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1998年股东大会 · 巴菲特:如果我是老师,我会如何教授公司估值这门课

36 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 4:10
M1
M10:00

你好,Buffett 先生,Munger 先生。

Hello, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger.

我叫 James Klaus,来自 New York City,我就是想问你们一个问题。

My name is James Klaus from New York City, and I just wanted to ask you a question.

你和 Munger 先生都一再说过,你们觉得我们大学里教的企业估值方法并不正确。作为 Columbia Business School 的 PhD 学生,这件事让我很困扰,这也很正常,因为再过几年,我可能也会加入教授企业估值的老师行列。

Both you and Mr. Munger have repeatedly said that you don't believe that business valuation is being taught correctly at our universities, and as a PhD student at Columbia Business School, that troubles me understandably because in a couple of years I'll be joining the ranks of those teaching business valuation.

我的问题不是说,在教企业估值的时候,你们会推荐大家去看哪些资料,比如 Graham、Fisher,或者 Munger 先生的演讲;我想问的是,对于怎么教企业估值这门课,在教学方法上你们有没有什么建议?

My question isn't what sources, such as Graham or Fisher or Mr. Munger's talks, you would point people that are teaching business valuation to, but do you have any counsel about the techniques of teaching business valuation?
M2
M20:43

嗯,我,我算是很幸运。

Well, I, I was lucky.

我当年遇到了一位非常了不起的老师,就是 Ben Graham,我们当时还上过他的一门课。

I had a sensational teacher in Ben Graham, and we had a course there.

今天在场的观众里,至少还有一位当年跟我一起上过那门课。

There's at least one fellow out in the audience here that attended with me.

而且,Ben 就是把这门课讲得特别有意思。

And, and just, Ben made it terribly interesting.

我们当时走进那间教室,就是直接给公司做估值,他还会设计各种各样的小练习来考我们。

What we did was we walked into that class and we valued companies, and he had various little games he would play with us.

有时候他会让我们根据一大堆数据去评估 Company A 和 Company B,结果后来我们会发现,比如说,A 和 B 其实是同一家公司,只是处在它历史上的不同阶段。

Sometimes he would have us evaluate Company A and Company B with a whole bunch of figures, and then we would find out that A and B were the same company at different points in its history, for example.

还有很多这样的小花样,呃,他就是用这些方法让我们去思考,哪些才是关键变量,以及,你知道,我们又会怎么偏离正轨。

And then there were a lot of little, uh, games he, uh, he played to get us to think about what were the key variables and, you know, how could we go off the track.

我记得有一次,大概是一九六八年前后,Ben 在 San Diego 跟 Charlie、我,还有另外大概九个人见面,他给我们每个人发了一份小小的判断对错测试。我们都觉得自己挺聪明,结果我们全都不及格。

I remember one time Ben met with Charlie and me and about 9 or so other people down in San Diego in 1968 or so, and he gave all of us a little true/false test, and we all thought we were pretty smart, and we all flunked.

不过那就是他教我们的方式——

But that was his way of teaching us that—.
M1
M11:41

教会你们什么?

Teaching us what?
M2
M21:42

教会我们,一个聪明人如果是在玩他自己设定的游戏,而且还专门想骗你,那他是完全能干得很漂亮的。

Teaching us that a smart man playing his own game and working at fooling you could do a pretty good job at it.

不过如果是我来教投资这门课的话,我会让学生一个接一个地做估值案例,去找出每一家具体企业里的关键变量。

But I would, you know, if I were teaching a course on investments, there would be simply one valuation study after another with the students trying to identify the key variables in that particular business.

而且首先要判断这些变量到底有多可预测,因为这是第一步。

And evaluating how predictable they were first, because that is the first step.

如果一个东西根本没那么可预测,那就别碰了。

If something is not very predictable, forget it.

你知道,你没必要把每一家公司都看对。

You know, you don't have to be right about every company.

你这一辈子只要做出少数几个正确的好决策就够了。

You have to make a few good decisions in your lifetime.

但是,当你找到一家公司的时候——重要的是,你要知道,自己什么时候是真的找到了这样一家公司:你确实知道它的关键变量是什么,哪些最重要,而且你也确实觉得自己把这些东西看准了。

But then when you find— the important thing is to know when you find one where you really do know the key variables, which ones are important, and you do think you've got a fix on them.

我们这些年——我们做得好的地方在于,Charlie 和我相对于我们的净资产规模,做过大概十几个非常重大的决策,不过其实下得还没有本该下得那么重。

Where we've been— where we've done well, Charlie and I made a dozen or so very big decisions relative to net worth, but not as big as they should have been.

而且在做这些决定之前,我们就知道自己是对的。

And we've known we were right based on those going in.

我的意思是,那些事情其实并没有那么复杂,我们也知道自己盯住的是对的变量,而且那些变量是决定性的。

I mean, they just weren't that complicated, and we knew we were focusing on the right variables and that they were dominant.

我们也知道,虽然我们没法把它精确到小数点后五位之类的程度,但是,我们大体上知道自己判断得没错。

And we knew that even though we couldn't take it out to 5 decimal places or anything like that, we, we knew that in a general way we were right about them.

这就是我们在找的,fat pitch。

And that's what we look for, the fat pitch.

这也是我会教的东西,努力教学生去做到这一点。

And that's what I would be teaching, trying to teach students to do.

我不会去教他们,让他们以为自己能做到不可能的事。

And I would not try to teach them to think they could do the impossible.
M1
M13:10

Charlie 呢?

Charlie?
M3
M33:11

对,如果你打算教企业估值,而你希望做到的是,呃,像人们教房地产评估那样去教,那么你的学生在学完这门课之后,就能够拿任何一家公司来做估值,并且给出一个评估结果,真正说明这家公司的未来前景,相对于它当前的市场价格到底怎么样。

Yes, if you're planning to teach business valuation and what you hope to do is, uh, teach the way people teach real estate appraising, so you can take any company and your students, after studying your course, will be able to give you an appraisal of that company which will indicate really its future prospects compared to its market price.

我觉得你这是在试着做一件根本不可能的事。

I think you're attempting the impossible.
M2
M23:48

对,可能到了期末考试的时候,我会拿一家 internet company 来出题,我会说,期末考试的题目就是:这家公司值多少钱?

Yeah, probably on the final exam I would, I would take an internet company and I would say, the final exam, the question is, how much is this worth?

不管谁给我一个答案,我都会让他不及格。

And anybody that gave me an answer, I would flunk.
M3
M33:58

对,对。

Right, right.
M2
M24:05

这样改卷子也轻松。

Make grading papers easy too.

好,Zone 6。

Okay, Zone 6.