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1996年股东大会 · 巴菲特:股票回购是一种艺术。

44 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 4:58
M1
M10:00

Buffett 先生,Munger 先生,我是来自 Mississippi 州 Jackson 的 Tim Medley。

Mr. Buffett, Mr. Munger, I'm Tim Medley from Jackson, Mississippi.

我的问题是关于资本配置的。

My question is an allocation of capital one.

您曾经表示,您欣赏一家公司的一个点,是管理层愿意回购自家股票。

You've indicated that one thing you like in companies is a willingness on the part of management to repurchase its own shares.
M2
M20:19

对。

Right.
M1
M10:19

我想请您聊一聊,关于股票回购这件事,如果当前股价相对于内在价值来说显得偏贵,您自己是怎么判断、怎么考虑的。

I wonder if you would talk for a minute about your own frame of reference on repurchases when it appears that the current price of the stock is rich in relation to its intrinsic value.

也有人说,只要公司足够好,就应该持续回购股票,不用管价格。

And some have said that with the right company, ongoing repurchases of stock should be made irrespective of the price.

所以,您能不能谈一谈,如果当前股价相对于内在价值偏贵,您觉得这笔账该怎么算?

So, would you speak for a moment as to how you think it pencils out when the current price of the stock is rich in relation to its intrinsic value?
M2
M20:54

对,如果你回购股票的价格高于按理性方式计算出来的内在价值,那你就是在损害股东利益。

Yeah, if you're repurchasing shares above a rationally calculated intrinsic value, you are harming your shareholders.

同样,如果你以低于那个数的价格发行股票,你也是在损害股东利益。

Just as if you issue shares beneath that figure, you are harming your shareholders.

这是个再明显不过的道理。

That's a truism.

当然,这里面最难的部分,就是怎么得出内在价值。

Now, the tough part of that, of course, is coming up with the intrinsic value.

比如说,一个很好的例子可能就是 Coca-Cola。

And for example, a good example might be Coca-Cola.

我想,不少人可能会觉得 Coca-Cola 回购股票时价格非常高,因为他们会去看账面价值或者市盈率,也就是 P/E ratio。

I think a number of people might have thought Coca-Cola was repurchasing shares at a very high price because they'll look at book value or P/E ratios.

但内在价值远远不只是账面价值和 P/E ratio 那么简单。

But there's a lot more to intrinsic value than book value and P/E ratios.

而且,任何时候只要有人给你一个简化公式,说可以靠它算出内在价值,你就别信了。

And anytime anybody gives you some simplified formula for figuring it out, forget it.

你必须真正理解这门生意。

You have to understand the business.
M1
M11:47

对。

Yeah.
M2
M21:47

那些真正理解这门生意的人,也就是管理层,多年来一直很清楚这一点,而且也一直非常坦率地说,回购自家股票会提升剩余股东的每股价值。

The people who understood that business well, the management, have understood and been very forthright about saying so over the years that by repurchasing their shares, they are adding to the value per share for remaining shareholders.

就像我说的,那些不了解 Coca-Cola,或者觉得机械化估值方法应该优先的人,确实严重误判了这些回购给 Coca-Cola 公司带来的价值。

And like I say, people who didn't understand Coca-Cola or who thought mechanistic methods of valuation should take precedence really misjudged the value to the Coca-Cola Company of those repurchases.

所以,我们倾向于——当你拥有一家很棒的企业时,我们倾向于把这家企业产生的资金用来让这家企业变得更好;如果股价低于内在价值,我们也支持回购股票。

So, we favor— when you have a wonderful business, we favor using funds that are generated in that business to make the business even more wonderful, and we favor repurchasing shares if those shares are below intrinsic value.

而且我想说,如果这真是一家特别出色的企业,我们算出来的内在价值,很可能会比大多数人高。

And I would say that if it's a really wonderful business, we probably come up with higher intrinsic values than most people do.

Charlie 和我对此非常尊重,我想这也是这些年慢慢形成的。

We have great respect, Charlie and I, we've— I think it's developed over the years.

我们对真正卓越企业的力量怀有极大的敬意,而且我们也知道,这样的企业是多么稀缺。

We have enormous respect for the power of a really outstanding business and we recognize how scarce they are.

如果一家公司的管理层希望通过回购股票,进一步提高我们的持股比例,我们会鼓掌叫好。

And if a management wishes to further intensify our ownership by repurchasing shares, we applaud.
M1
M13:05

我们持有——

We own—.
M2
M23:06

大概就在过去三个月左右,我们在 Coca-Cola 公司的持股比例刚刚超过了百分之八,多出来的幅度非常非常小。

We just went over 8% of the Coca-Cola Company probably in the last 3 or so months by a very tiny fraction.

但我们一次都没买过,然而由于他们的回购,我们在 Coca-Cola 公司的持股比例明显上升了;而且他们用在一些人看来可能偏高的价格买回那些股票,这对我们是有利的。

But we hadn't purchased one time, but our percentage interest in the Coca-Cola Company has gone up significantly through their repurchases and we are better off because they have bought those shares at what looked like to some people perhaps high prices.
M1
M13:32

然后——

And—.
M2
M23:33

我们当时就觉得他们错了,而我想现在这件事已经显示出来了——或者说,已经被证明了。

We thought they were wrong at the time, and I think now it's been indicated that— or proven.

所以,我想劝你,如果你要判断回购或者增发股票是否明智,不要用账面价值来想,不要盯着某个具体的 P/E,也不要套任何小模型;你应该从这个角度去想:第一,挑那些你能理解的企业;然后再想一想,你自己到底愿意花多少钱,去拥有这些企业的一部分。

So, I urge you, if you're trying to decide on the wisdom of repurchases or of share issuances, that you don't think in terms of book value, you don't think in terms of specific P/Es, you don't think in terms of any little model, but you think in terms of what would you really— A, pick businesses you can understand, and then think what you really would pay to be in those businesses.

而随着时间推移,真正关键的是,这些回购是不是以低于那个数值的价格进行的。

And that's what counts over time is whether the repurchases are made at a discount from that figure.

我想说,就拿我们持有股份的公司来说,我们在 GEICO 的持股,大概用了十五年左右的时间,光靠回购,就从百分之三十三左右提高到了百分之五十。

And I would say with the companies that we own shares in, our interest in GEICO went from 33 or so percent to 50% over a 15-year or so period simply through repurchases.

我们因此获益很大。

And we benefited significantly.

顺便说一句,其他每一位留在公司的股东也都一样受益了。

So did every other shareholder, I might add.

就是那些继续跟公司在一起的股东。

That stayed with the company.

而且我们得到的好处并不比他们多,但对他们来说,那是一个非常明智的做法。

And we benefited in no way disproportionate to them, but that was a very wise action on their part.

而且在那里也是一样,他们通常买回那些股票的价格,至少都是账面价值的两倍。

And there too, they were all usually buying that stock at, at least double book value.

你可以拿它跟别的保险股比,然后说,嗯,这个价格太高了。

And you could compare it to other insurance stocks and say, well, that's too much to pay.

但 GEICO 并不是一家可以拿来跟其他保险公司类比的保险公司。

But GEICO wasn't an insurance company that was comparable to other insurance companies.

它是一种非常不一样的业务。

It was a very different sort of business.

在我看来,他们坚持那样的做法是非常明智的。

And they were very wise, in my view, to be following that course of action.
M1
M14:55

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M24:56

没有。

Nope.

三区。

Zone 3.