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2001年股东大会 · 50年代的巴菲特,是如何获得年化50%的收益率的

56 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 6:25
M1
M10:00

早上好,Buffett 先生,Munger 先生。

Good morning, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger.

Buffett 先生,我本来上周在 Gillette 年度股东大会之后碰到您的时候,就想问您这个问题的,但我当时一下子怯场了。

Mr. Buffett, I wanted to ask you this question last week when I ran into you after Gillette's annual meeting, but I choked.

所以现在没有压力了,我就直接问吧。

So now that there's no pressure, here it goes.

根据我读到的资料,在一九五六年到六九年这段时间里,按量化结果来看,您取得了职业生涯里最好的成绩:年化百分之二十九,而 Dow 只有百分之七。

In the years—from my reading, in the years from 1956 through '69, you achieved the best results of your career quantitatively: 29% annually against only 7% for the Dow.

您当时的投资方法和现在不一样。

Your approach then was different than now.

您那时候会寻找很多被低估的股票,相对没那么看重竞争优势或者有利的经济特性,而且卖得也比较快。

You looked for lots of undervalued stocks with less attention to competitive advantage or favorable economics and sold them rather quickly.

随着您的资本规模变大,您把方法转向了买入那些被低估、但本身很优秀,而且长期经济特性很好的公司。

As your capital base grew, you switched your approach to buying undervalued excellent companies with favorable long-term economics.

我的问题是,如果您今天是拿一小笔钱来投资,您会用哪一种方法?

My question is, if you were investing a small sum today, which approach would you use?
M2
M20:49

嗯,我会用我认为自己现在就在用的方法,就是尽量去寻找那些相对于它们未来能产生的折现现金流来说,价格最低的企业。

Well, I would use the approach that I think I'm using now of trying to search out businesses where I think they're selling at the lowest price relative to the discounted cash they would produce in the future.

不过,如果我手上管理的是一小笔钱,那可选择的范围会非常大,跟我现在能用的投资想法范围相比,要大得多。

But if I were working with a small amount of money, the universe would be huge compared to the universe of possible ideas I work with now.

你提到一九五六年到六九年是我最好的时期。

You mentioned that '56 to '69 was the best period.

其实,我最好的时期是在那之前。

Actually, my best period was before that.

那是从一九五一年初我刚认识 Ben Graham 之后开始的。

It was from right after I met Ben Graham in early 1951.

实际上,从一九五零年底开始往后十年,我的平均回报大概是每年百分之五十。

But from the end of 1950 through the next 10 years, actually, returns averaged about 50% a year.

而且我想,大概每年比 Dow 高出三十七个百分点,差不多就是这个数。

And I think they were 37 points better than the Dow per year, something like that.

不过那时候——我当时管理的钱非常非常非常少。

But that—I was working with a tiny, tiny, tiny amount of money.

所以我会把大量公司的资料一页一页仔细翻过去,然后找到一两家我可以投进去一万美元或者一万五千美元的公司,那种便宜简直离谱。

And so, I would pore through volumes of businesses, and I would find 1 or 2 that I could put $10,000 into or $15,000 into that were just ridic—they were ridiculously cheap.

很显然,随着资金规模变大,可供选择的投资机会范围就开始急剧缩小了。

And obviously, as the money increased, the universe of possible ideas started shrinking dramatically.

而且那个年代本身也更适合这么做。

The times were also better for doing it in that time.

但我觉得——我觉得如果你是拿一小笔钱来投资,同时又具备和 Charlie 还有我一模一样的背景、一样的想法,以及差不多我们拥有的那种能力之类的,我觉得你是可以赚到非常可观的钱的。

But I think that—I think if you're working with a small amount of money with exactly the same background Charlie and I have, and same ideas, same whatever ability we have, you know, I think you can make very significant sums.

但是一旦你的资金规模上升到几百万、几千万,预期回报这条曲线就会非常明显地下滑。

But as soon as you start getting the money up into the millions, many millions, the curve on expectable results falls off just dramatically.

不过这就是这个事情的本质。

But that's the nature of it.

你得明白,等你到了可以一笔投进去几百万美元的那种标的时,就会有很多竞争者也在盯着。

You've got to, you know, when you've—when you get up to things you can put millions of dollars into, you've got a lot of competition looking at that.

而他们的看法方式,已经不像我刚开始投资时那样了。

And they're not looking as I did when I started.

我刚开始的时候,是把那些手册一页一页全部翻过去的。

When I started, I went through the pages of the manuals page by page.

我的意思是,我大概看了 Moody's Industrial、Transportation、Banks and Finance 这些手册里的两万页内容。

I mean, I probably went through 20,000 pages in the Moody's Industrial, Transportation, Banks and Finance manuals.

而且我看了两遍。

And I did it twice.

我实际上,确实把每一家公司都看过了。

And I actually, you know, looked at every business.

当然,有些公司我看得没那么仔细。

I didn't look very hard at some.

不过,用这种办法去投资几千万美元或者上亿美元,显然是不现实的。

Well, that's not a practical way to invest tens or hundreds of millions of dollars.

所以我要说,如果你手里管的是一小笔钱,而且你对这个行业真的有兴趣,也愿意下功夫去做,你就能——只要你肯做,你就一定能找到机会。

So I would say if you're working with a small sum of money that— and you're really interested in the business and willing to do the work, you can— you will find something if you work.

这一点我心里毫不怀疑。

There's no question about it in my mind.

你会找到一些东西,它们能带来的回报,和我们能做到的相比,前景会大得多。嗯,对,我觉得这没错。

You will find some things that promise very large returns compared to what we will be able to deliver. Well, yeah, I think that's right.
M3
M33:35

一个很聪明的人,如果没法从别人那里拿到钱,只能拿着一小笔资金自己做,那他大概就应该去研究那些非常冷门的股票,去找那种不寻常的错误定价机会。

A brilliant man who can't get any money from other people and is working with a very small sum probably should work in very obscure stocks, searching out unusual mispriced opportunities.

但是,你知道,那个圈子实在太小了。

But, you know, you could— that's such a small world.

这也许能让某一个人做起来,但过程会非常漫长、非常辛苦。

It may be a way for one person to come up, but it's a long slog.
M2
M24:08

对,可惜的是,Wall Street 上大多数聪明人都觉得,他们想赚很多钱,更容易得多的办法就是——不管用什么方式——从别人的钱上抽成,或者提供某种服务让别人买单。我的意思是,把人的希望和贪婪变现,你知道,是一条能赚到巨额财富的路。

Yeah, most smart people, unfortunately, in Wall Street figure that they can make a lot more money a lot easier just by, one way or another, you know, getting an override on other people's money or delivering services in some way that people— I mean, the monetization of hope and greed, you know, is a way to make a huge amount of money.

而现在这种情况特别——就拿 hedge funds 来说吧。

And right now it's very— just take hedge funds.

我是说,上个月我接到过几个朋友的电话,他们对投资根本一窍不通。

I mean, it's— I've had calls from a couple friends in the last month that don't know anything about investing money.

他们自己做什么都不顺,也都没什么成绩。

They've been unsuccessful and everything else.

然后,你知道,其中一个前几天还打电话给我,说,嗯,我正在成立一个小型 hedge fund,他说的是一亿两千五百万美元,你知道。

And, you know, one of them called me the other day and said, well, I'm forming a small hedge fund, $125 million he was talking about, you know.

好像因为“才”一亿两千五百万美元,我们也许应该投个一千万美元进去之类的。

Like the thought that since it was only $125 million, maybe we ought to put in $10 million or something of the sort.

我的意思是,如果你去看这个人过去二十年 1040 报税表上的 Schedule D,你知道,你会觉得他更适合去割草坪。

I mean, if you looked at this fellow's Schedule D on his 1040 for the last 20 years, you know, you'd think he ought to be mowing lawns.
M3
M35:04

对。

Yeah.
M2
M25:05

但他也许还真能募到这一亿两千五百万美元。

But he may get his $125 million.

我是说,你知道,在牛市里,人们居然这么愿意随手把钱扔出去,真让我吃惊,因为他们,你知道,会觉得赚钱很容易。

I mean, you know, and it's just astounding to me how willing people are during a bull market just to— just to toss money around, because they, you know, they think it's easy.

当然,几年前他们对 internet stocks 也是这种感觉。

And of course, that's what they felt about internet stocks a few years ago.

到了明年,他们又会去追别的东西。

They'll think about something else next year too.

但最近这些年,Wall Street 上赚到最大钱的人,并不是靠出色的业绩,而是靠出色的宣传。

But the biggest money made, you know, in Wall Street in recent years has not been made by great performance, but it's been made by great promotion.
M1
M15:42

对。

Yeah.
M3
M35:44

Charlie,你有什么要补充的吗?

Charlie, do you have anything?

嗯,我会说得更重一点。

Well, I would state it even more strongly.

我觉得现在这个局面很不堪。

I think the current scene is obscene.

我觉得市场里的狂热太多了,追逐快钱的人太多了,关于投资的误导性销售材料也太多了。

I think there's too much mania, there's too much chasing after easy money, there's too much misleading sales material about investments.

电视上也有太多内容在强调股票投机。

There's too much on the television emphasizing speculation in stocks.
M2
M26:24

Zone 7。

Zone 7.