← 返回任务列表

2016年伯克希尔股东大会问答集锦(中文字幕)

524 段 · 6 位说话人 · 原片 57:25
F1
F10:00

这个问题来自 Eli Moises。

This question comes from Eli Moises.

你在一九八七年写给股东的信里,谈到过 Berkshire 喜欢收购哪一类公司,就是那种只需要很少资本的公司。

In your 1987 letter to shareholders, you commented on the kind of companies Berkshire liked to buy, those that required only small amounts of capital.

你当时说,原话是,因为经营这些企业所需要的资本很少,所以它们在增长的同时,几乎可以把全部盈利都拿出来,投入到新的机会里。

You said, quote, because so little capital is required to run these businesses, they can grow while concurrently making almost all of their earnings available for deployment in new opportunities.

如今,这家公司的策略已经变了。

Today, the company has changed its strategy.

现在它投资的是那些需要大量资本开支、监管过度,而且股本回报率更低的公司。

It now invests in companies that need tons of capital expenditures, are overregulated, and earn lower returns on equity capital.

为什么会这样?

Why did this happen?
M1
M10:43

对,这算是太成功带来的问题之一。

Yeah, well, it's one of the problems of prosperity.

最理想的企业,是那种根本不需要资本、但还能持续增长的企业。这样的企业确实有一些,我们也持有其中几家。

The ideal business is one that takes no capital but yet grows, and, and there are a few businesses like that, and we own some.

但是我们现在找不到——我们当然很想找到一家我们可以花一百亿、两百亿或者三百亿美元买下来的、又不是资本密集型的公司。以后也许能找到,但这更难了。

But we are not able—we'd love to find one that we could buy for $10 or $20 or $30 billion that was not capital intensive, and we may, but it's harder.

这确实会影响我们的盈利复利增长,因为很明显,如果你拥有一家在增长、每年还给你带来很多现金、而且自身增长又不需要把这些钱再投进去的企业,嗯,你就会得到一种双重效果:一方面,企业内部在不额外消耗资本的情况下实现盈利增长;另一方面,它产生出来的资本,你还能拿去买别的企业。

And that does hurt us in terms of compounding earnings growth, because obviously if you have a business that grows and gives you a lot of money every year, and doesn't take it, it isn't required in its growth, uh, you know, you get a double-barreled effect from the earnings growth that occurs internally without the use of capital, and then you get the capital it produces to go and buy other businesses.

See's Candies 就是个很好的例子。

And See's Candies was a good example of that.

我以前也拿这个来举例,嗯,尤其是在报业还很好的时候。

I've used that, um, back when the newspaper business was good.

比如说,我们在 Buffalo 的那家报纸,就是个很好的例子。

Uh, our Buffalo newspaper, for example, was a good example of that.

Buffalo 那家报纸有一段时间一年能赚四千万美元,而且几乎没有资本需求。

The Buffalo newspaper was making at one time $40 million a year and had no capital requirements.

所以我们可以把这整整四千万美元都拿出来,去做——去买别的东西。

So we could take that whole $40 million and go and do—go buy something else with it.

不过,资本增加在很多方面都会像个锚一样拖累回报。

But, uh, increasing capital acts as an anchor on returns in many ways.

其中一种表现就是,光从可选范围来说,它会把我们推向那些资本密集得多的行业。

And one of the ways is that it drives us into—just in terms of availability, it drives us into businesses that are much more capital intensive.

比如你们刚才看到了一张关于 Berkshire Hathaway Energy 的幻灯片。就在过去这几周里,我们刚刚宣布了一项三十六亿美元的风力发电投资。

You just saw a slide, for example, on Berkshire Hathaway Energy, where we just announced, just in the last couple of weeks, we announced a $3.6 billion investment coming up in wind generation.

而且我们整体上承诺,要在可再生能源上投入三百亿美元。

And we pledged overall to have $30 billion in renewables.

Berkshire Hathaway Energy 做的任何事情,BNSF 做的任何事情,都需要很多很多钱。

Anything that Berkshire Hathaway Energy does, anything that BNSF does takes lots of money.

我们的资本回报还算不错,但拿不到那种非常卓越的资本回报率;而那种回报率,我们在收购某些非资本密集型企业时是能够做到的。

We get decent returns on capital, but we don't get the extraordinary returns on capital that we've been able to get in some of the businesses we acquire that are not capital-intensive.

就像我在年报里提到的那样,我们有少数几家企业,按真正投入的资本算,年回报率实际上能达到百分之百。很显然,这和 Berkshire Hathaway Energy 这种业务是完全不同的一类运作。后者在资本上的回报也许是百分之十一或百分之十二,这已经是相当不错的回报了,但它跟那种资本密集度很低的企业,终究不是一种东西。

As I mentioned in the annual report, we have a few businesses that actually earn 100% a year on true invested capital, and clearly, that's a different sort of operation than something like Berkshire Hathaway Energy, which may earn 11% or 12% on capital, and that's a very decent return, but it's a different sort of animal than the business with very low capital intensity.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M23:29

嗯,当我们的处境变了,我们也就改变了想法。

Well, when our circumstances changed, we changed our minds.
M1
M13:34

而且变得很慢,也很不情愿。

Slowly and reluctantly.
M2
M23:38

早些年,我们有不少次买下某个企业之后,它很快就能在我们付出的收购价上,每年产生百分之百的回报,而且几乎不需要多少再投资。

In the early days, quite a few times we bought a business that was soon producing 100% per annum on what we paid for it and didn't require much reinvestment.

如果我们能一直这样做下去,我们当然非常愿意这么做。

If we'd been able to continue doing that, we would have loved to do it.

但当我们做不到的时候,我们就转向了 Plan B,而 Plan B 目前运作得相当不错。

But when we couldn't, we went to Plan B, and Plan B is working pretty well.

从很多方面来说,我现在甚至有点更喜欢这种方式了。

In many ways, I've gotten so I sort of prefer it.

你觉得呢,Warren?

How about you, Warren?
M1
M14:01

对,没错。

Yeah, that's true.

有些事情既然是硬塞给你的,那你还不如尽量喜欢它。

When something's forced on you, you might as well prefer it.

对。

Yeah.

不过——我是说,我们早就知道那会发生,问题在于,它会不会让你从原本看起来特别惊人的结果,变成一个还算令人满意的结果。

But it— I mean, we knew that was going to happen, and the question is, does it lead you from what looked like a sensational result to a satisfactory result?

我们不——我们对一个令人满意的结果其实挺高兴的。

We don't— we're quite happy with a satisfactory result.

另一种选择,就是回到只操作非常非常小笔资金的状态,而这个事,Charlie 和我之间其实根本没怎么认真讨论过。

The alternative would be to go back to working with very tiny sums of money, and that really hasn't gotten a lot of serious discussion between Charlie and me.
F2
F24:41

我在很多方面都很敬佩你们二位,不过我想知道的是,如果回头看,在你们追求幸福的人生过程中,有什么事你们会做得不一样吗?

I admire you both in many ways, but I would like to know that when looking backwards, what would you have done differently in life in your search for happiness?
M1
M14:56

嗯,我八十五岁了,我很难想象还有谁能比我更幸福。

Well, I'm 85 and I can't imagine anybody any happier than I am.

所以不管是运气也好,还是什么原因也好,我现在依然——我是说,你知道,我现在就坐在这儿,吃着我最爱吃的东西,做着我这一生最爱做的事,而且是跟我爱的人一起。

So by accident or whatever, I still— I mean, you know, I mean, I'm sitting here eating exactly what I like to eat, doing in life exactly what I love to do with people I love.

所以,真的没有比这更好的了。

So it really doesn't get any better than that.

而且我——我在人生挺早的时候就决定了,我最喜欢的老板就是我自己,而这个——我觉得这让我——我算是成功避开了几乎所有真正让人烦心的事。

And I— I did decide fairly early in life that my favorite employer was myself, and that it— I think that presented— I've managed to avoid really aggravation of almost any sort.

真的,你知道,如果你,或者你身边你爱的人,遇到了健康问题之类的事,我是说,那才是真正的悲剧,除了接受它,你其实也没太多办法。

Really, you know, if you or those around you that you love have health problems or something, I mean, that is a real tragedy, and there's not much you can do about it except accept it.

不过 Charlie 和我,确实是很有福气。

But Charlie and I have really been blessed.

我是说,你看 Charlie,九十二岁了,每天还都在做让他觉得特别着迷的事情。

I mean, here Charlie is, 92, and he's doing every day something that he finds fascinating.

我觉得,他在九十二岁时正在做的事,很可能跟他人生中任何一个阶段相比,都一样有意思、一样迷人、一样有回报、一样对社会有价值。

I think he probably finds what he is doing at 92 as interesting, as fascinating, as rewarding, as socially productive, you know, as any period you could pick in his life.

所以我们真的是特别特别幸运。

And so we've been extraordinarily lucky.

而且我们一直——你知道,我们很幸运,这是一个 partnership。

We've been, you know, we're lucky it's a partnership.

两个人搭伙做事情,会更有意思。

It's more fun doing things as a partnership.

所以我没什么可抱怨的。

So I've got no complaints.

我要是还有什么抱怨,那就太不知足了。

It'd be very churlish of me to have any kind of complaint.

不过要是你说的是商业生涯,我想我一开始大概不会从一家 textile company 做起。

And I would say, if you're talking about business life, I don't think I would have started with a textile company.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M26:46

嗯,回头看,我并不遗憾自己没赚到更多钱,或者没变得更有名,或者诸如此类的那些事。

Well, looking back, I don't regret that I didn't make more money or become better known or any of those things.

我确实遗憾的是,我没能尽可能更快地变聪明一点——不过这里头也有它的好处。

I do regret that I didn't wise up as fast as I could have, and— but there's a blessing in that too.

现在我九十二岁了,还是有很多无知的地方可以继续下功夫。

Now that I'm 92, I still have a lot of ignorance left to work on.
F2
F27:19

我的问题是,关于我们这些公司里 salesmanship 的未来。

My question is about the future of salesmanship in our companies.

Warren,你一直都很能体现出你对 direct selling 的热情。

Warren, you have always demonstrated a heart for direct selling.

我们之前在理发店里、正碰上 tornado warning 的时候见到你,你马上就主动提出要给我们写保险。

When we met you in the midst of a tornado warning in the barbershop, you immediately offered to write insurance for us.
M1
M17:49

这倒是真的。

That's true.

当时他们全都挤在理发店下面躲着,而且根本不会有什么龙卷风,所以我就跟他们说,只要给我一美元,他们就可以上楼去;要是真出了什么事,我就赔给他们。

Now, they were all huddled down there in the barbershop, and there weren't going to be any tornadoes, so I told them if they give me a dollar, they can go upstairs, and if anything happened to them, I'd pay them.

我记不清了,大概是一百万美元之类的。

I forget, a million dollars or something of the sort.
F2
F28:05

现在,随着 Amazon.com 还有其他公司的崛起,我们看到营销方式正在从 push marketing 转向 pull marketing,也就是从过去寄出几百万本商品目录,变成现在消费者自己去搜索他们想找的东西。

Now, we see with the rise of Amazon.com and others a shift from push marketing to pull marketing, from millions of catalogs having been sent out in the past to now consumers searching on what they are looking for.

你怎么看这种从 push marketing 到 pull marketing 的转变,会怎么影响我们的公司?

What is your take on how this shift from push to pull marketing will affect our companies?
M1
M18:38

嗯,Norman,你提到的这个发展趋势,呃,影响非常大。

Well, Norman, the, um, the development you refer to is huge.

我的意思是,真的非常非常大。

I mean, really huge.

而且,呃,这不只是 Amazon 的事,不过 Amazon 确实是其中非常大的一部分。

And, uh, it isn't just Amazon, but Amazon is a huge part of it.

他们在相当短的时间里取得的成就,以及现在还在持续做到的事情,都非常了不起。

And what they've accomplished in a fairly short period of time and continue to accomplish is remarkable.

他们积累了大量满意的客户。

The number of satisfied customers they've developed.

而我们现在做任何决策,不管是涉及制造产品,还是零售,或者别的什么,都会反复认真地去想,五年、十年、二十年后的世界会是什么样子。

And we don't make any decision involving even the manufacturing of goods, the retailing, whatever it is, without thinking long and hard about what the world will look like in 5 or 10 or 20 years.
F1
F19:20

对。

Yeah.
M1
M19:22

尤其是在你刚才描述的那种强大趋势面前,真的是极其强大的趋势。

With that powerful trend, really hugely powerful trend that you just described.

所以我们不会——我们不会把这件事看成是要在他们最擅长的领域里去跟他们硬拼。

So we're not— we don't look at that as something where we're going to try and beat them at their own game.

你知道,他们在这方面比我们强。

You know, they're better than we are at that.

所以 Charlie 和我,不可能在 Bezos 擅长的事上比 Bezos 做得更好,差得还远呢,但我们会认真去思考这件事。

And so Charlie and I are not going to out-Bezos Bezos by a long shot, but we are going to think about that.

这并不会让我们担心。

It does not worry us.

很明显,就 Precision Castparts 来说,这不会让我们担心,而且对我们绝大多数业务来说也不是问题;但这是一个巨大的经济趋势,二十年前还根本不在任何人的雷达上,而最近已经上了所有人的雷达。很多人——包括我们在少数几个领域——都还没找到办法,要么参与进去,要么对冲它的影响。

Obviously, with the Precision Castparts, it doesn't worry us in terms of the overwhelming majority of our businesses, but it is a huge economic trend that 20 years ago was not on anybody's radar screen, and lately has been on everybody's radar screen, and many of them have not—including us in a few areas—figured out a way to either participate in it or to counter it.

GEICO 就是个很好的例子,它所在的行业必须适应变化,而有些人比其他人应对得更好。

GEICO is a good example of a company in an industry that had to adjust to change, and some people made the change better than others.

我们在 internet 上起步是慢了。

We were slow on the internet.

电话营销对我们一直非常有效,再加上传统广告也一直有效,所以你知道,人总是会本能地抗拒去认真考虑新的可能性。

The phone had worked so well for us, and this traditional advertising, and the phone had worked so well that, you know, there's always a resistance to think about new possibilities.

当我们看到 internet 上发生的变化时,我们就全力投入了,你知道,包括 mobile 还有其他各种方面。

When we saw what was happening on the internet, we jumped in with both feet, and, you know, with mobile and whatever.

但是,资本——资本主义的本质就是,只要你有一门好生意,永远都会有人想方设法——如果你有一门好生意,他们就总是在琢磨怎么把它从你手里抢走,并且做得比你更好。

But, there are capital— the nature of capitalism is somebody's always trying to— if you've got some good business, they're always trying to figure out how to take it away from you and improve on it.

而我会说,光是 Amazon——当然还有其他也在玩同样这套的人——对整个行业的影响,到现在为止,我们看到的还远远不是全部。

And the effect, I would say, just of Amazon, but others that are playing the same game, the effect on industry, the full effect is far from having been seen.

我是说,这是一股非常非常大的力量,它已经扰乱了很多人,而且还会扰乱更多人。

I mean, it is a big, big force, and it already has disrupted plenty of people, and it will disrupt more.

我觉得 Berkshire 现在所处的位置还是相当不错的。

I think Berkshire is quite well situated.

首先,我们一个很大的优势就是,我们从来没把自己看成是从某一个行业起家的公司。

For one thing, one big advantage we have is we didn't ever see ourselves as starting out in one industry.

我的意思是,我们确实做过 department stores,但我们并不觉得自己是做 department store 的人。我们也不觉得自己是 steel 的人,或者 tire 的人,或者类似那种。

I mean, we didn't go into— we went into department stores, but we didn't think of ourselves as department store guys. We didn't think of ourselves as steel guys or tire guys or anything of that sort.

所以我们一直把自己看成是资本配置者。

So we've thought of ourselves as having capital to allocate.

如果你一开始就带着某个特定行业的视角,然后把全部时间都花在研究怎么造出一条更好的 tire,或者别的什么东西上,我觉得你就很难拥有那种思维上的灵活性。而如果你只是认为自己手里有一大堆——希望是越来越大的一大堆——资本,然后去思考,拿这笔资本做出的下一步最佳动作是什么,那你的灵活性就会更强。

If you start with a given industry focus and you spend your whole time working on a way to make a better tire or whatever it may be, I think it's hard to have the flexibility of mind that you have if you just think you have a large, hopefully large and growing pile of capital and trying to figure out what is the best next move that you can make with that capital.

我觉得我们在这方面确实有真实的优势。

And I think we do have a real advantage that way.

但我也觉得 Amazon 在这方面同样有真正的优势,那就是他们极度专注于服务——你知道——数以亿计、总体上都非常满意的客户,让他们能非常快地收到自己想尽快拿到的东西,并且按照他们自己想要的方式购物。

But I think Amazon's got a real advantage too in this intense focus on having, you know, hundreds of millions of generally very happy customers getting very quick delivery of something that they want to get promptly, and they want to shop the way they shop.

如果我手里有一大堆 shopping mall 之类的东西,我就会非常认真地想一想,十年或者二十年以后,它们会变成什么样子。

And if I owned a bunch of shopping malls or something like that, I would be thinking plenty hard about what they might look like 10 or 20 years from now.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M213:12

嗯,我想说的是,我们年轻的时候在 retailing 上失败得非常彻底,所以到我们老了的时候,反而基本避开了最糟糕的那些麻烦。

Well, I would say that we failed so thoroughly in retailing when we were young, that we pretty well avoided the worst troubles when we were old.

我觉得 Berkshire 是受到了 internet 的帮助。

I think Berkshire has been helped by the internet.

GEICO 这边得到的帮助非常大,这也极大推动了它市场份额的大幅增长。

The help at GEICO has been enormous, and it's contributed greatly to the huge increase in market share.

而且我们最大的那些零售商实力都非常强,所以就算会受到 Amazon 的冲击,他们也会是最后一批出问题的人。

And our biggest retailers are so strong that they'll be among the last people to have troubles from Amazon.
M1
M113:50

Norman,实际上我给了你那么棒的建议之后,可还没从你那儿拿到那一美元呢。

I didn't get that dollar from you, Norman, actually, after I gave you that wonderful advice.

Andrew?

Andrew?
M3
M313:59

嗨,Warren 和 Charlie。

Hi, Warren and Charlie.

很高兴见到你们。

Great to see you.

我们是来自 Los Angeles 的 Talgar Investments 的 Cora 和 Dan Chen。

This is Cora and Dan Chen from Talgar Investments of Los Angeles.

这个年度会议让我想起 Hogwarts 那个神奇的世界,

This annual meeting reminds me of the magical world of Hogwarts.

就是 Harry Potter 里的那个世界。

Of Harry Potter.

这个会场就是我们的 Hogwarts。

This arena is our Hogwarts.

Warren,你是我们的校长,也是 Professor Dumbledore。

Warren, you are our headmaster and Professor Dumbledore.
M1
M114:27

我没读过 Harry Potter,不过我就把这当成是在夸我了。

I haven't read Harry Potter, but I'll take it as a compliment.
M3
M314:32

Charlie 则是我们的 Snape 校长,直接,而且充满正直。

Charlie's our Headmaster Snape, direct and full of integrity.

长期、集中式 value investing 的魔力是真实存在的,但也和 Harry Potter 很像,外面的世界大多数人都不相信我们这样的人真的存在。

The magic of long-term concentrated value investing is real, yet similar to Harry Potter, the rest of the world doesn't believe we exist.

你写给我的那封信改变了我的人生,而你的 Secret Millionaires Club 改变了我孩子们的人生。

Your letter to me has changed my life, and your Secret Millionaires Club has changed my children's lives.

他们上课的时候都会聊投资。

They go to class chatting about investing.

我的问题是替今天在家里看直播的孩子们,还有现场的孩子们问的。

My question is for my children watching at home today and the children in the audience.

当他们每天在媒体上看到一些这辈子一分钱都没赚过的公司跑去 IPO 的时候,他们该怎么看待股票?

How should they look at stocks when every day in the media they see companies that have never made a dime in their life go IPO?

这些公司会带来股权稀释,而且他们看到的还有很多非常短期的炒作。

They're dilutive, and they see a lot of very short-term spin.

这个周期变得越来越短了。

The cycle is getting shorter and shorter.

他们应该怎么看待股票?你想给他们传达的信息又是什么?

How should they view stocks and what's your message for them?

最后,Cora 和我今天特别想当面感谢你,也想亲自跟你握手。

Finally, Cora and I would love to thank you in person and shake your hand personally today.

我再说一遍,今天想亲自跟你握手。

I'll repeat, shake your hand personally today.

我再重复一遍我去年说过的话。

I'll repeat what I said last year.

谢谢你为我们这一代人种下了树,让我们可以走到树下、坐在树荫里,也让我孩子这一代人能通过 Secret Millionaires Club 坐在这片树荫下。

Thank you for setting the seeds for my generation to walk, to sit in the shade, and for my children's generation to sit in the shade with the Secret Millionaires Club.

我真的觉得自己是在与巨人为伍。

I truly walk amongst giants.

谢谢。

Thank you.
M1
M116:06

你介意把整段再重复一遍吗?

Would you mind repeating the whole thing?

关于 The Secret Millionaires Club,这件事我们真的要把很大的功劳归给 Andy Heyward。

The Secret Millionaires Club, we want to give great credit to Andy Heyward on that.

我觉得它确实有帮助。

I think it has helped.

我知道它已经帮助了成千上万的孩子,而且这是 Andy 的主意。

I know it's helped thousands and thousands of children, and Andy, it was Andy's idea.

而且它的影响力还在不断增强,让小孩子从小学习怎么管理金钱、怎么建立友谊,以及更广义地说,怎么做一个更好的公民,这是个——这是个非常好的目标,而 Andy 让他们更容易做到这一点。

And it grows in strength, and having young children learn good lessons in terms of handling money and making friendships and just generally behaving as better citizens is a— it's a great objective, and Andy makes it easy for them to do.

所以,我代表他接受你的这番评价。

So I, on his behalf, I accept your comments.

你其实不用担心,你知道,IPO 里在发生什么,或者别人怎么赚钱。

You don't have to really worry about, you know, what's going on in IPOs or people making money.

每天都有人中彩票,但这根本没必要对你产生任何影响。

People win lotteries every day, but there's no reason to have that affect you at all.

你不应该为这个眼红。

You shouldn't be jealous about it.

我的意思是,你知道,如果他们想去做那些从数学上就不靠谱的事,而其中偶尔有一个人运气好,然后他们就把那一个人放到电视上,至于那一百万个为这笔中奖出过钱的人,还被州政府切走了一大块。

I mean, you know, if they want to do mathematically unsound things and one of them occasionally gets lucky and they put the one person on television and the million that contributed to the winnings with a big slice taken out for the state.

你知道,别掺和进去。

You know, don't get on there.

这没什么好担心的。

It's nothing to worry about.

你要做的,就只是弄明白什么是合理的。

Just all you have to do is figure out what makes sense.

还有,你看待买股票这件事——你买一只股票的时候,要让自己在脑子里进入一种状态:你是在买一家企业。

And you don't— and you look at buying— when you buy a stock, you get yourself in the mental frame of mind that you're buying a business.

就算五年都不去看它的报价,也完全没问题。

And if you don't look at a quote on it for 5 years, that's fine.

你的农场不会每天、每周或者每个月都有人给你报个价。

You don't get a quote on your farm every day or every week or every month.

如果你有一栋公寓楼,也不会有人天天给它报价。

You don't get it on your apartment house if you own one.

如果你拥有一家 McDonald's franchise,你也不会每天拿到一个报价。

If you own a McDonald's franchise, you don't get a quote every day.

你知道,你要把自己持有的股票看成一家家企业,用企业经营表现的角度去思考它们。

You know, you want to look at your stocks as businesses and think about their performance as businesses.

想想你为它们付出的价格,就像你在考虑买下一家企业那样去想,至于世界上其他人在干什么,就随它去吧。

Think about what you pay for them as you would think about buying a business, and let the rest of the world go its own way.

你不该只是因为有这么个机会,就跑去参加一场愚蠢的游戏,关于这一点我还要再多说几句。

You don't want to get into a stupid game just because it's available, and I'm going to say a little bit more about that.

差不多要到休息时间了,不过先说到这儿,我把话交给 Charlie。

Close to the break, but with that, I'll turn it over to Charlie.
M2
M218:14

对,我觉得你的孩子们想找一些在处理 stocks 和 bonds 时值得信任的人,这个想法是对的。

Yeah, well, I think that your children are right to look for people they can trust in dealing with stocks and bonds.

不幸的是,超过一半的时候,他们都得不到那种常规意义上的答案。

Unfortunately, more than half the time, they will fail in a conventional answer.

所以他们——他们确实得面对——这是个很难的问题。

So you— they really have to— they have a hard problem.

如果你只是听长辈的话,他们会骗你,还会制造并传播很多荒唐的东西。

If you just listen to your elders, they'll lie to you and make and spread a lot of folly.
M1
M118:47

不过从另一个角度说,他们的问题其实也很简单,因为从长期来看,American business 整体都会表现得不错。

But they really have an easy problem in the sense that American business as a whole is going to do fine over time.

所以他们唯一可能——

So the only way that they can—.
M2
M218:56

我可不是 stockbroker 的那种普通客户。

I'm not the average client of a stockbroker.
M1
M118:58

这个我们等会儿再讲。

Well, we'll get to that later.

股票经纪人会过得挺好的。

The stockbroker will do fine.

对,没错。

Yes, that's true.

对啊,不过他们也不一定非得那样做,我们可以聊——嗯,我还是想稍微晚一点再回应这个。

Yeah, but they don't have to do that, and we can talk— well, I'd rather address that just a little later.

不过,嗯,总之,你不用担心。

But, uh, just, you don't want to worry.

你别——很多问题,Charlie 会说,都是由嫉妒引起的。

You don't want to be— a lot of problems are, Charlie would say, are caused by envy.

你不要去嫉妒那些中彩票的人,或者买了 IPO 结果大涨的人。

You don't want to get envious of somebody who's won the lottery or bought an IPO that went up.

你得弄清楚什么对你来说是合理的,然后按你自己的路走。

You have to figure out what makes sense and follow your own course.
F2
F219:29

嗨,Warren。

Hi, Warren.

嗨,Charlie。

Hi, Charlie.
M1
M119:31

嗨。

Hi.
F2
F219:32

我是 Ken Martin。

I'm Ken Martin.

我是 Dartmouth 的 Tuck School 的 MBA 学生。

I'm an MBA student from the Tuck School at Dartmouth.

我的问题是关于大学学费,以及学生债务余额不断上升这个问题。

My question is about college tuition and the problem of rising student debt balances.

过去,一些很有影响力的慈善家创办了机构,这些机构现在已经成了我们国家很有声望的研究型大学。

In the past, prominent philanthropists have founded institutions that are now prominent research universities in our country.

为什么在今天关于慈善的讨论里,创办新大学这件事没有占更大的比重呢?

Why is this not a bigger part of today's philanthropic debate, the founding of new colleges?

在高等教育领域增加新的供给,难道不是这个问题的至少一部分解决办法吗?

Would not new supply in higher education be at least part of the solution to this problem?
M1
M120:01

Charlie,你想来回答这个吗?

Charlie, you want to tackle that one?

你在这方面比我更算专家。

You're more of an expert than I am.
M2
M220:04

对,我觉得如果你指望 American 高等教育在财务效率上有多高,那你基本上是在对着风喊话。

Yeah, I think that if you expect a lot of efficiency, financial efficiency in American higher education, you're howling at the wind.
M1
M120:20

不过,我觉得他也在说,是不是应该把更多慈善投入到这个领域里,对吧?

Well, I think he's also talking about just more philanthropy delivered there, am I right?

嗯,我想把话筒再给他,让他说清楚一点。

Um, I want to give him the light back on there.
F2
F220:29

对,是这样。

Yeah, that's right.
M2
M220:31

问题到底是什么来着?

What's the question again?
M1
M120:32

问题大概是,考虑到成本,是不是应该相对地把更多慈善资源投入到这方面。

The question about is maybe whether more philanthropy ought to be devoted to that relatively because of the cost.
M2
M220:38

不过呢,我在这个领域做得比 Warren 多得多,而我也经常会感到失望。但是垄断和官僚主义到处都会带来某种有害的影响,大学也不能例外。

But well, I do a lot more than Warren does in this field, and I'm frequently disappointed. But monopoly and bureaucracy have kind of pernicious effects everywhere, and the universities aren't exempted from it.

但当然,大学也是文明的荣光之一,所以如果人们想在这方面多捐一点,那我完全支持。

But of course, they are the glory of civilization, and if people want to give more to it, well, I'm all for it.
M1
M121:10

对——你知道,人们其实可以选择很不错的州立学校。

Yeah, it— You know, that you've got the option of very good state schools.

还有,呃,你知道,我们国家在教育上花了很多钱。

And, uh, uh, you know, we spend a lot of money on education in this country.

你知道,如果你只看——只看从幼儿园到十二年级,这就很有意思了。

You know, if you just take— you take kindergarten through 12, it's interesting.

这个国家的人老是在谈各种福利待遇。

People talk about entitlements in this country.

他们会说,像 Social Security 之类的这些福利项目太糟了,太多了。

They say it's terrible we have all these entitlements for Social Security and everything.

其实我们对年轻人也有福利。

We have entitlements for the young.

我们每年花六千亿美元,在公立学校里给从 kindergarten 到十二年级的五千万个孩子提供教育。

We spend $600 billion a year educating 50 million kids in the public schools between kindergarten and 12th grade.

你想想看,这本身也是一种福利。

And just think of what that is as an entitlement.

好像从来没人提这个,但这规模非常大。

Nobody ever seems to bring that up, but it's huge.

当然了,我显然是支持这个的。

And I believe in it, obviously.

但是你知道,我觉得一般来说,处在工作年龄的人,在一个富裕社会里,对年轻人和老年人都负有责任。

But, you know, the people in their working ages, generally speaking, I think, have an— in a rich society, have an obligation to both the young and the old.

而且从我们花的钱来看,你知道,如果我们的学校体系有问题,那不是因为我们舍不得花钱。

And based on the amount we spend, you know, if we have problems with our school system, it's not because we're cheap.

你知道,造成这个情况的还有别的问题。

You know, there are other problems that contribute to it.

就投入的资金来说,我们已经是排在最前面的了。

In terms of the money we put out, we're right up there.

不过我以前当过一所 college 的受托人,我亲眼看着它的 endowment 从八百万涨到十多亿,可我没看到学费降下来,也没看到学生人数增加。

But I, I was the trustee of a college that saw the endowment go from $8 million to over a billion, and I didn't see the tuition come down, and I didn't see the number of students go up.
M2
M222:51

涨的只有教授的工资。

Nothing went up except the professors' salaries.
M1
M122:56

对。

Yeah.

从八百万涨到十亿。

From $8 million to $1 billion.

我的意思是,而且那里负责运营的人都非常非常体面。

I mean, and, and very, very decent people running the place.

但是当你看到那些大学校的 endowment 数字时,嗯,你知道,其中一些真的已经涨到了非常惊人的规模,而管理 endowment 的人最主要的目标,就是让 endowment 变得更大。

But when you read the figures on endowment of the big schools, uh, you know, and some of them have really gotten up into big numbers, the main objective of the people running the endowment is to have the endowment grow larger.

而且这种情况永远都会这样。

And that will be ever thus.

人就是这么运作的。

That is the way humans operate.

Charlie,你对此还有什么要补充的吗?

Do you have any more comments on that, Charlie?

你见过的可不少。

You've seen a lot.
M2
M223:25

我现在已经把我能得罪的人都得罪得差不多了。

I've made all the enemies I can afford at the moment.
M1
M123:28

好吧。

Okay.

这过去可从来没让他们停下来过。

That's never slowed them down in the past.

Andrew。

Andrew.

这个问题来自一位要求匿名的股东。

This from a shareholder who asked to remain anonymous.

如果 Donald Trump 当选美国总统,考虑到你公开批评过他,也公开支持 Hillary Clinton,那你觉得 Berkshire Hathaway 旗下的业务组合会面临哪些具体风险,不管是监管上的、政策上的,还是其他方面的?

If Donald Trump becomes the President of the United States, and recognizing your public criticism of him and your public support for Hillary Clinton, what specific risks, regulatory, policy, or otherwise, do you foresee for Berkshire Hathaway's portfolio of businesses?

那还不会是主要问题。

That won't be the main problem.

嗯,你知道,政府对我们的生意、其实对所有生意,都是一个非常重要的因素。

Well, government, you know, is a very big factor in our business and in all businesses.

我的意思是,有一些非常宽泛的政策,几乎会影响到所有人,有时候也会有一些相当具体的政策。

I mean, there's the very broad policies that affect practically everybody, and sometimes there can be some pretty specific policies.

不过我还是要预测一下,如果 Donald——不管是 Donald Trump 还是 Hillary Clinton 当上总统,而其中一个很可能、非常可能会当上,我觉得 Berkshire 还是会继续发展得很好。

But I will predict that if Donald— either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton becomes president, and one of them is likely to be, very likely to be, I think Berkshire will continue to do fine.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M224:40

我有点怕聊这个话题。

I'm afraid to get into this area.
M1
M124:45

对,那个——我们,我们一直都是在各种——我是说,我们连价格管制下面都经营过。

Yeah, it— we've, we, we've operated under all— I mean, we've operated under price controls.

我是说,很多年里,我们的利润一直要缴百分之五十二的联邦税,呃——当然,我是说,别的时候税率还更高过,不过,呃,也会有各种监管出台,但到头来,这个国家的企业在两百多年里一直都干得特别好,而且它也适应了社会,社会也适应了企业。

I mean, there're, uh, we've had 52% federal taxes applied to our earnings for many years, uh, even— I mean, they were higher at other times, but, uh, there have been, you know, we've had regulations come along, and in the end, business in this country has done extraordinarily well for a couple of hundred years, and it has adapted to the society, and the society's adapted to business.

你知道,这真是一个做生意特别有吸引力的地方。

You know, it— this is a remarkably attractive place in which to conduct a business.

你想想看,在一个利率几乎为零的世界里,美国企业居然还能在有形净资产上赚到非常棒的回报。

Imagine, in a world of practically zero interest rates, you know, American business earning terrific returns on tangible equity.

我是说,那些才是在企业里真正被使用的资产。

I mean, those are the assets that were actually employed in the business.

这些数字惊人得不得了。

The numbers are staggering.

而且,你知道,把钱放在储蓄账户之类地方的人,基本上就被毁掉了。

And, you know, people who've had their money in savings accounts or something like that get destroyed.

但是企业的所有者,如果你去看看有形净资产回报率,找时间查一查就知道了。

But owners of business, if you look at returns on tangible equity, just check them out sometime.

他们并没有受苦,哪怕持有固定利息、固定收益工具的人已经遭受了巨大的损失。

And they have not suffered, even as people who own fixed interest, fixed-income instruments have suffered enormously.

还有,你知道,现在农产品价格下来了。

And, you know, farm prices are down now.

农民收入在过去这几年里下降了很多。

Farmer income has fallen off a lot in the last couple of years.

但是企业还是成功照顾好了自己,而且这是有充分理由的,因为它对市场经济有贡献,而且一直是市场经济的引擎,而这个市场经济创造出来的产出,放在一百年前,任何人想象起来都会觉得惊人。

But business has managed to take care of itself, and for a good reason, because it contributes to and has been the engine of a market economy that's delivered output that is staggering by the imagination of anyone that might have existed 100 years ago.

在我这一生里,美国按实际购买力算的人均 GDP,已经涨到了原来的六倍。

In my lifetime, the GDP per capita in real terms of the United States has gone up 6 for 1.

你能想象吗,就是在一个社会里,一个人的一生当中,整体来看,人们拥有的实际产出变成了最开始的六倍。

Can you imagine, you know, in a society where in one person's lifetime, overall, people have 6 times the real output that they had at the beginning.

这个——你知道,这套体系在总体产出这个层面上,运转得非常好。

It's, you know, the system works very well in terms of aggregate output.

但在这些产出的分配上,有时候它会差得很远,至少我是这么看的。

In terms of distribution of that output, sometimes it can fall very short, in my view.

不过它还是会继续运转下去。

But it'll keep working.

这个你不用担心,亲爱的。

You don't have to worry about that, dear.

二十年以后,美国按人均算的产出

20 years from now, there'll be far more output per capita in the United States

按实际值来说,会比现在高得多。

in real terms than there is now.

五十年以后,会高得更多,而且质量也会变得更好。

In 50 years, it'll be far more, and the quality will get better.

没有哪个总统候选人或者总统能终结这一点。

And no presidential candidate or president is going to end that.

他们可以把它塑造成更好或者更坏的样子,但他们没法终结它。

They can shape it in ways that are good or bad, but they can't end it.

好,Charlie,你来说点悲观的,好平衡一下我。

Now, Charlie, give something pessimistic here to balance me out.
M2
M227:45

不,我想——我想说点乐观的,我觉得 GDP 这些数字非常——

No, I want to— I wanna say something optimistic, and I think that the GDP figures greatly—
M1
M127:55

我明白。

I understand.
M2
M227:57

大大低估了我们的制度带给公民的真实好处。

Understate the real advantage that our system has given our citizens.

它会大大低估很多重大的成就,因为这些成就没法用一种经济学家容易处理的方式,直接换算成钱。

It underweighs a lot of huge achievements because they don't translate right into money in a certain way that the economists can easily handle.

但是,拿过去一百年来说,真正的成就其实比 GDP 数字显示出来的要高得多。

But the real achievements over the last century, say, are way higher than are indicated by the GDP figures.

当然,GDP 这些数字本身也挺不错。

And the GDP figures are good.

我不觉得未来一定还会像过去那样好,但其实也不需要非得那样。

I don't think the future is necessarily going to be quite as good as the past, but it doesn't have to be.
M1
M128:32

至少以我的经验来看,你几乎碰不到谁会说,在我能力一样的情况下,我宁愿活在五十年前,或者早出生五十年;但美国公众里相当大一部分人却觉得,跟他们出生的那个年代比,今天不是个适合出生的好时候。

There's no one you'll run into, at least in my experience, that says, with my same talents, I wish I'd lived 50 years ago instead, been born 50 years earlier, but a significant majority of the American public thinks that it's a bad time to be born today compared to when they were born.

他们觉得你会比别人过得更差。

They think you're worse off than others.

他们错了。

They're wrong.

我的意思是,这个节奏,创新的节奏。

I mean, it's the pace, the pace of innovation.

你想想看,跟二十年前比,你现在的生活方式有多不一样,尤其是你现在怎么安排自己的时间。

Just think how differently you're living compared to 20 years ago in terms of what you do with your time now.

很多人可能会批评这种变化,或者类似的事,但你现在做的是自由选择,而这些选择在二十年前你根本没有,而且你做出的选择方向也不一样——你知道,我到现在还在用座机,但你们这些人可比我领先多了。

A lot of people may condemn it or something of the sort, but you're making free choices that were not available to you 20 years ago, and you're making them in a different direction than— you know, I'm still sitting with the landline, but you people are way ahead of me.

好,Greg。

Okay, Greg.
F2
F229:27

如今,Berkshire 的规模决定了它会在很多业务上面对大量竞争对手。

Today, Berkshire's size ensures that it faces competition from numerous businesses.

如果你有一颗银弹,你会干掉哪个竞争对手,为什么?

If you had a silver bullet, which competitor would you take out and why?
M1
M129:42

抱歉,你是——。

And sorry, you—.
F2
F229:43

而且你不能说 Donald Trump。

And you can't say Donald Trump.
M1
M129:47

哪个业务里的哪个竞争对手?

Which competitor in which business?

我的意思是,你问的是哪个——。

I mean, you're asking about which—.
M2
M229:52

如果可以的话,你会干掉哪个竞争对手?

Which competitor would you kill if you could?

我觉得这个问题我们不用回答。

I don't think we have to answer this one.
M1
M130:00

Charlie 是律师。

Charlie's a lawyer.

不过这个问题我倒是想过。

But I've thought about the question.

我们现在确实有很多强劲的竞争对手,而在很多领域里,我们自己也是相当强的竞争对手。

Now, we have lots of tough competitors, and in many areas, we're a pretty tough competitor ourselves.
M2
M230:19

而真正——。

And the real—.
M1
M130:23

我们希望我们的经理人每天都在想,怎么去建立更强的竞争地位。

What we want our managers to be doing, you know, is thinking every day about how to achieve a stronger competitive position.

我们把这叫做拓宽护城河。

We call it widening the moat.

我们想做出更好的产品。

But we want to turn out better products.

我们想把成本压到最低。

We want to keep our costs down to a minimum.

你知道,我们希望自己一直在想,客户一个月后、一年后、十年后,可能会想从我们这里得到什么。

You know, we, we want to be thinking about what our customer is likely to be wanting from us, you know, a month, a year, 10 years from now.

通常来说,只要你照顾好客户,客户也会照顾你。

And generally, if you take care of your customer, the customer takes care of you.

但有些时候,确实会出现某种力量,真的就是——你可能并没有答案。

But there are cases where there is some force coming along that really is— you may not have the answer for.

然后,你知道,你就退出那个行业。

And then, you know, you get out of that business.

我们一九六六年在 Baltimore 有那家百货商店,要是一直留着它,我们后来就会倒闭。

We had that department store in Baltimore in 1966, and if we kept it, we would have gone out of business.

所以,认清现实也很重要。

So, recognizing reality is also important.

我的意思是,你不该硬去修一个根本修不好的东西。

I mean, you do not want to try and fix something that's unfixable.
M2
M231:23

我们并不是把竞争对手当成要消灭的目标。

And we're not targeting competitors for destruction.

我们只是想在每个地方都尽自己所能做到最好。

We're just trying to do the best we can everywhere.
M1
M131:31

这话说得真像个 antitrust lawyer。

Spoken like an antitrust lawyer.

好。

Okay.

我们其实很希望,自己才是那个让别人想拿出银弹来对付的对象。

We really hope to be the ones that the other guys want to use the silver bullet on.

Becky。

Becky.
M4
M431:46

呃,你们好,Buffett 先生,Munger 先生。

Uh, hello, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger.

非常感谢二位给出的见解、教导,还有作为这么出色的榜样。

Thank you so much for your insights, teaching, and being great role models.

我叫 Eric Silberger,是一位常驻 New York City 的小提琴家。

My name is Eric Silberger, a violinist based in New York City.

我想问二位一个和心理偏差有关的问题。

My question for both of you is related to psychological biases.

通过 Berkshire Hathaway 的运营,你们对宏观经济因素会有非常好的把握;但 Berkshire 并不会根据宏观经济因素来做任何投资决策。

Through Berkshire Hathaway's operations, you get a very good read on macroeconomic factors, yet Berkshire does not make any investment decision based upon macroeconomic factors.

那你们是怎么控制这类信息带来的影响的?比如说,对宏观经济因素的了解,或者知道股票价格之后产生的锚定效应。

How do you control the effect of information such as knowing macroeconomic factors or the anchoring effect of knowing stock prices?

因为过了一段时间之后,尤其是你之前已经分析过这些东西,就很难不受影响。

Because after a while, it's hard not to once you've analyzed them before.

那这些信息会怎么影响你们做理性决策?你们是应该忽略它,还是应该试着把它用在正面的地方?

And how does that influence your rational decision-making, whether you should ignore it or whether you should try to use it in a positive way?
M1
M132:37

嗯,Charlie 和我当然——我们读很多东西,所以我们——而且我们也关心经济方面的问题,甚至也关心政治方面的问题。

Well, Charlie and I are certainly—we read a lot, so we—and we're interested in economic matters and political matters, for that matter.

所以我们知道很多,或者我应该说,我们对几乎所有宏观经济因素都相当熟悉。

And so we know a lot, or we're familiar a lot, I should say, with almost all the macroeconomic factors.

但这并不意味着我们知道这些因素接下来会导向哪里。

That doesn't mean we know where they're going to lead.

我们不知道零利率最后会带来什么结果,不过——如果说我们不知道接下来大概率会——但我们至少知道现在发生了什么。

We don't know where zero interest rates are going to lead, but—we do know what's going on if we don't know what is likely to—.
M2
M233:06

Warren,这里有个混淆。

Warren, there's a confusion here.

这里写的是 microeconomic factors。

It says microeconomic factors.

我们对那个可是非常关注的。

We pay a lot of attention to those.
F2
F233:14

哦,对。

Oh yeah.
M1
M133:14

如果你说的是 macro,那我们知道的并不比别人多。

If you talk about macro, we don't know any more than anybody else.

对,他已经把话说到点子上了。

Yeah, he summed it up.

至于我们买的那些企业,还有我们买股票的时候,我们是把它看成是在买企业。

In terms of the businesses we buy, and when we buy stocks, we look at it as buying businesses.

这两种决策非常相似。

Very similar decisions.

我们会尽量去了解所有——或者说尽可能多地了解——那些微观经济因素。

We try to know all, or as many as we can know, of the microeconomic factors.
F2
F233:43

我们——。

We—.
M1
M133:44

我喜欢看一家企业的各种细节,不管我们最后买不买它。

I like looking at the details of a business, whether we buy it or not.

我的意思是,我就是觉得研究这些“物种”很有意思,而做研究本来就是这么做的。

I mean, I just find it interesting to study the species, and that's the way you do studies.

所以我不觉得我们对这些因素缺乏兴趣,也不是在否认它们的重要性。

So I don't think there's any lack of interest in those factors or denying the importance of them.

所以,Charlie,我这样算是回答到他的问题了吗,还是没有?

So am I getting at his question or not, Charlie?
M2
M234:13

这个嘛,几乎没有什么东西能比微观经济学更重要了。

Well, there hardly could be anything more important than the microeconomics.

那就是商业本身。

That is business.

商业和微观经济学,某种程度上就是同一个概念。

Business and microeconomics are sort of the same term.

微观经济学是我们真正做的事,宏观经济学则是我们只能忍受的东西。

Microeconomics is what we do, and macroeconomics is what we put up with.
M1
M134:31

对。

Yeah.
M4
M434:32

那锚定效应呢?我的意思是,这个你们又是怎么应对的?

The anchoring effect, I mean, how do you deal with that as well?
M2
M234:35

嗯,我们不会被那些我们根本不去理会的东西锚定住。

Well, we're not anchored with what we're ignoring.
M4
M434:38

明白了。

I see.
M1
M134:40

但是我和Charlie确实属于那种——真的会觉得每一种生意都有意思的人。

But we— Charlie and I are the kind that literally find it interesting in every business.

我们喜欢看微观层面的因素。

We like to look at micro factors.

如果我们买——比如我们一九七二年买 See's Candy 的时候,你知道,可能有一百四十家门店左右。

If we buy— when we buy a See's Candy in 1972, you know, there may have been 140 shops or something.
M2
M234:57

我们会去看——。

We'll look at the—.
M1
M134:58

我们会看每一家店的数据,会持续观察它们,还会看那些开到第三年的店,在第二年时是什么表现。

We'll look at numbers on each one, and we'll watch them over time, and we'll see how third-year shops behave in the second year.

而且我们真的,真的很喜欢理解企业。

And we, we really, we really like understanding businesses.

这对我们来说就是很有意思。

It's just, it's interesting to us.

有些信息非常有用,有些看起来可能没什么帮助,但谁知道呢,也许某个存放在你脑子角落里的小事实,哪天突然冒出来,就真的起了关键作用。

And some of the information is very useful, and some of it may look like it's not helpful, but who knows when some little fact stored in the back of your mind pops up and really does make a difference.

所以,呃,我们很幸运,因为我们做的正是我们热爱的事。

So, uh, we're fortunate in that we're doing what we love doing.

我的意思是,我们喜欢做这个,就像别人喜欢看棒球比赛一样——我也喜欢看——但是对那些人来说,比赛这个过程本身,每一个投球都很有意思,而且,呃,每一个瞬间你知道,不管那些球员——比如一次双盗垒很有意思,或者别的什么也一样。

I mean, we love doing this like other people like watching baseball games, which I like to do too, but, but they— just the very act, every pitch is interesting, and, and, uh, every moment, you know, whether the guys— you know, a double steal is interesting, or whatever it may be.

所以,我们的精力其实就是投入在这种事情上。

And, uh, so that's what our activity is, is really devoted to.

而且,我们也会聊这类事情。

And, and we talk about that sort of thing.
M2
M235:52

我们会尽量避免最糟糕的一种锚定效应,那就是你自己先前得出的结论。

We try and avoid the worst anchoring effect, which is always your previous conclusion.

我们真的会努力推翻自己以前的想法。

We really try and destroy our previous ideas.
M1
M136:03

Charlie 说,如果你不同意某个人的看法,那你应该能把对方的立场讲得比他自己还要好。

Charlie says that if you disagree with somebody, you ought to be able to state their case better than they can.
F2
F236:13

完全正确。

Absolutely.
M1
M136:13

到了那个时候,你才算有资格跟他们持不同意见。

And at that point, you've earned the right to disagree with them.
M2
M236:16

不然的话,你就该闭嘴。

Otherwise, you should keep quiet.

要是每个人都照我这套来,我们的政治环境会好得不得了。

It would do wonders for our politics if everybody followed my system.
M1
M136:30

Warren,有什么对你来说既明显、但别人又很难抓住的真相,让你能够比大众看得更远,建立起清晰的思维框架,并打造出一个具有历史意义、实力强大的机构和品牌?

Warren, what elusive yet obvious-to-you truth has allowed you to think ahead of the crowd and build a clear mental framework to produce a historically significant institution, powerhouse brand?

Charlie,你也是一样。

And Charlie, same to you.
M4
M436:45

有没有什么明显到你一眼就能看出来、但很多人却会强烈反对的真相?

What obvious truth presents itself so clearly to you, but many would fervently disagree with you upon?
M1
M136:56

我想我明白这个问题了。你知道,就投资这件事来说,我一直非常感谢 Ben Graham,是他让我学到了很多;而在商业方面,我也非常感谢 Charlie,他让我懂了很多东西。

I think I got the question, and I, you know, I always owe a great deal to Ben Graham in terms of learning about investing, and I learned— I owe a great deal to Charlie in terms of learning a lot about business.

另外,我也一直都在观察——我的意思是,我这一辈子都在看各种企业,研究为什么有些行得通,为什么有些行不通。

And then I've also been around— I mean, I spent a lifetime, you know, looking at businesses and why some work and why some don't work.

你知道,就像 Yogi Berra 说的那样,光靠观察,你就能看出很多东西。

You know, as Yogi Berra said, you can see a lot just by observing.

这基本上就是我和 Charlie 很长一段时间以来一直在做的事。

And that's pretty much what Charlie and I have been doing for a long time.

而且你确实会——我前面提到过模式识别。

And you do, I mentioned pattern recognition earlier.

你知道,我会说,很重要的一点是,要认清什么是你做不了的。

You know, there's, you, and I would say it's important to recognize what you can't do.

所以,我们可能试过 department store 生意,还有少数别的东西,但总的来说,我们只会对那些落在好球带里的机会挥棒,而且是落在我们自己那个好球带里的机会。

So we have, we may have tried the department store business and a few things, but we've generally tried to only swing at things in the strike zone, and our particular strike zone.

其实事情并没有比这复杂多少。

And it really hasn't been much more complicated than that.

做投资这一行,你不需要像人生中某些别的事情那样,需要特别高的 IQ。

You do not need— you don't need the IQ in the investment business that you need in certain activities in life.

但你确实得有情绪控制能力。

But you do have to have emotional control.

我的意思是,我们会看到很多非常聪明的人,做出非常愚蠢的事,而人类会这样,真是挺耐人寻味的。

I mean, we see very smart people do very stupid things, and it's fascinating how humans do that.

你就看看那些已经变得非常有钱的人,后来又用某种方式把杠杆加得太高,结果把一切都赔光了。

Just take the people that get very rich and then leverage themselves up in some way that they lose everything.

我的意思是,他们是在拿对自己重要的东西,去冒险换取一些对自己并不重要的东西。

I mean, they are risking something that's important to them for something that isn't important to them.

这个道理,你完全可以说一年级小孩都想得明白。

Well, you can say you can figure that one out in first grade.

但人们就是一次又一次这么干,你会不断看到那种这样或那样的自我毁灭行为。

But people do it time after time, and you see that constantly, self-destructive behavior of one sort or another.

我想我们大概——这并不需要什么天才——但我觉得我们算是基本避开了这种自我毁灭式的行为。

I think we've probably— and it doesn't take a genius to do it, but I think we've sort of avoided the self-destructive behavior.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M239:04

其实,真正有效的办法就那么几个简单的小窍门,尤其是如果你的性格里同时有耐心和抓机会的能力。

Well, there's just a few simple tricks that work well, and particularly if you've got a temperament that has a combination of patience and opportunism in it.

我觉得这很大程度上是天生的,不过我想,某种程度上也还是可以学会。

And I think that's largely inherited, although I suppose it can be learned to some extent.

然后我觉得,另一个能解释 Berkshire 为什么做得这么好的因素是,我们真的在努力把事情做得体面、做得正派。

Then I think there's another factor that accounts for the fact that Berkshire's done as well as it has, is that we're really trying to behave well.

我有一位曾祖父,他去世的时候,牧师在悼词里说,没有人嫉妒这个人的成功,因为那成功来得公正,用得明智。

And I had a great-grandfather, when he died, the preacher gave the talk, and he said, none envied this man's success, so fairly won and wisely used.

这其实是个非常简单的理念,但这恰恰就是 Berkshire 正在努力做的事。

Now, that's a very simple idea, but it's exactly what Berkshire's trying to do.

有很多人赚了很多钱,可所有人都讨厌他们,也不欣赏他们赚钱的方式。

There are a lot of people who make a lot of money, and everybody hates them, and they don't admire the way they earn the money.

比如说,靠经营 gambling casinos 来赚钱,我就不觉得那有什么特别值得敬佩的。

And I'm not particularly admirable making money running gambling casinos.

而且,而且你知道,我们一点都没持有。

And, and, you know, we don't own any.

而且,而且我们还拒绝过一些企业,其中就包括一家大型烟草企业。

And, and we've turned down businesses, including a big tobacco business.

所以,我觉得,如果 Berkshire 只是特别精明,但没有一点那位牧师形容我祖父 Epp 时说的那种东西,那 Berkshire 运作起来就不会这么好。

So, I don't think Berkshire would work as well if we were just terribly shrewd but didn't have a little bit of what the preacher said about my grandfather, Epp.

我们希望别人觉得,我们的成功来得很公平,而且钱也用得很明智。

We, we want to have people think of us as having won fairly and used wisely.

这很管用。

It works.
M1
M140:44

而且我们出生的时间和地点都特别幸运,你知道。

And we were very, very lucky to be born when we were and where we were, you know.

我是说,我们—— 你完全可以把我们丢到另一个时代,或者世界上别的地方。再想想你有 Uncle Fred,是多么幸运。

And I mean, we— you could have dropped us at some other place in time or some other part of the world. And think of how lucky you were to have your Uncle Fred.
M2
M241:02

Warren 有一位舅舅,我认识的人里,他算是最好的人之一。

Warren had an uncle who was one of the finest men I ever knew.

我以前也给他干过活。

I used to work for him too.

你知道,很多人的亲戚都很糟糕。

You know, a lot of people have terrible relatives.
M1
M141:12

这一点可不是无关紧要的。

That's not an unimportant point.

就在昨天,我和我所有的表亲堂亲聚了一次,还有一大帮人,我们每年都是在股东大会这段时间聚一聚。

Just yesterday, we had a meeting of all my cousins and a whole bunch that we just get together at annual meeting time.

当时大概有四十来个、五十个人吧,不过—— 他们翻出了一些老照片,我有四位姨妈,都在那些照片里,每一位都是,你知道,我是说,你只要能有一位那样的长辈就已经很幸运了,而我有四位。

There were probably 40 of us or 50 of us there, but— and they were pulling out some old pictures, and 4— I had 4 aunts, they're all in these pictures, and every one of them, you know, I mean, you were so lucky if you had one like that, and I had 4.

我是说,她们真的是—— 在方方面面,都强化了很多我这种人特别需要被强化的东西。

I mean, they just were— in every way, they reinforced a lot of things that needed some reinforcement in my case.
M2
M241:49

我真希望你当时还能再有两个。

I wish you'd had a couple more.
F2
F241:51

对。

Yeah.
M2
M241:54

那我们现在会更成功。

But we'd be doing even better.
M1
M141:56

他提到了我的 Uncle Fred,不过我的 Aunt Katie 也在店里干活。

But he mentioned my Uncle Fred, but my Aunt Katie worked in the store too.

我的 Aunt Alice 也在店里干活,你身边真不可能有比他们更好的人了。

My Aunt Alice worked in the store, and they just— you just couldn't have been around better people.

我想 Charlie 也会同意这一点。

I think Charlie would agree with that.
M2
M242:07

对,我们真的很幸运。

Yeah, well, we were very lucky.
M1
M142:09

不过,我祖父倒是有点严厉。

Yeah, my grandfather was a little tough, however.

Charlie,跟他们说说,我祖父每个星期六给你发工钱的时候都会干什么。

Tell them what my grandfather used to do when he paid you on Saturday, Charlie.
M2
M242:17

嗯,那可很有意思。

Well, that was very interesting.

你知道,Warren 是个 Democrat,不过他的家庭出身可不太一样。

You know, Warren's a Democrat, but he came from different antecedents.

我给他祖父 Ernest 干过活,而他这个人还真是很 earnest。

I worked for his grandfather, Ernest, and he was earnest.

后来通过了 Social Security 法案,他很不赞成,因为他觉得那会削弱自力更生。而他那时给我十个小时的工钱是两美元—— 那个年代还没有最低工资—— 而且那十个小时可是实打实的苦活。

And when they passed Social Security, which he disapproved of because he thought it reduced self-reliance, and he paid me $2 for 10 hours' work— there was no minimum wage in those days— on Saturday, and it was a hard 10 hours.

十个小时干完以后,我进去领钱,他先让我给他两分钱,那是我对 Social Security 的缴费。

At the end of the 10 hours, I came in and he made me give him 2 pennies, which was my contribution to Social Security.

然后他给了我两张一美元钞票,接着就开始长篇大论,讲 Democrat 的种种坏处、福利国家的坏处,还有人们缺乏自力更生,没完没了,讲个不停。

And he gave me 2 $1 bills and a long lecture about the evils of Democrats and the welfare state and the lack of self-reliance, and it went on and on and on and on.

所以我也算是有合适的家庭出身。

So I had the right antecedents too.

当时是 Ernest Buffett 在告诉我该怎么做。

I had Ernest Buffett telling me what to do.

Warren 和 Charlie,你们很有名的一点就是,谈成一笔交易往往只用一两天,除了握个手,几乎什么都不用。

Warren and Charlie, you're famous for making a deal over a day or two with nothing more than a handshake.

你们也很以自己把尽职调查的管理成本压得很低为傲,而且大部分尽调都是你们自己做。

You pride yourself on the small overhead of doing the due diligence mostly yourself.

其他那些很成功、靠收购扩张的公司,会用内部团队、外部银行家、顾问和律师来做尽职调查,经常一做就是好几个月,来评估交易。

Other successful acquisitive companies use teams of internal people, outside bankers, consultants, and lawyers to do due diligence, often over many months, to assess deals.
M1
M143:29

速度也许是一种竞争优势。

Speed may be a competitive advantage.

你们做过一些非常惊人的交易。

You've done some amazing deals.

但你们这种尽调流程,会不会也让我们承担更大的风险?

But does your diligence process also put us at greater risk?

还有,如果有一天你们不在了,谁来接手?

And if you're ever gone, who will take over?

你会建议 Berkshire 在做交易这件事上,怎么改变我们现在的做法?

How would you recommend Berkshire change how we approach dealmaking?

对,这个问题我被问过很多次了,有时候还是律师问的。

Yeah, I get that question fairly often, sometimes from lawyers.

事实上,我们自己也跟 Munger, Tolles 那家律师事务所聊过,那也是他们问我的问题之一:为什么我们不做更多尽职调查——那样的话,我们还可以按小时付他们费。

In fact, our own—we talked to Munger, Tolles, the law firm, and that was one of the questions I got, why we didn't do more due diligence, which we would have paid them by the hour for.

很有意思——我们在收购上犯过不少错误。

It's interesting—we've made plenty of mistakes in acquisitions.

不少。

Plenty.

而且我们也犯过另一些错,就是没有去做本该做的收购。

And we made mistakes in not making acquisitions.

但这些错误,归根结底总是因为我们对某个行业或者某家公司未来的经济状况判断错了。

But the mistakes are always about making an improper assessment of the economic conditions in the future of the industry or the company.

不是因为一份糟糕的租约。

They're not a bad lease.

不是因为某一份具体的劳工合同。

They're not a specific labor contract.

也不是因为某个有问题的专利。

They're not a questionable patent.

不是那种你知道的,美国每一家大公司做收购时,清单上都会列出来的那些东西。

They're not the things that are on the checklist, you know, for every acquisition by every major corporation in America.

真正关键的不是那些。

Those are not the things that count.

真正关键的是,你是不是看错了最根本的经济规律,是不是对这个行业接下来会怎么发展判断错了,或者说,Amazon 会不会在几年之内把他们干掉,类似这种事情。

What counts is whether you're wrong about whether you've really got a fix on the basic economics and how the industry is likely to develop, or whether Amazon's likely to kill them, you know, in a few years, or that sort of thing.

而我们一直没有发现哪一份尽职调查清单,真的能触及到我们在买一家企业时所认为的那些真正风险。

And we have not found a due diligence list that gets at what we think are the real risks when we buy a business.

就像我说的,我们当然至少犯过,哦,至少六七次错误;如果把那些因为没出手而造成的错误也算上,那可能还要多得多。

And like I said, we've certainly made at least, oh, at least half a dozen mistakes, and probably a lot more if you get into mistakes of omission.

但这些错误,没有一个是靠做更多尽职调查就能避免的。

But none of those would have been cured by a lot more due diligence.

它们也许能靠我们再聪明一点来避免。

They might have been cured by us being a little smarter.

真正重要的,确实不是清单上的那些东西。

It just isn't the things that are on the checklist that really count.

判断一个经理人——我准备为他的企业交给他十亿美元,而他会递给我一张股票凭证——判断他以后在经营这家企业时,会不会跟过去自己拥有它时表现得不一样,这一点极其重要。

Assessing whether a manager who I'm going to hand $1 billion to for his business, and he is going to hand me a stock certificate—assessing whether he's going to behave differently in the future in running that business than he has in the past when he owned it, that's incredibly important.

但你知道,这个世界上没有哪一张清单能回答这个问题。

But there's no checklist in the world that's going to answer that, you know.

所以,呃,如果我们认为尽职调查里有些项目是有必要做的——顺便说一句,确实也有少数几项会覆盖到。

So, uh, if we thought there were items of due diligence—and incidentally, there are a few that get covered.

我的意思是,你总得确认一下,他们流通在外的股份数别是你以为要买的两倍之类的情况。

I mean, you want to make sure that they don't have twice as many shares out as you're buying or something of the sort.

但是,如果我们觉得在评估这家公司未来的经济前景时,有什么重要的东西被我们漏掉了,那我们肯定会深入去查。

But if we thought there were things that we were missing that were of importance in assessing the future economic prospects of the business, you know, we would by all means drill down on those.

但是问题是,比如说,我们当年买 See's 的时候,他们大概有一百五十份租约。

But the question of, you know, when we bought See's, they probably had 150 leases.

你知道,我们买 Precision Castparts 的时候,他们有一百七十家工厂。

You know, when we buy Precision Castparts, they have 170 plants.

肯定会有某个地方出现污染问题,而那些——那并不是决定一笔三百二十亿美元的收购,在五年后或者十年后看起来好不好的关键。

You know, there's going to be pollution problems at some place, and those are—that is not what determines whether a $32 billion acquisition is going to look good 5 years from now or 10 years from now.

我们会尽量把注意力放在那些真正重要的事情上。

And we try to focus on those things.

而且我确实觉得,至少对某些人来说,我们这种运作方式会让事情更顺畅——会减少那种在小事上的争执。

And I do think it probably facilitates things with at least certain people that our method of operation does cut down—you get into squabbles on small things.

我见过一些交易谈崩,就是因为人们开始为某个无关紧要的点争来争去,接着自尊心也卷进来了,然后就开始划清界线,诸如此类。

I've seen deals fall apart because people start arguing about some unimportant point, and their egos get involved, and they draw lines in the sand and all of that.

我觉得我们一旦开始谈一笔交易,就已经占了很大优势。

I think we gain a lot when we start to make a deal.

通常最后都能做成。

It usually gets done.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M247:39

这个嘛,你仔细想想,企业质量通常取决于比你有没有在某份老租约上把某个细节补完整之类的事情更重要的东西。

Well, if you stop to think about it, business quality usually counts on something more than whether you crossed a T in some old lease or something.

还有,那些收购完成后会继续留下来管理企业的人的素质,也非常重要。

And the human quality of the management who are going to stay are very important.

那这个你要怎么核查呢?

And how are you going to check that?

靠尽职调查吗,你说。

By due diligence, you know.

我觉得——我想不出有谁在判断企业质量,以及判断那些在收购后要继续领导企业的人的素质这件事上,整体记录比 Berkshire 更好。

And I think—I don't know anybody who's had a generally better record than Berkshire in judging business quality and the human quality of the people who are going to lead the business after it's acquired.

而且我不觉得换一种做法,结果会有任何改善。

And I don't think it would have improved at all by using some different method.

所以我觉得答案是,至少对我们来说,我们现在的做法就是应该采用的做法。

So I think the answer is that, for us at least, we're doing it the way we should.
M1
M148:28

谈判一旦拖得太久,往往就更容易因为某些原因谈崩。

Negotiations that drag out have a tendency—they're more likely to blow up for some reason.

我的意思是,人们可能会在很小的点上变得很固执,固执其实很愚蠢,但人有时候就是会犯傻。

I mean, people, they can get obstinate about very small points, and it's silly to be obstinate, but people get silly sometimes.

所以我喜欢让事情持续往前推进。

So I like to keep things moving.

我也愿意对对方表现出一定程度的信任,因为通常你给出信任,信任也会回到你这边。

I like to show a certain amount of trust in the other person because usually trust comes back to you.

但是,你知道,现实是外面确实有一些害群之马,而要识别出他们,呃,不是靠看文件就能做到的。

But the, you know, the truth is there's some bad apples out there, and spotting them, uh, is not going to come from looking at documents.
M2
M249:04

就是——

It's—
M1
M149:05

你真的得判断一下,那个从你这里拿走很多现金的人,今后会怎么行事,因为我们是要依靠他们的。

You really have to size up whether that person who's getting a lot of cash from you is going—how they're going to behave in the future, because we're counting on them.

而且,而且,这种判断,和这里面任何别的因素一样重要。

And, and that, that assessment is, is as important as anything involved.

你知道,在出手之前,我们对所有数字和各种情况都已经了解了,也知道我们愿意出多少钱。

You know, we know all the figures and everything, going in, and we know what we'll pay.

所以我们不希望事情在谈判过程中被卡住,呃,变得一团糟。

And so we don't, we don't want things to get gummed up, uh, in negotiations.

如果一笔交易的大条件是对的,那我完全愿意在一些小点上这里让一点、那里让一点。

And I'm perfectly willing to lose small points here and there on a deal if I, if I have the deal on the right terms.

我不相信——Tom Murphy 教会了我这一点——我不相信非要在一笔交易里——

I don't believe in, in making a—and Tom Murphy taught me this.

我的意思是,你知道,你没必要试图赢下每一个点。

I mean, you know, you, you just don't try and win every point.
M4
M449:51

对。

Yeah.
M1
M149:52

那是个很严重的错误。

It's a terrible mistake.

不过,如果你做成了一笔还不错的交易,然后发现有些地方稍微有点不一样,那也没关系。

But you make a decent deal, and if you find something that bends a little different some way, that's okay.

如果你觉得那是恶意的,而且也说明了跟你打交道这个人的人品有问题,那你面对的就是另一个问题了。而且如果你能早点发现这一点,那反而算你走运。

If you think it's bad faith and gives an indication of the character of the person you're dealing with, then you got another problem, and you're lucky if you find that out early.

Charlie,你还有要补充的吗?

Charlie, any more?
M2
M250:14

这个房间里,有多少婚姻幸福的人,会很仔细地去查自己配偶的出生证明之类的东西?

How many people in this room who are happily married carefully check their spouse's birth certificate and so on.

我猜,我们的方法并没有看上去那么少见。

My guess is that our methods are not so uncommon as they appear.
M1
M150:32

对,对,我会想想这个。

Yeah, yeah, I'll think about that.
M4
M450:40

你一直都在强调,投资的时候要从长期角度来看。

You've long stressed the importance of taking a long-term view when investing.

这么多年来,你在 American Express 上获得的可观回报,似乎也支持了你的观点。

Over the decades, your substantial returns in American Express seem to support your point.

你以前也谈到过 American Express 能够随着时间推移不断重塑自己,但现在看起来,这家公司似乎没有别的可替代业务,而且它的品牌好像也没有过去那么有号召力了。

Now, you've talked in the past about the ability of American Express to reinvent itself over time, but today it seems to be a company that doesn't have alternative businesses, and its brand doesn't seem to have the same cachet as it once did.

一个谨慎的投资者,难道不应该——难道 Berkshire 不应该定期重新评估持有一项投资的理由吗?

Shouldn't a prudent investor—shouldn't Berkshire periodically reassess its reasons for owning an investment?
M1
M151:06

嗯,我们几乎一直都在持续不断地重新评估我们持有所有投资的理由。

Well, we reassess our reasons for owning all investments on almost a continuous basis.

Charlie 和我都会这么做,而且我们通常大体上意见一致,不过有时候,我们的看法可能也会差得挺远。

And both Charlie and I do that, and we're usually in a general range of agreement, but sometimes we are a fair distance apart, perhaps.

毫无疑问,支付这个领域吸引了很多非常聪明的人,他们手里也有很多资源,而且——

There's no question that payments are an area of intense interest to a lot of very smart people who've got a lot of resources and—
M2
M251:36

而且变化非常快。

And rapid change.
M1
M151:37

对,而且变化非常快,而且它还会继续变化。

Yeah, and rapid change, and it will change.

我个人对 American Express 的感觉还可以,我也很乐意持有它。

I personally feel okay about American Express, and I'm happy to own it.

我觉得——不过,它的地位一直都在受到挑战,几十年来都是这样,最近这种挑战更激烈了,而且以后也会继续受到挑战。

I think— but their position, and it has been under attack for decades, more intensively lately, and it will continue to be under attack.

我的意思是,这个业务规模太大了,而且这个业务太有意思了,也可能太有吸引力了。

I mean, it's too big a business, and it's too interesting a business, and it could be too attractive a business.

别人不可能忽视它,而且这个领域也很适合一些非常聪明的人发挥才能。

For people to ignore it, and it plays to the talents of some very smart people.

我的意思是,很多真正很有能力的机构会去琢磨这件事,这是很自然的,而且这个市场很大。

I mean, it's natural that a great many organizations that are really quite able think about it, and it's big.
M2
M252:23

所以——很多伟大的企业,现在已经没有以前那么伟大了。

So— a lot of great businesses aren't quite so great as they used to be.

像包装消费品行业,像 Procter & Gamble 这样的公司,等等。

The packaged goods business, the Procter & Gambles and so forth of the world.

General Mills,它们在巅峰时期都比现在更强。

General Mills, they're all weaker than they used to be at their peak.
M1
M152:37

还有汽车公司也是。

And the auto companies.

我的意思是,当 Charlie 和我还——

I mean, when Charlie and I were—
M2
M252:40

我的天哪。

Oh my God.

我一想到我年轻时 General Motors 的那种影响力,再看看后来发生的事,他们把所有股东都消灭掉了。

When I think of the power of General Motors when I was young and what happened, they wiped out all the shareholders.

这种事我当时根本不可能预料到。

I would no more have predicted that.

我年轻的时候,General Motors 在整个经济里就像个巨无霸一样,压在那里。

When I was young, General Motors loomed over the economy like a colossus.

看起来简直就是不可战胜。

It looked totally invincible.

现金滚滚而来,什么资源都滚滚而来。

Torrents of cash, torrents of everything.
M1
M153:03

还想尽办法守住市场份额。

Trying to hold down market share.
M2
M253:05

对,因为他们——对,他们是担心自己会显得太垄断了。

Yes, because they— yeah, they were afraid they'd be too monopolistic.

所以世界会变化,而我们也不可能每次有什么东西比以前优势稍微小一点,就去把投资组合改一遍。

And so the world changes, and we can't make a portfolio change every time something is a little less advantaged than it used to be.
M1
M153:21

但你必须保持警觉。

But you have to be alert.

你得一直不停地思考,看看是不是出现了那种真正从根本上改变游戏规则的大变化。

You have to be thinking all the time in order to— whether there's been something that really changes the game in a big way.

这不光适用于 American Express,也适用于我们持有的其他东西,包括那些我们百分之百拥有的企业。

And that's not only true for American Express, that's true for other things we own, including things we own 100% of.

而且我们有时候会看错,有时候会反应晚,有时候会判断错,但有时候我们也会判断对。

And we'll be wrong sometimes, we'll be late sometimes, we'll be wrong sometimes, but we'll be right sometimes too.

而且,不过这并不是说我们没有意识到这些威胁,只是要判断这些威胁最后只是小问题、还是大问题、还是会威胁生存的问题,这个嘛,你知道,是个很难的活儿,但也正因为这样,我们的工作才有意思。

And, but it's not that we're not cognizant of threats, but assessing the probabilities of those threats being a minor problem or a major problem or a life-threatening problem is, you know, it's a tough game, but that's what makes our job interesting.
M2
M254:05

我觉得,在支付行业里,任何那种已经做了很多年、用老办法的成熟老玩家,可能都比以前面临更大的风险。

I think anybody in payments probably who's an established longtime player with an old method has more danger than used to exist.

说白了,就是这里面的变动性更大了。

It's just— there's more fluidity in it.
F1
F154:18

这个问题来自 Texas 州 Houston 的老股东 Tom Hensley。他说,这些年来,你们一直毫不吝啬地称赞 Ajit Jain,以及他对 Berkshire 的贡献。

This question comes from Tom Hensley, a longtime shareholder from Houston, Texas, who says, over the years you've been effusive in your praise of Ajit Jain and his contributions to Berkshire.

在二零零九年的董事长信里,你写道:如果 Charlie、Ajit 和我一起在一条正在下沉的船上,而你只能救我们其中一个,那你就游去救 Ajit。

In the 2009 Chairman's Letter, you wrote, if Charlie, Ajit, and I are ever sinking in a boat and you can only save one of us, swim to Ajit.

我的问题是,如果我们没能及时游到 Ajit 那儿怎么办?

My question is, what if we don't get to Ajit in time?

请谈谈这对 National Indemnity 和 Berkshire 会有什么影响,以及我们这屋里还有没有另一个 Ajit。

Please comment on the impact on National Indemnity and Berkshire and whether or not there's another Ajit in the house.
M1
M154:47

这屋里没有另一个 Ajit,这一点对其他一些子公司的某些经理人其实也成立,但放在 Ajit 负责的业务上,这一点尤其明显,呃,因为确实有那么几年,我们那个业务团队里大概也就二十五个人左右,或者三十个人。

There's not another Ajit in the house, and that would be true of some other managers at some other subsidiaries, but it's quite dramatic, uh, with Ajit's operation because literally there were a few years when we had like 25 or so or 30 people in that operation.

那是一个很特殊的时期,但在那段时间里,这项业务在 Ajit 带领下的盈利潜力惊人。

It was an unusual period to be in, but where its earning potential under Ajit was fantastic.

那种程度的情况,大概不会再发生了,虽然我真希望还会。

That probably won't happen to that degree again, and wish it would.

但他确实为 Berkshire 做了非常非常多的事。

But he's done a tremendous amount for Berkshire.

不过你要说的话,我也可以先从 Tony 说起。

But I could, you know, start with Tony.

你一路数下来——有很多经理人为 Berkshire 创造了几十亿几十亿美元的价值。

You go to all— there have been a lot of managers that created billions and billions of dollars of value for Berkshire.

我的意思是,甚至可能都能上百亿美元。

I mean, and maybe you can get into the tens of billions.

你知道,关键就是你得有一个非常出色的经理人,手上有一大块业务、也有很大的业务潜力可发挥,而且他能把这些潜力发挥到极致。

You know, it's having a fantastic manager that has a large business, potential business available to them, and who makes the most of it.

你知道,时间一长,这个影响是巨大的。

You know, it's huge over time.

你未必会在一周或者一个月里立刻看出来,或者类似这么短的时间里看出来,但当你是在积累资本价值的时候——我是说,你想想 Jeff Bezos 对 Amazon 的价值。

You don't see it necessarily in a week or a month or anything of the sort, but when you're building capital value— I mean, think of, think of the value of Jeff Bezos to Amazon.

我的意思是,没有他,这一切根本就不会发生,你知道。

I mean, that it wouldn't have happened without him, you know.

而你看到的,是巨大的价值。

And you're looking at huge values.

我还能举出别的例子。

And I can name other situations.

你知道,Tom Murphy 和 Dan Burke 的价值,就体现在从零到他们后来做到的那个成果之间的差距。

Uh, you know, the value of Tom Murphy and Dan Burke was the difference between zero and what they ended up with.

我的意思是,他们是从 Albany 一家破产的 UHF 电视台,把那摊子一步步做起来的。

I mean, they built that thing from a bankrupt UHF station in Albany.

倒不是说他们发明了电视,或者类似那种东西。

It wasn't that they were— they didn't invent television or anything of the sort.

他们只是把它经营得特别好。

They just managed it so well.

所以,真正杰出的管理者,是无价的。

So really outstanding managers, they're invaluable.

我们想和他们保持一致——Charlie 和我自己做不到这一切,但我们希望能和他们站在一起。

And we want to align— Charlie and I can't do it ourselves, but we want to align ourselves with them.

然后,你知道,也让他们像我们热爱 Berkshire 一样去看待 Berkshire。

And then, you know, have them feel about Berkshire the way we feel about it.

如果我们能做到这一点,那我们就拥有了一项巨大的资产,而这一点我们在 Ajit,还有其他几位经理人身上,确实已经有了。

And if we do that, we have an enormous asset, and we do have in Ajit and a number of the other managers.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M2
M257:03

对,而且 Ajit 比我们还能在岗更久。

Yes, and Ajit has a longer shelf life than we do.

要是少了他,那真会特别让人怀念。

He'd be particularly missed.
M1
M157:14

哎,Charlie,咱们先别这么早放弃啊。

Well, let's not give up here, Charlie.

我可不接受这种失败主义。

I reject such defeatism.
M2
M257:24

Cliff。

Cliff.