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2007年股东大会 · 投资者如何通过财务报表,判断公司管理层的好坏

44 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 5:07
M1
M10:00

嗨,我叫 Stuart Kaye,来自 New York City。

Hi, my name is Stuart Kaye, and I'm from New York City.

Warren 和 Charlie,你们会花很多时间去评估那些你们可能投资的公司,看看它们管理层的能力和诚信怎么样。

Warren and Charlie, you spend a lot of time evaluating the management quality and integrity of the companies that you may invest in.

但在我现在这份工作里,我没有机会去做这个。

In my current job, I do not have the opportunity to do that.

所以当我在看年报和财务报表的时候,你们建议我重点看什么,才能帮助我判断管理层的能力和诚信呢?

As I read through annual reports and financial statements, what do you suggest I focus on to help me to determine the quality and integrity of management?
M2
M20:39

嗯,这个嘛——我们花了很多很多年,也买过很多东西。

Well, you can— we spent many, many years, and we bought many things.

我的意思是,就算完全没见过管理层,跟他们也没有任何接触,就拿我们第一季度可能买入的那五十亿美元股票来说,其中大多数公司的管理层,我都从来没见过,也从来没跟他们聊过。

I mean, without meeting managements at all, having any entree to them, the stocks— the $5 billion of stocks that we may have bought in the first quarter, most of those were companies I've never met the management, never talked to them.

我们会读很多东西。

We read a lot.

我们会看年报,也会看竞争对手的资料,还会看他们所处行业的情况。

We read annual reports, we read about competitors, we read about the industries they're in.

不过说到判断管理层,显然,如果我们要买下整个公司,那就是另一个问题了,跟你说的这种情况不一样——因为我们一旦买下来,就等于要跟他们绑在一起了,还是要由他们来经营。

In terms of sizing up managements, obviously, if we're going to buy the whole business, that's a different question than you— because we're going to buy it, be in bed with them, they're going to run it.

所以我们非常在意,一旦我们拥有这家公司之后,他们未来的行为会不会还像过去那样。

And we care very much about whether they're going to behave in the future as they have in the past once we own the business.

而且我们在这方面运气一直都很好。

And we've had very good luck on that.

但如果是上市交易的证券,我们主要就是读各种报告。

But in terms of marketable securities, we read the reports.

就像前几天,Charlie 和我刚刚还在聊一家公司的报告,我们看了一家大型石油公司的年报。

Now, Charlie and I were just talking about one the other day where we read an annual report of a large oil company.

那家公司,你知道的,一百页,都是 public relations 的人做的,图片一大堆,在这上面花了很多很多钱。

And the company, you know, 100 pages, public relations people, lots of pictures, spent a fortune on it.

可你就是没法从那份报告里找到,他们去年每 MCF 或者每桶油的发现成本到底是多少。

And you can't find in that report what their finding cost per MCF or per barrel of oil was last year.

这在一家 oil and gas 公司里,放在多年维度上看,是最重要的指标,每一年都很关键。

That's the most important figure in an oil and gas company over a period of years, but every year counts.

他们连提都不提,原因就是这个数字糟糕透顶。

The fact it wouldn't even be discussed— the reason it wasn't discussed, it was absolutely terrible.
M3
M32:13

对。

Yeah.
M2
M22:13

但更关键的是,他们居然连讨论都不讨论;而且就算稍微提到一点,也是用一种不诚实的方式来讲。

But the fact that it wouldn't even be discussed, and to the extent it was touched on, it was done in a dishonest manner.

当我们读到这些东西,基本上感觉管理层是在向我们传递不诚实的信息时,这对我们是有影响的。

When we read things where we basically are getting dishonest messages from the management, it makes a difference to us.

你知道,就像我说的,如果是上市交易的证券,这个问题我们可以靠卖掉股票来解决,这跟买下整个企业不是一回事。

You know, like I say, in marketable securities, we can solve that by selling the stock, and it's not the same thing as buying the entire business.

但我觉得,你通过读 annual letters,真的能学到很多。

But I think you can learn a lot by reading the annual letters.

我是说,首先,如果那东西明显就是某个 investor relations 部门,或者,呃,外部顾问之类的人写出来的,你知道,这本身就说明了一些关于这个人的问题。

I mean, for one thing, if it's clearly the product of some investor relations department or, or, uh, outside consultant or something of the sort, you know, that tells you something about the individual.

如果他连一年一次、用短短几页纸,直接跟那些把钱交给他投资的人说话都不愿意,那我对这种人,嗯,确实会有不少疑问。

If he's not willing to talk once a year through a few pages to the people that gave him their money to invest, I mean, that, uh, I've really got— I've got some questions about, uh, people like that.

所以我喜欢那种感觉:我是在直接听一个把我当成合伙人的人说话。

So I like that feeling that I'm hearing directly from somebody who regards me as a partner.

而且,就算你不一定能百分之百感受到这一点,但如果我百分之零地感受不到,嗯,我就不喜欢。

And, and you may not get it all the way, but when I get it 0% of the way, um, I don't like it.

当然,我们也还是买过一些上市交易的证券——那些公司本身是非常好的企业,但我们觉得经营它们的人,我们并不是特别喜欢。

I've still bought— we've still bought into some— in marketable securities, we've bought into some extremely good businesses where we thought they were run by people we didn't really like very well.

他们觉得自己没法把这些公司搞砸。

They didn't feel they could screw them up.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M3
M33:38

对,我觉得完全正确。

Yeah, I think that's exactly right.

不过,不过有两个东西:一个是业务本身的质量,一个是管理层的质量。

But, but there are 2 things: the quality of the business and the quality of the management.

如果业务本身足够好,它是能把一个很差劲的经理也给带起来的。

And if the business is good enough, it will carry a lousy manager.

反过来,要是一个真的很优秀的经理去了一个真的很烂的业务里,通常你最后看到的业绩记录还是会很不理想。

And the converse case, where a really good manager gets in a really lousy business, you'll ordinarily have a very imperfect record.

换句话说,能接手一家完全没救的纺织企业——Warren 年轻时一时犯傻干的就是这个——然后把它变成今天这个样子的,这种人是很少见的。

In other words, it's a rare person that can take over a textile business totally doomed, which is what Warren did in his youthful folly, and turn it into what's happened here.

你不该想着到处去找别的 Warren,好像他们遍地都是一样。

You should not be looking for other Warrens on the theory they're under every bush.
M2
M24:20

不过我花了二十年才想明白。

I figured it out in 20 years, though.

这一点我得替我自己说一句。

I'll have to say that for myself.

二十年以后,我总算明白了,我干的是个不对的行业。

20 years, and I finally figured out I was in the wrong business.

有些行业就是这样——就算你把全美国所有 CEO 里最好的那个优先挑给我,然后跟我说,现在你的任务是去经营 Ford Motor,或者随便挑一家处在特别艰难行业里的公司,你知道,我也不会去干。

But there are businesses—if you gave me first draft pick of all the CEOs in America and said, it's your job to run Ford Motor now, or, you know, pick a company that's in a terribly tough business, you know, I wouldn't do it.

我是说,这,这,这实在是太难了。

I mean, it, it, it's just, it's just too tough.

他们也许,也许能把问题解决掉,你知道,前提是他们能得到 unions 的配合,还有一大堆别的条件。

They may, they may get it solved, you know, if they get cooperation from unions and a whole bunch of things.

但这绝不只是那个 CEO 一个人能控制得了的事。

But it will not be solely in the control of the CEO who has that job.

他得——他得依赖外部有太多好事情同时发生,才能把这份工作做好;就算他是全世界最优秀的人,也不能说光靠他自己就行。

He's got—he is dependent on too many good things happening outside to say that he alone can get the job, even if he's the best in the world.

第四个。

Number 4.