have chosen the wrong womb, I think that that's just— I don't think the society should tolerate that, or a rich society should tolerate it.

但这并不意味着这事很容易解决,因为我说过很多次,很遗憾,一个好的公立学校系统有点像贞洁,它可以被保持住,但一旦失去了,就很难恢复。

That doesn't mean it's easy to solve because I've said a lot of times that unfortunately it seems like a good public school system is like virginity, that it can be preserved but not restored.

而且一旦一个系统变得很糟,你就很难对它做什么了,因为在那种情况下,有钱人都会退出这个系统,他们对学校债券发行就没那么关心了,对 PTA 家长教师协会也没那么关心了,如果他们都退出了,他们对别人的孩子也会没那么关心,最后就变成一个留给穷人的系统。

And it's very hard when you get a system that's lousy to do much about it, because under those circumstances the wealthy people are going to all opt out of the system, and they're going to be less interested in the bond issues, they're going to be less interested in the PTA, they're going to be less interested in other people's children if they have all opted out, and one for the poor.

而穷人得到的是更差的系统,在我看来,这除了会进一步加剧不平等,以及未来由此带来的其他问题之外,什么也做不了。

With the poor getting the poorer system strikes me as doing nothing but accentuating inequality and other problems that result from that in the future.

所以我也不知道该怎么改善这个系统。

So I don't know the answers on improving the system.

你知道,我也会看一些正在进行的实验,但我确实相信,首先,如果你已经有一个好的公立学校系统,就像我们 Omaha 那样,那你就得拼命把它维护住,这样才不会让那些有钱的祖父母或者有钱的父母说,你知道,我很喜欢平等这个理念,但我更爱我的孙子孙女,或者我的孩子,所以我要把他从公立学校系统里拽出来。

You know, I read some of the experiments that take place, but I do believe to start with that if you have a good public school system as we do in Omaha, that you do your damnedest to maintain that so that there is no incentive for the rich grandparent or the rich parent to say, you know, I love the idea of equality, but I love my grandchildren or my child more, so I'm going to yank him from the public school system.

然后你就会看到这种外流,最后留下来的,就只有那些负担不起这种选择的人。

And then you get this sort of exodus which leaves behind only those who can't afford to make that choice.

如果能有办法——竞争这个概念我是喜欢的,你知道,而且我觉得一个好的 parochial system,比如说,确实会促成一个更好的公立学校系统。

If there were a way—the idea of competition I like, y'know, and I think a good parochial system does, for example, create a better public system.

我觉得 Omaha 过去就有过这种情况。

And I think we've had that situation in Omaha.

但我认为,voucher system 如果只是等于给每个人额外发一笔钱,那其实只是意味着,富人从公立学校系统那里也拿到了 X 美元的补贴,但穷人和富人之间的那个差距,不管是多少,还是照样存在。

But I think the voucher system, if it simply amounts to giving everyone an additional amount, simply means that the rich get X dollars of the public school system subsidized, but the poor still are—whatever that differential is remains.

我的意思是,你甚至都可以搞一个高尔夫代金券制度。

I mean, you could have a golf voucher system.

因为我打高尔夫,我虽然打得不多,但如果我是在 Omaha Country Club 打球,你也可以搞个代金券制度,让 Omaha 的每个人都能更多地进入——不,我不觉得还有什么事情比这个更重要。

Because I play golf, I don't play very often, but if I play at the Omaha Country Club, and you could have a voucher system so that everybody in Omaha would have more access to the— no, I don't think there's anything more important.

而且我完全同意 Charlie 的看法。

And I agree with Charlie totally.

我觉得前 8 个年级,你知道,后面基本就不用谈了。

I think the first 8 grades, you know, you can forget it after that.

如果前 8 个年级抓对了,后面自然会有很多好结果流出来。

If you have the first 8 grades right, good things are gonna flow.

但如果前面这些年级没搞对,等你过了那个阶段,就不可能再把它纠正过来了。

And if you have those wrong, you're not gonna correct it as you get beyond that point.

5 亿美元,我觉得,很难看出结果。

500 million dollars, I think it is very tough to see results.

如果哪个地方真的做出了成效,我觉得就应该在别的地方复制。

Producing results, I think it should be replicated elsewhere.

我想,很明显,Chicago 那位先生说,工会在推进调整这件事上制造了相当多的问题,但他背后有足够的政治影响力,所以克服了其中一些问题。

I think that obviously, the fellow in Chicago says that the unions have caused considerable problems in getting adjustments made, but he had the political clout behind him to overcome some of those problems.

这应该是,这应该是国家层面的最高优先事项之一。

It ought to be, it ought to be a top national priority.

我们这个国家是有钱把每个人都教育好的。

We have the money to educate everybody well in this country.

问题是,如果我们真的下决心了,你知道,我们能不能做到?

And the question is, is if we got, you know, can we?

这也是我希望像 Patrick 这样有好头脑的人去研究的问题。

And that's something I hope good minds like Patrick's work on.

Charlie,你对这个有什么想说的吗?

Charlie, you have anything for that?
M3
M38:36

有。

Yeah.

我觉得,当某种东西在履行一个文明赋予它的职能这件事上,已经明显失败了,却还只是不断往这种失败的模式里砸越来越多的钱。

I think when something is demonstrably failing at performing the function to which it's assigned, by a civilization, just to keep pouring more and more money into a failing modality.

这不是 Munger 的做法。

It's not the Munger system.

所以我完全支持,在那些最糟、已经失败了的地方,去尝试一种新的模式。

So I'm all for taking the worst places where there's failure and trying a new modality.

而且如果代金券只发给穷人,我一点也不会介意。

And it wouldn't bother me at all to have vouchers only for the poor.

但我觉得,我们在那些问题最严重的学校里,必须做点什么,改变我们的办法。

But I think we have to do something in our most troubled schools to change our techniques.

照我们现在这样继续下去,我觉得简直是疯了。

I think it's insane to keep going the way we are.
M2
M29:14

所以你的意思基本上是,你会支持按收入资格来发放 voucher,对吧?

So you'd go for means-tested vouchers, basically?
M3
M39:17

嗯,我——

Well, I—.
M2
M29:17

我的意思是,我并不反对这个想法。

I mean, I don't disagree with that idea.
M3
M39:21

但我只知道,这要是失败了,后果会非常糟,而问题的一部分在于意识形态。

But all I know is that it is a terrible place to fail, and part of the trouble is ideological.

如果你定下一条绝对规则,说绝对不能按能力分组,不管那种分组制度在可衡量的效果上,能把阅读教得好多少。

If you have an absolute rule that there can't be any tracking by ability, no matter how much better reading can measurably be taught by systems that involve tracking.

嗯,像这种脑子被堵住的人,不该有这种权力。

Well, people that brain-blocked shouldn't have the power.

你知道,我们应该做有效的事。

You know, we should do what works.
M2
M29:55

我的意思是,这些办法其实都有效,问题在于,一旦它沿着下坡路滑到某个程度以后,基本上那些有能力去改变这件事的公民,实际上就会选择退出,然后这个——我也不知道。

I mean, all that works, the problem is that once it gets beyond a certain point on a downhill slope, essentially you have the citizens that are able to do something about it essentially opt out, and that— I don't know.
M3
M310:10

我是 Omaha Public Schools 培养出来的,在我那个年代——我可能会——去私立学校的人,反而是那些在公立学校里不太跟得上的人。

I am a product of the Omaha Public Schools, and in my day, and I might— the people who went to private schools were those who couldn't quite hack it in the public schools.

今天在 Germany,情况仍然是这样。

That is still the situation in Germany today.

我的意思是,去 private schools 的,都是那些达不到公立学校要求的人。

I mean, private schools are people who aren't up to the public schools.

我更喜欢那样的制度,但一旦这个制度里有很大一部分在可衡量的意义上失败了,那我觉得你就必须做点什么。

I prefer a system like that, but once a big segment of that system measurably fails, then I think you have to do something.

你不能只是不断重复那些没效果的做法。

You don't just keep repeating what isn't working.
M2
M210:41

嗯,这点我同意。

Well, I agree with that.

Patrick,你得到你的答案了吗?

Patrick, have you gotten your answer?

我们来看 Area 5。

Let's go to Area 5.