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2008年股东大会 · 巴菲特:先看懂生意,否则看再多财报也没有意义

43 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 4:13
M1
M10:00

大家好,我叫 Stuart Kay,来自 New York City。

Hello, my name is Stuart Kay and I'm from New York City.

我想问一下,如果你不能和管理层交流,不能看年报,也不知道一家公司的股价,只允许你看这家公司的财务报表,那你会看什么指标,来帮助你判断这家公司该不该买?

I wanted to know if you could not talk with management, could not read an annual report, and did not know the stock price of a company, but were only allowed to look at the financial statements of a company, what metric would you look at to help you determine whether you should buy a company?
M2
M20:30

嗯,我们做投资的时候,其实我们在做的事,或者说所有人做投资时在做的事,都是现在先拿出钱来,以后再收回更多的钱。

Well, what we're doing in investment, and what everybody is doing in investment, is they're laying out money now to get more money back later on.

现在,我们先把这个资产在市场上的那一面先放一边不谈。

Now, let's leave the market aspect of the asset out.

我的意思是,你买一个农场的时候,真的不会去想它明天、下周或者下个月在市场上会是什么价格。

I mean, when you buy a farm, you really aren't thinking about what the market on it is going to be tomorrow or next week or next month.

你想的是,每英亩能收多少蒲式耳的大豆,或者每英亩能收多少玉米,以及价格大概会是多少。

You're thinking about how many— what the— how many bushels of beans per acre can you get, or corn per acre, and what the price is likely to be.

你看的是这个资产本身。

You're looking to the asset itself.

按照你设定的这个情况,你首先得问自己一个问题:我对这门生意的了解,是不是已经足够多了,多到这些财务报表能够告诉我一些对我有用的信息,让我据此判断未来的财务报表大概会是什么样子?

And in the case you lay out, the first question you'd have to make is, do I understand enough about this business so that the financial statements will tell me the information that's useful to me in making a judgment about what the future financial statements are going to look like?
M3
M31:16

对。

Right.
M2
M21:17

而很多情况下,答案是否定的。

And in many cases, the answer would be no.

很可能在绝大多数情况下,答案都是否定的。

Probably in a great majority of the cases, it would be no.

不过,实际上我确实按你说的这种方式买过股票,呃,很多次了,而且那些都属于我觉得自己能看懂的生意。在这种情况下,如果我对过去的财务情况了解得够多,那它就能告诉我足够多关于未来财务情况的信息,让我可以下手买。

But I've actually bought stocks the way you're describing, uh, uh, many times, and they were in businesses that I thought I understood, where if I knew enough about the financial past, it would tell me enough about the financial future that I could buy.

当然,我没法说这只股票值 X,或者值 X 的百分之一百零五,或者百分之九十五。

Now, I couldn't say the stock was worth X or 105% of X or 95% of X.
M3
M31:44

对。

Right.
M2
M21:44

但如果我能用 X 的百分之四十买到它,我就会觉得自己有了 Graham 所说的那种安全边际,那我就可以做决定了。

But if I could buy it at 40% of X, I would feel that I had this margin of safety that Graham would talk about, and I could make a decision.

大多数时候,我还是没法做这个判断。

Most times I wouldn't be able to make it.

我不知道。

I wouldn't know.

如果你拿给我一堆财务报表,却不告诉我这是什么生意,那我根本没法判断接下来会发生什么。

If you hand me a bunch of financial statements, you don't tell me what the business is, there's no way I can make a judgment as to what's going to happen.

它可能是 hula hoop 生意,也可能是 pet rock 生意,你知道。

It could have been a hula hoop business, it could have been a pet rock business, you know.

但反过来说,它也可能是早期的 Microsoft。

On the other hand, it could have been Microsoft early on.

所以,除非我知道这门生意的性质,否则财务报表其实告诉不了我太多东西。

So unless I know the nature of the business, the financial statements aren't going to tell me much, you know.

如果我知道这门生意的性质,又看到了财务报表,比如说我看到 Wrigley 的财务报表,那我对这个生意就是有些概念的。

If I know the nature of the business and I see the financial statements, you know, if I see the financial statements on Wrigley, I know something about the business.

你知道,在我做出那个判断之前,我现在还得先对它的产品有一些了解。

You know, now I have to know something about the product before I can make that judgment.

不过我们买过非常非常多的 securities,Charlie。

But we've bought lots and lots of securities, Charlie.

Charlie 和我买过的大多数 securities,我们从来没见过管理层,也从来没跟他们谈过。

The majority of the securities Charlie and I have bought, we have never met the management and never talked to them.

但我们主要还是依据财务报表、我们对商业的一般理解,以及对我们要买的那个行业和那门生意的一些具体理解来做判断。

But we have primarily worked off financial statements, our general understanding of business, and some specific understanding of the industry and the business we're buying.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M3
M32:46

对,我觉得有一个指标会让很多人一下子抓住重点。

Yeah, I think there's one metric that catches a lot of people.

我们通常更偏爱那种现金多得快要把自己淹没的生意。

We tend to prefer the business which drowns in cash.

它就是太能赚钱了,以至于持有它的一大乐趣——至少其中一个主要乐趣——就是你会看到大把大把的现金不断流进来。

It just makes so much money that the main— one of the main pleasures of owning it is you have all this cash coming in.

还有一些别的生意,像我老朋友 John Anderson 做的建筑设备生意。

There are other businesses like the construction equipment business of my old friend John Anderson.

他以前形容自己的生意时常说,你一整年拼命干,到年底,你的利润就坐在院子里。

And he used to say about his business, you work hard all year, and at the end of the year, there's your profit sitting in the yard.

手上从来没有现金,只有越来越多的二手建筑设备。

There was never any cash, just more used construction equipment.

我们通常很讨厌这种生意。

We tend to hate businesses like that.
M2
M23:27

对,相比之下,更容易理解的生意是那种每个月都给你寄支票来的,不过公寓楼这种生意本质上就是这样。

Yeah, it's a lot easier to understand a business that's mailing you a check every month than, but that's what an apartment house is.

你知道,如果你拥有一栋公寓楼,只要你对它所在的那个城市多少有点了解,你大概就能把这项公寓资产估得挺准。

You know, if you own an apartment, you can probably value an apartment property pretty well if you know anything about, you know, the city in which it's in.

如果你还有财务报表,呃,那你就可以对未来的盈利大概会是什么样,做出一个相当合理的判断。

And if you have the financial statements, uh, you could, you could make a reasonable guess as to what the future earnings are likely to be.

但那是因为,这种生意是会给你带来现金的。

But that's because it is a business that gives you cash.

当然了,在这个领域里也可能会有意外。

Now, you can—there could be surprises in that arena as well.

但是,但是我确实根据财务报表买过很多东西。

But, but I, I bought a lot of things off financial statements.

呃,也有很多东西我是不会买的。你知道,如果我知道——其实有很多企业,就算我觉得管理层是世界上最优秀的,我也不会买,因为它们做的是错误的生意。

Uh, there are a lot of things that I wouldn't buy, you know, if I knew that—actually, there are a lot of businesses I wouldn't buy if I thought the management was the most wonderful in the world, because they were in the wrong business.

这真的没太大区别。

It really doesn't make much difference.

第六个。

Number 6.