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1280 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 140:26
M1
M10:00

你正在收听 TIP。

You're listening to TIP.
M2
M20:03

嗨,大家好。

Hi there.

我特别高兴向大家介绍 Chris Davis,他是我们今天这期 Richer, Wiser, Happier podcast 的特别嘉宾。

I'm thrilled to introduce Chris Davis, who's our special guest on today's episode of the Richer, Wiser, Happier podcast.

Chris 是一位非常知名、而且见解极其深刻的投资人,他职业生涯的大部分时间都在一家叫 Davis Advisors 的投资公司度过。

Chris is a very well-known and extremely insightful investor who spent most of his career at an investment firm called Davis Advisors.

他有一点很特别,就是他来自一个跨越好几代、都非常杰出的投资世家。

One thing that's unusual about him is that he belongs to a multi-generational family of exceptional investors.

他的父亲是一位传奇基金经理,叫 Shelby Davis;他的祖父则是一位传奇个人投资者,叫 Shelby Cullom Davis。据说他祖父在职业生涯结束时,把最初十万美元的投资做到了大约八亿美元。

His father was a legendary fund manager named Shelby Davis, and his grandfather was a legendary private investor named Shelby Cullom Davis, who famously turned an initial investment of $100,000 into something like $800 million by the end of his career.

所以 Chris 是这个顶级投资家族的第三代,从上世纪四十年代末开始,他们就在股市里持续积累了一笔又一笔财富。

So Chris is the 3rd generation in this dynasty of elite investors who've built a series of fortunes in the stock market going back to the late 1940s.

而且你等会儿在这段对话里也会听出来,他还是一位格外有魅力、热情洋溢、特别会聊天的人。

As you'll hear in this conversation, he's also an unusually charming and ebullient and engaging conversationalist.

所以,他会成为我认识的人里最受欢迎、也最有人脉的投资人之一,可能也就不奇怪了。

So maybe it's no surprise that he's one of the best-liked and best-connected investors I know.

他和一大批金融界传奇人物都是朋友,其中包括 Warren Buffett 和 Charlie Munger,这两位也一直是对他帮助巨大的导师。

He's friends with an amazing array of financial icons, including Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger, who've been invaluable mentors to him.

他和像 Tom Gayner、Mason Hawkins、Bill Miller 这样的知名投资人关系也非常 close,他还和已故的 Jack Bogle 是朋友,Jack Bogle 就是 Vanguard 的创始人。

He's also very close to renowned investors like Tom Gayner, Mason Hawkins, Bill Miller, and he was friends with the late Jack Bogle, who founded Vanguard.

Chris 也花了很多时间和不少极其成功的 CEO 相处,其中包括 Jeff Bezos 和 Jamie Dimon。

Chris has also spent a good deal of time in the company of a lot of hugely successful CEOs, including Jeff Bezos and Jamie Dimon.

所以从很多方面来说,我会把他看作是终极 insider,能够近距离观察,在商业和市场的最高层级取得成功到底需要什么。

So in many ways, I think of him as the ultimate insider, observing up close what it takes to succeed at the very highest levels of business and markets.

几年前,Chris 得到了某种终极认可——他被任命进入 Berkshire Hathaway 的董事会。

A couple of years ago, Chris received the ultimate seal of approval when he was appointed to Berkshire Hathaway's board of directors.

在那里,他可以在闭门会议中听 Buffett 和 Munger 就他们脑子里想到的各种事情发表看法。

where he gets to hear Buffett and Munger opine behind closed doors on whatever's on their minds.

在今天这段对话里,Chris 和我也比较详细地聊了聊,身处那个核心圈子、在 Berkshire 董事会会议上听 Buffett 谈论风险,以及无论在什么情况下都保持财务韧性这件事到底有多重要,究竟是一种什么样的体验。

In today's conversation, Chris and I talk in some detail about what it's like to be in that inner sanctum, listening to Buffett speak at Berkshire's board meetings about subjects like risk and the profound importance of being financially resilient under any circumstances.

我们也深入聊了聊,Chris 从 Buffett 和 Munger 身上学到了什么——比如怎样通过安排好自己的人生、避开自己的弱点来取得成功;怎样以一种格外诚实、透明的方式从自己的错误中学习;以及怎样借助建立在信任、善意和慷慨精神这些美德之上的人际关系的力量。

We also talk in some depth about what Chris has learned from Buffett and Munger about how to succeed by structuring your life to avoid your weaknesses, about learning from your own mistakes in an unusually honest and transparent way, and about harnessing the power of relationships built on virtues like trust and kindness and generosity of spirit.

希望你会喜欢我们这段对话。

I hope you enjoy our conversation.

非常感谢你来和我们一起聊。

Thanks so much for joining us.

你正在收听 Richer, Wiser, Happier Podcast,我是主持人 William Green。在这里,我会采访全球最杰出的投资人,探讨怎样在市场和人生中都赢得成功。

You're listening to the Richer, Wiser, Happier Podcast, where your host, William Green, interviews the world's greatest investors and explores how to win in markets and life.

好。

All right.

嗨,各位。

Hi folks.

我真的特别高兴欢迎今天的嘉宾,Chris Davis。

I'm absolutely delighted to welcome today's guest, who's Chris Davis.

Chris 是一家历史悠久、声誉卓著的投资公司 Davis Advisors 的董事长,我记得这家公司大概是在一九六九年创立的。

And Chris is chairman of an old and renowned investment firm named Davis Advisors, which I think was founded back in 1969.

同时,他也是一家小而低调、你们当中有些人可能听说过的公司的董事会成员,这家公司就是 Berkshire Hathaway。

And he's also a member of the board of directors of a small obscure company that some of you may have heard of, namely Berkshire Hathaway.

Chris,见到你真好。

It's lovely to see you, Chris.

非常感谢你来参加我们的节目。

Thanks so much for joining us.
M1
M13:31

哦,我也特别高兴能来。

Oh, I'm so glad to be here.

我一直很期待这次对谈,这话我可不会对很多采访都这么说。不过你看待人生、宇宙,还有一切事物的方式,真的让我非常期待这次 conversation。

I've been looking forward to this, which I don't say about a lot of interviews, but I feel like the way you approach life and the universe and everything has made me look forward to this conversation.
M2
M23:44

太感谢了。

Thank you so much.

对了,趁我还没忘,因为我们刚上线之前正好在聊这个,跟我说说这个“我们有三万天”的想法吧,因为这真的是个很美的概念。

And before I forget, since we were talking about it right before we got on, talk to me about this idea of our 30,000 days because it's such a beautiful idea.

再过两个小时,我很可能就忘了我们聊过这个。

And two hours from now, I'm likely to have forgotten that we talked about it.

所以在我们开始聊别的之前,先说说这件事的重要意义。

So discuss the significance of this before we get started on anything else.
M1
M14:02

嗯,我得先从我当会计那段日子说起,因为其实就是在那个时候,这个想法第一次开始在我脑子里冒出来。

Well, I'm going to start, I'm going to go back to my days as an accountant because this is actually when it, when it, I first sort of started thinking about it.

我其实不太会隆重庆祝生日。

And I'm not much of a birthday celebrator.

不过,有一点我一直特别有感触,就是那些被当作人生里程碑的生日,通常都跟十、二十、三十、四十、五十、六十这样的整数有关。

And, but one of the things I'm particularly struck by is the ones that are hallmarks tend to be tied to, you know, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and so on.

可人生真正的变化,其实并不会刚好发生在这种整十的节点上。

Not a lot of life changes around those sort of random decades.

我那时候在 State Street 当会计,做过一份特别糟糕的工作,就是——我工作里有一部分,是要计算货币市场基金和债券基金的 NAV。

And when I was working back at State Street as an accountant, I had the worst job, which is I had to— one part of my job was to calculate the NAV of money market and bond funds.

那就意味着我要按天计提利息。

And that meant accruing the interest by the day.

所以你知道,当时 Lotus 1-2-3 刚出来,我就用它写了个小程序,让计算债券利息、统计天数之类的事情变得更容易。

And so, you know, Lotus 1-2-3 had just come out, and so I was using that to write a little program to make it easier to calculate bond interest and count all the days and so on.

后来我在测试那个程序的时候,输入了我自己的生日,结果算出来,我当时大概是九千五百天大。

And when I was testing it, I put in my own birthday and it ended up, I was at the time something like 9,500 days old.

这差不多就是这个想法的起点。然后我就开始想,你知道,我们一生大概有三万天,或者说,通常大概有三万天真正高产的日子。

And that was sort of the genesis of this idea where I started thinking, you know, we live about 30,000 days or, generally have 30,000 really productive days.

而且我们的人生,其实按每一万天来分段,会自然得多。

And our life divides much more naturally on the 10,000-day increments.

所以过了一万天,你大概就是二十七八岁,差不多那个区间。

So after 10,000 days, you're about 27 or so, 28, somewhere in there.

而且你常常会觉得,前一万天更多是在向外展开,在试验,在尝试新事物、新地方、新职业、新的人、新的城市。那是一个探索的阶段,二十一岁这个数字并不能概括它,二十岁也不能。

And you often think that first 10,000 days is about going wide, experimenting, trying new things, new places, new professions, new people, new towns. It's a time of exploration and 21 years old doesn't capture it, or 20.

等到三十岁来临的时候,通常你其实已经进入了我说的人生第二阶段。

And by the time 30 comes around, usually you're already into what I would call that second phase of life.

所以差不多到一万天左右,平均来说,人们通常已经决定了自己想做什么、想在哪里做、想和谁一起做。

So right around 10,000 days, by then, usually on average, people have decided what they want to do, where they want to do it, who they want to do it with.

前一万天你是在向外拓展,而接下来就变成向内扎深,你知道,就是关系的深度——婚姻带来的、家庭带来的,还有你的 vocation、你的 profession、你的同事关系,这些都会越来越深。

And instead of going wide as they have for the first 10,000 days, it's about going deep, you know, just the depth of relationships that comes through marriage, through family, through your vocation, your profession, your colleagues.

你大概有一万天去执行,一万天去完成、去建立很多某种意义上会成为你人生纪念碑的东西——你的家庭、你的孩子、你的职业。

You sort of have 10,000 days to execute, 10,000 days to accomplish and build what in many ways will be the sort of monuments of your life, your family, your kids, your profession.

然后大概到了五十五、五十六、五十七岁,你知道,差不多就是五十多岁这个阶段。这个时候会发生什么呢?你的孩子长大了,也开始离开家了。

And then right around 55, 56, 57, you know, somewhere in this 50s range. But what happens, you know, your kids are grown and beginning to leave.

你在职业上取得的成就,基本也稳定下来了。

What you've achieved professionally is fairly settled.

而很有意思的是,这会让很多人一下子卸下非常沉重的负担。

And in a funny way, it lifts an enormous weight off many people.

我觉得这也是为什么人到了五十多、六十多、七十多岁,反而往往会变得更快乐,因为你进入了一个某种意义上可以再次向外展开的阶段。

I think it's one of the reasons people actually end up growing happier as they get to their 50s, 60s, 70s, because you're in a time when you can, in a sense, go wide again.

你有了更多视角,也少了那种每天都必须往深处钻的紧迫感。

You have more perspective, you have less of that urgent depth of the day-to-day.

所以,总之,我们刚开始聊的时候,其实就在说这个想法:我们可能都快走完自己的第二个一万天了,现在开始要想,接下来的这一万天该怎么过,也就是这个会把我们从现在带到大概八十多岁的新篇章。

So, anyway, I know when we started talking, we were talking about this idea of both sort of completing maybe our second 10,000 days and now looking at how we think about this next 10,000, this chapter that sort of gets us from here till, you know, around in our 80s.
M2
M27:21

那这个想法会怎么影响你真实的生活方式呢?

And how does this affect the way that you are actually living?

比如说,对这三个阶段的这种意识——

Like, what is this awareness of these three phases?

会怎么影响你对自己该怎么行动、该把注意力放在哪里,以及你现在到底在优化什么这件事的看法?

Do to your view of how to behave and what to focus on and what you're actually optimizing for at this point?
M1
M17:38

嗯,这其实和我看待 investing 的方式是相通的。

Well, this sort of ties in with how I think about investing.

这里面有太多东西都跟预判和准备有关。

There's so much about it is about anticipation and preparation.

所以我觉得,很多人到了三十多岁会经历不快乐,部分原因是他们会有点在想,我的青春都去哪儿了?

So I think a lot of people go through unhappiness in their 30s in part because they're sort of thinking, where did my youth go?

我以前还能做这么多不同的事,现在却被绑住了。

I used to be able to do all these different things and now I'm tied down.

但如果你换一种心态,你其实会很期待这个阶段,期待那种能够钻得很深、能够专注的特权。

And if instead you have this mindset, you really look forward to that, the privilege of being able to go so deep, to concentrate.

我觉得,去想接下来的这下一个一万天,对我产生的一个影响,就是有点把这个想法反过来,去想什么东西会妨碍这一个一万天成为人生中一段非常丰盛的时光。

And I think how it's affected me thinking about this next 10,000 days is a little bit about this idea of inverting it and thinking about what would stand in the way of this 10,000 days being a very enriching time of life.

当然,健康就是其中之一。

And of course, health is one of them.

所以,当你想着要进入下一个三分之一的人生阶段时,这就会变成一个你会花很多心思去照顾自己的时期。

So it becomes, as you think about going into this next third, it becomes a time where you think a lot about taking care of yourself.

你会想着去投资关系。

You think about investing in relationships.

你知道,当你在养家、每天都去办公室的时候,你生活中的很多部分,还有你的社交生活,其实都是被安排好的。

You know, when you're raising a family, when you're in the office every day, a lot of your life and your social life are structured for you.

等到了下一个一万天,人和人之间可能就会慢慢失去联系。

As you get to the next 10,000 days, people can lose touch.

所以我觉得,这也成了一个让我真正投入心力去维系关系、重新激活关系、重新回到一些关系里的时期。你知道,更深入地去了解我孩子们的伴侣和配偶,也确保友谊里有些层面——因为人们,你知道,我们可能会聊到这个——对我来说,退休这件事完全没有吸引力。

So I think it's also been a time when I've really invested in maintaining, invigorating, revisiting relationships, you know, deeply getting to know my children's partners and spouses, making sure that there are aspects of friendships as people, you know, we may get to this, but the idea of retiring has no appeal to me.

我的意思是,我很热爱我做的事情。

I mean, I love what I do.

我总是觉得很令人惊讶,我们居然能因为研究这么有意思的东西而拿到这么高的报酬,而且这本来就应该是一个会随着时间推移让我们做得越来越好的职业,前提是我们没有自己制造出行为上和心理上的路障。

It always seems startling to me that we get paid so well for studying something so interesting, and it should be a profession where we get better over time, provided we're not creating behavioral and psychological roadblocks.

而且,你知道,如果情况确实如此,我希望只要我还能做,我就继续做下去。

And, and you know, if that is the case, I would like to continue as long as I could.

但当然,我也意识到,对我很多最亲近、认识最久的朋友来说,情况并不是这样。

But of course, I also recognize that that's not the same for many of my closest and oldest friends.

所以,当他们开始考虑退休、搬家、去不同的地方时,你知道,过去那些旧有的相处模式就可能会慢慢消散。

And so as they contemplate retirement and moving and going to different places, you know, old patterns can dissipate.

所以我觉得,这真的是一个要好好投入,去为眼前这个令人兴奋的新篇章做好准备的时期。

So I think it's a time to really invest in being prepared for this sort of exciting chapter that's in front of us.

它最后未必会有多好的结局,但一万天,你知道,毕竟是很长的一段时间。

And it may not end very well, but 10,000 days is, you know, it's a long time.

所以我觉得,这当然已经影响了我怎么去想、怎么为那个转变做准备。

And so I think it certainly has, you know, impacted how I think about preparing for that transition.
M2
M210:09

我觉得在 Berkshire Annual General Meeting 上有一点特别有意思,我想那其实也是我们上一次聊天的地方。

I thought it was very interesting at the Berkshire Annual General Meeting, which I guess that's where you and I last chatted actually.

我记得是在全部结束后的那个星期天,我们聊了几个小时。

We spoke for a couple hours on the Sunday, I guess, after it all ended.

当时大家都已经走了。

And everyone had left.

然后你和我还有我的另一位朋友 Einar,很开心地一起坐下来聊了聊。

And you and I had the pleasure of sitting down with another friend of mine, Einar, and chatting.

我在 AGM 上印象特别深的是,Buffett 有几次提到,他谈到一种想法,就是先把自己的 obituary 写出来,然后再想办法让自己活成那个样子。

I was very struck at the AGM that Buffett said a couple of times, he talked about the idea of writing your obituary and then trying to figure out how to live up to it.

他说,你看,如果你想知道该怎么过自己的人生,那就先把 obituary 写出来,然后再反向推演,倒着往回想。这其实跟 Nick Sleep 提出的那整套 destination analysis 的想法很像,就是先想清楚一个幸福的结局,然后——当然,他们没用这个说法——

And he said, look, if you want to know how to live your life, write the obituary, then reverse engineer it, go backwards, which is really not dissimilar to what Nick Sleep does with this whole idea of destination analysis, of figuring out a happy ending, and then, well, they didn't use that phrase.

然后再倒推回来,去想那些投入项是什么。

And then working backwards, thinking of the inputs.
M1
M110:58

我开始觉得不安全了。

I'm starting to feel unsafe.
M2
M210:59

真是不好意思。这里先来个 trigger warning。

I'm so sorry about that. Trigger warning here.

然后再开始一步一步往回推,弄清楚要到达那里,输入项到底是什么。

And then starting to work backwards to figure out what the inputs are to get there.

很显然,你和 Charlie Munger、Warren Buffett 都很熟,我们之后也会多聊这个。

And obviously you've been close to Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett, and we'll talk about this more.

我在想,看着九十二岁的 Warren 和九十九岁的 Charlie,看着他们以这样一种非凡的方式活过人生最后几个章节、你知道,那些收尾的篇章,这对你怎么理解自己想要如何度过三段人生中的第三段——不管它会有多长——产生了什么影响。

I'm wondering how seeing Warren at 92 and Charlie at 99, seeing how they've lived sort of the final chapters, you know, the closing chapters in this kind of remarkable way, how that's had an impact on your sense of how you want to live that third stage out of the three, however long it may be.
M1
M111:35

嗯,而且这个名单我还能继续往下列。

Well, and I could expand that list.

我的意思是,Warren 和 Charlie 当然是很好的例子,但我还有一位对我影响特别特别大的祖母。

I mean, Warren and Charlie are great examples, but I had an incredibly influential grandmother.

其实,她的照片现在就挂在我旁边这面墙上,她活到了一百零六岁。

In fact, her picture's on the wall here next to me, who died at 106.
M2
M211:47

哇。

And wow.
M1
M111:48

她一百零四岁的时候我还带她去划皮划艇,她一百岁的时候我还让她坐过摩托车。

I had her in a kayak at 104 and had her on a motorbike at 100.

而且她还有国际关系学的 PhD。

And she had a PhD in international relations.

我是说,她真的是一位了不起的智者,也是我的榜样。

I mean, she was an incredible intellect and model.

你知道,我的外祖母——她叫什么名字来着?

You know, my grandfather—what was her name?

Catherine。

Catherine.

对,所以她叫 Catherine Davis。

So that was Catherine Davis.
M2
M212:06

所以,你从她身上学到了什么?

So, and what did you learn from her?

你观察到了什么——

What did you observe that—
M1
M112:10

嗯,她各方面都很了不起,不过这也能和 Warren、Charlie,还有我会放进那个名单里的所有人联系起来。

Well, she was magnificent in every way, but this is going to be a tie-in to Warren, to Charlie, to all of the people that I would put on that list.

其中一点就是,他们一直对事情保持兴趣,一直非常投入地活着。

One was this idea of they kept interested, they kept so engaged with life.

我母亲有一位很亲近的朋友,我们小时候一直很欣赏她,因为她就是那种很有力量、又有点不按常理出牌的女性。

My mother has a very close friend who we always admired as kids because she was, you know, that powerful sort of irreverent woman.

但我看着她慢慢变老时发现的一件事是,她很抗拒科技带来的影响。

But one of the things I've watched as she's gotten older is she resents the impact of technology.

她不想学着用手机。

She doesn't want to learn to use a cell phone.

她也不想用 email。

She doesn't want to do email.

她更不可能去用 Instagram 之类的东西。

She doesn't, certainly not going to do Instagram or something.

结果就是,她越来越与外界脱节了。

And the result is she is increasingly getting cut off.

所以这里的关键就是要一直保持兴趣,知道怎么对你周围的世界持续感兴趣。

So this idea of keeping interested, how you stay interested in the world around you.

我觉得第二点是,他们都一直保持乐观。

I think the second thing is they all kept optimistic.

有一种很常见的“老头病”,就是觉得这个世界在一路走向地狱。

There's a very common sort of old man disease, which is the world is going to hell.

当然,我们会这么觉得,是因为我们已经不再处在这个世界的中心了。

And of course we feel like that because we're no longer at the center of it.

你知道,尤其是在 America,不过世界很多地方也一样,所有营销信息基本都是围绕那些处在人生消费高峰期、处在家庭生活高峰期的人来设计的。

You know, America in particular, but a lot of the world is oriented, every marketing message is oriented towards people in their peak spending years, in their peak, you know, family years.

那时候你是中心,所有人都依赖你。

You're at the center of everybody depending on you.

而我觉得后来会发生的事就是,世界当然会继续往前走,而你会变得没那么重要。

And I think what happens is gradually, of course, the world moves on and you become less relevant.

很多人不会让自己的自我去接受这个现实,反而会愤愤不平地指责世界错了,觉得要是大家都听他们的就好了。

And rather than have your ego absorb that reality, people rail that the world is wrong, that if only people listened to them.

所以我觉得,一种悲观情绪,或者说怨气,就会开始慢慢占上风。

So I think you get a pessimism that begins to take over, or rancor.

所以我觉得,接下来一点就是要抗拒这种倾向。

And so I think resisting that is the next.

所以,要保持兴趣,抵抗那种悲观的倾向。那种悲观说到底,其实就是把你自己走向衰亡的过程,外推到整个世界身上。

So keeping interested, resisting that pessimistic tendency, which is really simply the extrapolation of the approach of your own demise and projecting it onto the world.

还有一件跟保持兴趣有关的事,我在 Warren、Charlie、我奶奶,还有其他八十多岁的人身上都特别常见,甚至包括那之后再往后的二十年该怎么称呼的人,当然也包括我父亲,他八十六岁了还在滑雪,就是这点:他们一直在结交新朋友。

A related one to keeping interested, and I've seen this so much with Warren, with Charlie, with my grandmother, other people who are octogenarians and whatever the next two decades that come after that means, certainly with my father who's 86 and still skiing, is this, they keep making new friends.

你知道,人生里有一件很让人清醒的事,就是人和人老去的方式,差别真的非常大。

They just, you know, it is a very sobering part of life is how dramatically differently people age.

你知道,我小时候和青少年时期特别倒霉的一件事,就是我一直没有进入青春期。

You know, I had the enormous misfortune when I was a kid and a teenager of not hitting puberty.

事实上,直到高中毕业那年,我身高都还没超过五英尺。

In fact, I didn't break five feet tall until I was a senior in high school.

哦,我们就这么说吧,其他一些具有标志性的成长里程碑,也是稍微晚了一些才发生。

Oh, we'll just say the loss of other defining milestones happened somewhat later.

你知道,那段人生阶段因此变得特别难熬。

And, you know, that made that time of life very trying.

但是当然,Charlie Munger 喜欢指出,另一面是,除了 genetics 之外,预测年龄状态最强的指标之一,就是你进入青春期有多晚。

And, but of course, the other side of that, as Charlie Munger likes to point out, is one of the other than genetics, one of the strongest predictors of age is how late you hit puberty.

所以你知道,你当然会看到朋友们以不同的速度变老。

And so, you know, of course you see it with friends aging at different rates.

所以就说到这件事,我奶奶在人生很晚的时候跟我说过,这对她来说非常难,因为她不光活过了自己所有的朋友,甚至还活过了很多朋友的孩子。

And so that idea of, my grandmother, very late in her life, said to me that it was very difficult for her that she not only outlived all of her friends, she outlived many of her friends' children.

所以对她来说,持续结交新朋友,就成了一件非常非常重要的事。

And so for her, keeping making new friends became a very, very important part of it.

所以你知道,当我看这些我敬佩的年长者时,我会说,他们有兴趣心,他们很乐观,而且一直不断认识新的人、建立关系,而且,而且他们几乎没有太多时间用来自怜。

So, you know, what I would say when I look at all of these older people that I admire is they're interested, they're optimistic, and they're constantly meeting new people and pursuing relationships and, and there's not a lot of time for self-pity.

有个朋友说过,每天最多只来一场“器官演奏会”。

As one friend said, only one organ recital a day.

你知道,他们不需要花很多时间去谈身体哪里又不行了。

You know, they don't need to spend a lot of time talking about what's failing.

所以你想想看,说到底,这不就是那种从你的 obituary,或者从你的葬礼,倒推回来过人生的想法吗?

So think, look, isn't it ultimately that idea of living life backwards from your obituary or from your funeral?

这真的是一种非常有用的思考方式。

It is a very useful way to think.

而且就是,你知道,把这种视角一直放在脑海后面。

And it is, you know, keeping that perspective in the back of your mind.

我觉得,这是一个非常有用的练习。

I think is a very useful exercise.

所以,是的,这一点我同意你。

And so, yeah, I'm with you on that one.
M2
M216:11

对。

Yeah.

Ray Dalio 上过播客,我们当时很深入地聊了他最近那本书,我想是叫 Your Principles Journal,主题就是怎样建立你自己的原则体系。

Ray Dalio came on the podcast and was—we had a long discussion about his most recent book, Your Principles Journal, I think it's called, which is all about how to develop your own principles.

那里头有一段,还有我们讨论里也有一部分,都特别让人警醒。他讲的是,你要非常残酷地清醒地知道自己现在处在什么位置。

And there's a very bracing section of that and also of our discussion where he talks about just being brutally aware of where you are.

在那条人生弧线上,也要非常残酷地清醒地知道你爱的人处在那条弧线的什么位置,不管是你的父母、孩子,还是什么人。

In that arc and also being brutally aware of where the people you love are in that arc, whether it's your parents or your kids or whatever.

这样你就能据此调整自己的行为,根据每个人的需要不同,用不同的方式去对待他们。

And so you can adapt your behavior accordingly to people depending on what their needs are.

他有一句话对我影响特别大。他说,到了人生后半段,你真正的任务,其实就是为下一代做好准备,确保没有你,他们也能过得好。

And one thing he said to me that had a real impact on me was he said that your job in the later stage really is to prepare the next generation to make sure that they'll be okay without you.
M1
M116:59

对,你这么一说还挺有意思的。

Yeah, it's funny you say that.

我当时人在 Fire Island,我们那儿有个建在沼泽里高脚柱上的小破屋。

I was out actually out at Fire Island where we have a shack on stilts in a swamp.
M2
M217:08

对,对。

Yeah, right.

我去过那儿。

I've been there.

那一带可不算什么小破屋。

That whole area is not such a shack.
M1
M117:14

嗯,你没看见我家。

Well, you didn't see my house.

我去拜访了一些朋友,他们住的地方能看到海景之类的。

I visited friends who have views of an ocean and so on.
M2
M217:20

确实。

That's true.
M1
M117:20

但我晚上往回走的时候,那个地方是没有车的。

But I was coming back at night and it's a place where there are no cars.

所以我就骑着一辆自行车,拿着一个小手电,往家骑过去。屋里灯全都亮着,所以我能从窗户看进去。

And so I was riding a bike and had a little flashlight, and I was coming up to the house and the lights were all on inside so I could see in the windows.

然后,你知道,我看到的是我的三个孩子、他们的另一半,还有他们的一些朋友,大家都坐在我们餐厅的桌边,有说有笑,闹哄哄的。

And, you know, what I saw was my three kids and their significant others and some friends of theirs, and they were all sitting at our dining room table laughing and carrying on.

那一刻那种感觉就是,你知道,我几乎都不需要走进去。

And that moment of feeling like, you know, I almost don't need to go in.

那真是一个,怎么说呢,我会把那个具体的瞬间算作我人生里最幸福的时刻之一,就是站在窗外看着那一切。

It was such a, it was, you know, I, I would mark it at that particular moment, one of the happiest moments of my life, just looking in that window and seeing all that.

所以我确实觉得,这种想法里有很多真实的道理,就是,尽你所能让自己变得不再被需要。

So I do think there's a lot of truth in that idea of, you know, doing what you can to make yourself obsolete.

但与此同时,当然,你也还是希望在别人心里占据一些位置,希望自己曾经是这个世界上的一种建设性力量,在你的社区里、在你的家庭里,当然,还有更广义的世界里。你总不希望因为你的存在,让这个世界变得更糟。

And yet, of course, wanting to occupy mental space in people's minds and wanting to have been a productive force in the world and within your community, within your family, but, you know, within the world in general, you don't, you know, you don't want the world to be worse off for your existence.
M2
M218:28

我采访那些伟大的投资人越多,就越意识到一件事:很多看起来越来越重要的东西,到头来他们谈的其实都是关系,而关系才是决定一切的东西。

So much of what seems to become most important increasingly, the more I interview great investors, the more I realize the extent to which they're talking about relationships as the thing that determines everything.

我是说,我记得我问过 Charlie,我们能从你和 Warren 身上学到什么,才能拥有幸福的人生?

I mean, I remember asking Charlie, you know, what can we learn from you and Warren about how to have a happy life?

他立刻就开始谈关系。

And he immediately started talking about relationships.

Ed Thorp 也是一样。

Same with Ed Thorp.

我问他幸福人生的秘诀是什么,也就是,考虑到他是有史以来最厉害的 game players 之一,人生这场游戏要怎么赢。

When I asked him about the secret of a happy life, you know, how to win the game of life, given that he's one of the great game players of all time.

然后他又一次开始谈到,你知道,跟谁一起度过时间,显然才是最重要的事。

And he, again, he starts talking about how, you know, who you spend your time with is clearly the most important thing of all.

我想跟你好好深入聊聊这个关于关系的整体想法,因为我觉得,你和你的朋友 Tom Gayner——他上过这个播客,也同样是我的朋友——你们身上一个很突出的特点,就是你们建立这种非同寻常关系的能力。

I wanted to talk to you about this whole idea of relationships in some depth, because I think one of the things that's distinguishing about you and your friend Tom Gayner, who's been on the podcast and who's a friend of mine as well, is your ability to have these extraordinary relationships.

你知道,你有一个特别惊人的朋友圈,里面有很多了不起的朋友,包括 Buffett、Munger、Bill Miller、Mason Hawkins、我们刚提到的 Tom Gayner,还有 Bryan Lawrence。

You know, you have this incredible network of remarkable friends that includes people like Buffett and Munger and Bill Miller and Mason Hawkins and Tom Gayner, as we mentioned, and Bryan Lawrence.

所以这里面有很多卓越的投资人,也有很多卓越的人,本质上都是那种非常正直、才华极其出众的人。

So a lot of remarkable investors and remarkable human beings, sort of very high integrity, extraordinarily talented people.

我想知道你能不能谈谈你是怎么做到的,还有你观察这些建立关系的大师——Tom 会把这种关系叫做 trust-based relationships——你看到他们是怎么做的,因为在我看来,这既是人生里一种非凡的竞争优势,同时显然也极大地丰富了生命。

I wonder if you could talk about how you've done it and also how you observe these masters of building what Tom would call trust-based relationships, how you've observed them doing it, because it seems to me an extraordinary competitive advantage in life and at the same time, obviously enormously life-enriching.
M1
M120:01

嗯,我觉得,还是回到你关注的这一小群有点特别的人,也就是投资人。很明显,investors 这个词涵盖的人,远远比你刚才说的那种重视关系的人要多,对吧?

Well, I think, you know, going back to this peculiar subset of people that you focus on, investors, you know, obviously that's a term that covers way more people than would fit the description that you just mentioned of valuing relationships, right?

事实上,我甚至会说,有一大群人通过各种方式——投资也好,投机也好,交易也好——积累了非常可观的财富。用 Charlie Munger 曾经对我说过的一句话来讲,就是,这些人在这个世界上连一个真正的朋友都没有,而且也是活该。

I, in fact, I would argue that there's an enormous subset of people that have built very substantial fortunes in one way or another, investing or speculating or trading, you know, to quote Charlie Munger, who once said to me, you know, who don't have one true friend in the world, and rightly so.

所以我其实觉得,最终在人生某个阶段高度意识到并承认关系具有深刻价值的投资人,实际上只是一个相对很窄的小群体。

And so I actually think it is a relatively narrow subset of investors that end up at some point in their life highly recognizing and acknowledging the profound value of relationships.

他们玩的是另一种游戏。

They're playing a different game.

我哥哥在我们十几岁的时候有一件 T 恤,上面写着,谁死的时候拥有得最多,谁就是赢家。

You know, my brother, when we were in our teens, had a T-shirt that said, whoever dies with the most wins.

而且确实有些人就是那样活着的。我觉得如果你给他们测谎,他们会说自己很幸福,而且测谎都能通过。

And there are people that live that way and I think they would pass a lie detector test saying that they're happy.

我不觉得那算是什么很像样的人生,但那就是他们设定的活法,那就是他们追求的目标,也是他们获得自我认同的来源。

I don't think it's much of a life, but it's the way that, it's the goals that they set out and it's what their sense of validation, that's what it comes from.

所以我其实觉得,这种情况在投资领域里不是更少见,反而是更常见。

And so I actually think that's more common in investing rather than less common.

我觉得原因在于,想要成为一个成功的投资人,你必须在自己做出的每一笔投资上,都相信当大多数人都错的时候,你才是对的。

I think the reason is, I think that to succeed as an investor, you have to think you're right when most other people are wrong about each investment that you make.

所以这需要某种程度上的傲慢,或者自负,或者说需要极强的纪律性,才能顶住所有那些社会信号。毕竟我们是群居动物,作为一个物种之所以能成功,很大程度上就是因为我们对别人怎么想这件事非常敏感。

So that takes a certain amount of either arrogance or hubris or an enormous amount of discipline to be able to push through all of the social signals that make us herd animals that have helped us succeed as a species by being very sensitive to what other people think.

而且你得承认一个经验法则:大多数时候,大多数人加总起来判断是对的。换句话说,就是定价这类事情。

And recognizing that the heuristic that most of the time most people are right in aggregate, you know, in other words, setting price and so on.

市场大体上是有效的。

The market's mostly efficient.

所以我觉得,这里面有一连串的人格特质,包括你必须投入的工作量。

So I think you have a series of personality traits, including just the amount of work that you need to do.

你知道,你得非常深度地参与到这个过程里。

You know, you need to be engaged deeply in the process.

所以我觉得,要同时建立一个非常成功的投资职业生涯,又把我们可能会联想到一个社区里体面而正直的公民该做到的每一项都顾到,这其实非常难。比如说,确保你去参加 PTA 会议、孩子的家长会、婚礼、洗礼等等。

So it's very hard to simultaneously, I think, build a very successful investment career and necessarily check every other box that we might associate with a good and honorable citizen in a community, making sure you're at the PTA meetings and at the child conferences and at the weddings and the baptisms and so on.

所以你把这些因素加在一起:通常是一种非常非常强的工作驱动力,往往还得有一种不太在乎别人怎么看你、怎么看你在做什么的能力,而且常常还得有对金钱的渴望,对吧?

So you add that recipe together of, you know, generally a very, very driven work ethic, often an ability to disregard what others think about you or what you're doing, often a desire for money, right?

当然,有一部分人会被投资本身吸引,或者至少大多数人也都明白,这的确可能是个很赚钱的职业。

Of course, the, you know, there's an aspect of some people are attracted to investing, or certainly most people appreciate the fact that it can be a lucrative profession.

那这些全都加起来,平均来看,你得到的就不会是一群人格特别健全、热心慈善、关心公共事务的人。

Well, you add that all together, you're not going to get a recipe of, you know, well-adjusted, philanthropically minded, civic-oriented people on average right now.

如果你把同样一张网撒到护理行业里,你大概会发现更多那种你觉得非常有人情味、跟人有很深连接的人,等等。

If you swung that, you know, that cast that same net into nursing, you'd probably find a lot more people that you would feel are going to be deeply human and have deep connections and so on.

所以我觉得,你描述的是一个非常小、非常窄的子群体。这个子群体,我会把他们看作 value investors。这里不是指某一种特定的投资纪律,而是指那种相信从长期来看,能够创造价值的东西终究会被认可;只是这个过程可能要很久,也可能很孤独,等等。

So I think you described a tiny narrow subset, and that subset who I think of as value investors, and not in the sense of any particular investment discipline, but in the sense of thinking that over a long period of time, you know, things that create value get recognized for doing so, and that it can take a long period of time and it can be lonely and so on.

我觉得,具备这些特征的人,确实就开始落到你说的那个子群体里了。

All of these things, I think you do begin to get into that subset of people.

然后我会说,当你真正谈到关系这一层面时,我觉得最终对于长期投资者来说——我现在要把他们和那种可能在做 trade convergence 之类事情的 value investors 区分开来——

And then I would say when you get right down to the relationship part, I think ultimately for long-term investors, so I'll now distinguish between the value investors that might be doing trade convergence or something.

随着时间拉得很长,你会逐渐意识到,个体能带来的差异有多么惊人,他们能给世界带来多大的不同,能给自己的公司带来多大的不同,能在任何一个具体情境里带来多大的不同。

But over a long period of time, you come to recognize what an incredible difference individuals can make and what they could, the difference they can make in the world, the difference they can make to their companies, the difference that they can make in any given situation.

这真的非常了不起。

It is incredible.

所以你会慢慢生出一种近乎敬畏和钦佩的感觉,去看待人能够成就的事情。

And so you gain almost sort of a reverence and an admiration for what people can achieve.

所以我觉得,你最终会对人性有一个更高的评价,因为你把时间尺度拉长了,在很长一段时间里看到了那种影响。

And so I think you end up with a higher view of humanity because you've taken a time horizon that you've extended over a long period of time and you've sort of seen that impact.

同时,你又把它和一种价值体系结合在一起——这种价值体系愿意独立思考,也愿意承担责任。

And yet you've combined it with a value system that is willing to think independently and be held accountable.

所以我喜欢你描述的那个子群体。

And so I like that subset you described.

我只是觉得,如果你把同样那张网撒向 Wall Street,那大多数情况下,筛出来的不会是这样的人。

I just don't think if you swung that same net around Wall Street, that that would be the, that would be the way it would shake out the most.

当然,从某种意义上说,我们也都是互相选择出来的。

And of course, in some ways we've all selected each other.

就像 Bill Miller 有一次跟我说的,你知道,看到那些看待世界的方式和你相似的人过得不错,是件很让人高兴的事。

You know, as Bill Miller said to me once, you know, it's nice to see people who approach the world the way you do, do well.

所以你就会想彼此帮助。

And so you want to help each other.

所以当然,我们会主动去寻找彼此。

And so of course we seek each other out.

我们会议室里有一张照片,是在金融危机最严重的时候拍的,当时我和 Warren 在一起。

I have a picture in our conference room from the depths of the financial crisis, and it was with Warren.

还有谁在里面来着?

Who else was in there?

那张照片里还有 Will Danoff,还有 Mays 和 Bill。

Will Danoff was in that picture and Mays and Bill.

像我刚说的,还有 Warren,我记得应该还有另外几个人。不过有人在照片底下潦草地写了一行字:Value Investor Support Group。

As I said, Warren, I think there were a couple of others, but the caption somebody had scrawled on the bottom was, you know, Value Investor Support Group.

当时大家其实都只是在努力熬过那段黑暗时期。

And it was just all trying to get through that dark period.

所以,你知道,我觉得平均来说,这在 Wall Street 上确实不常见,但我认为关键的决定因素,是我会称之为大写 V 的价值体系。然后还有时间跨度。

So, you know, it's, I think it is unusual in Wall Street on average, but I think that the key determinants are what I'll call the value system with a capital V. And then the time horizon.

我觉得这两点,就是促成那种趋同的一部分原因。

And those two things, I think, are part of what creates that convergence.
M2
M229:13

好,回到节目。

All right, back to the show.

我确实觉得,这里面有某种竞争优势,是我很晚才意识到的。因为我们经常被灌输一种观念,说你想在任何行业混下去,就得锋芒毕露、手肘够硬。

I certainly think there's some kind of competitive advantage here that I was slow to realize, that we are often taught that you have to have sharp elbows to get by in any profession.

我觉得新闻行业就是这样,挺残酷的。

I think that was the case in journalism, that it's pretty brutal.

而且它还有点像一艘慢慢下沉的船,这种环境也很难把人最好的一面激发出来。

And also it was a sort of slowly sinking ship, which doesn't bring out the best in people.

投资行业也是一样,非常你死我活,非常高压,非常竞争。

And in investing as well, very cutthroat, very intense, very competitive.

所以我花了挺长时间才明白,原来这场游戏还有另一种玩法,更像是——怎么说呢——没那么零和,不是非得一个人吃亏,另一个人才能过得好。

And so it took me a while to realize that there's a different way of playing the game that was more, well, less of a zero-sum approach where one person has to suffer in order for someone else to do well.

所以当我想到像 Charlie 这样的人时,我就隐约感觉到,那是一种完全不同的做事方式。

And so I sort of had this sense when I was thinking about people like Charlie, for example, that it was a different way of operating.

我记得 Charlie 大概说过,你看,我们有个很简单的原则:想要一个好搭档,你自己先做个好搭档;想要一个好配偶,你得先配得上。

And so I remember Charlie sort of saying, look, we have this simple system: to have a good partner, be a good partner, or to have a good spouse, deserve one.

还有 Tom Gayner 说,你得先把信任给出去,然后再看别人会不会回报这份信任。

Or Tom Gayner saying you need to extend trust first and then see if people reciprocate it.

所以我的确觉得,这里面有些更深层的东西,这些非常有智慧的人,好像摸索出了一套不同的操作系统。

And so I do, I think there's something going on here that's deeper, that these very wise people have figured out a different operating system.

是我自我欺骗了吗,还是说这里面确实有点什么——他们虽然跟我们所有人一样,都是有缺点的人类,但他们的行为方式总体上还是相当值得效仿的?

Am I deluding myself or is there something going on where they're behaving in a kind of relatively exemplary way despite being flawed human beings like all of us?

而结果就是,他们也因此把很多非同寻常的人吸引进了自己的生态系统。

And they're attracting extraordinary people into their ecosystem as a result.
M1
M130:44

对。

Yeah.

唯一的问题是,你讨论的是一群彼此相关的人。

The only trouble is you're discussing a correlated group.

换句话说,这些成功的人并不是从人群里随机分布出来的。

In other words, it's not a random distribution of people that have succeeded.

他们基本上都是受 Warren 和 Charlie 影响极深的人。

They're people that have been enormously influenced primarily by Warren and Charlie.

而这种关系,它带出的层层涟漪就这么一直扩散下去了。你也可以说 Thorp 在某些方面算是非相关的,虽然显然也有一些历史性的交集。

And that relationship, the waves of that have sort of persisted out and you could say Thorp is sort of non-correlated in some ways, although there were obviously those historic overlaps.

我跟他本人倒不熟,但我会说,对 Tom 和我来说,Warren 和 Charlie 的影响实在太大了。

And he's not somebody I know personally, but I would say that for Tom and for me, the influence of Warren and Charlie is so dramatic.

所以这并不是什么巧合:我们在自己的人生和职业道路上做出的很多决定,都是因为我们钦佩的不只是他们取得了什么成就,更是他们取得这些成就的方式。

It's not a coincidence that we have shaped decisions that we've made in our own lives and our own careers based on our admiration of not just what they've achieved, but the way they've achieved it.

我也会把 Bill Ruane 算进这一类人里。

And I would put Bill Ruane in that category too.

你知道,Bill 以前会说,我知道 Warren 的智商比我高七十点,但知道这一点,反而能帮我做出好决策,因为我不会自欺欺人。

You know, Bill used to say that, you know, I know Warren's got 70 IQ points on me, but knowing that, that helps me make good decisions because I don't kid myself.

而我也能像 Bill 那样,本质上把自己回报里很大一部分委托给 Warren 来实现。

And I was able, as Bill did, to delegate an enormous amount of his return in essence to Warren.

所以我确实觉得,从这个意义上说,他们彼此是相关的。

So I do think that they're sort of correlated in that sense.

不过,嗯,你一开始问的点我可能有点说跑了,但是——

But well, I may have lost my thread on where you started there, but—.
M2
M232:08

不,我觉得这里运作的是一套不同的系统。

No, I think there's a different system at play.

这让我想起 Nick Sleep 跟我说过的话。他有一次说,你看,我也不知道自己到底信不信 God。

It reminds me of Nick Sleep saying to me, he said at one point, look, I don't know whether or not I believe in God.

我觉得他大概是信的。

I think he probably does.

但他说,我相信善,我也相信好的东西会生长。

But he said, I believe in good and I believe that good things grow.

我觉得,当你看到这些人表现得体面、正直,而且最后事情似乎也真的朝好的方向发展时,那里面是有一种很肯定生命的东西的。

And I think there's something there's something kind of life-affirming when you see these people behaving decently and honorably, and it kind of works out.

不过,谁知道呢,也许只是因为他们本来就聪明得要命,所以不管怎样都能成功。

But it, who knows, maybe it is just because they're so damn smart anyway that they could succeed anyway.
M1
M132:39

嗯,这在某些情况下可能确实是真的,但我也同意,我们对那种关于人性的负面叙事投入实在是太大了。

Well, that's probably true in some, but I do agree that we, there's such an enormous investment in the negative narrative about humanity.

你知道,我把这叫作“Lord of the Flies 假设”——好像如果我们被困在一个荒岛上,早晚每个人都会互相残杀。

You know, it's what I call the Lord of the Flies assumption that if we were marooned on a desert island, sooner or later everybody would be killing one another.

但其实根本没有证据支持这一点。

And there's really no evidence for that.

证据恰恰是相反的。

The evidence is the opposite.

而且你越是从物种层面、而不是个体层面去研究 evolutionary biology,你就越会发现,“survival of the fittest” 几乎是对一个深刻真理最严重的误读式表达之一。

And the more you study evolutionary biology at the species level rather than at the individual, you know, survival of the fittest is one of the most grossly misrepresentative articulations of a profound truth that there is.

当然了,你知道,人类在几乎任何维度上都算不上最强适者。

Of course, you know, humans are in no way the fittest in almost any dimension.

我们真正的超级能力不在个体层面,而在合作层面。

The superpower is not at the individual level, it's at the cooperation level.

在语言。

It's at language.

更准确地说,其实是在信任。

It's really at trust.

如果我们没有合作的能力,那我们现在大概还会像人类存在的大部分时间里那样,漂在食物链的中间位置。

If we were not able to cooperate, we would still be floating around the middle of the food chain as we were for most of all of human existence.

合作、信任,还有由此形成的反馈循环。

Cooperation and trust and the feedback loop that comes from that.

那如果你想找一个很精彩的方式把这件事量化出来,我很喜欢的不只是 cryptocurrency 和 blockchain 整体这个概念,因为对我来说,blockchain 最有意思的一个原则——我就拿 Bitcoin 来特别举例——他们怎么叫来着?

Now, if you want a wonderful way to quantify that, I love the idea of not just cryptocurrency and blockchain generally, because to me, one of the most interesting tenets of blockchain in general, and I'll use Bitcoin in particular, is what do they call them?

Trustless networks。

Trustless networks.

也就是说,你是在用技术创造一种不需要信任的交换方式。

So you have a, you're creating using technology, a means of exchange that does not require trust.

那一个很有意思的思想实验就是,哇,要复制出“信任”这个东西,到底得消耗多少能量?

Now, an interesting thought experiment is to say, wow, how much energy needs to be consumed to duplicate trust?

所以你就可以某种程度上得出一个结论:那一定意味着,作为替代品时,信任的效率需要用这么多能量来实现。

And therefore, you know, sort of conclude, well, that must be, in a sense, the efficiency of trust requires this much energy as a substitute.

所以,你知道,你得烧掉大量碳,耗费大量电力,生产大量电力,去制造一个信任的替代品。

So, you know, you've gotta burn a lot of carbon and burn a lot of electricity, generate a lot of electricity to generate a substitute for trust.

那现在再想想另一面。

Now think of the other side.

你想想这种在一张靠赢得来的信任织成的网络里运作的方式,我们通常是在道德层面谈这个,说这是好的,是对的行为方式,好像你得对“善”的力量有某种形而上的信念。

You think about this idea of operating in a web of earned trust, and we talk about it on a moral plane, that this is good, you know, good, the right way to behave, that you have to have some metaphysical belief in the power of good.

但你也完全可以非常功利地说,信任是效率的一个不可思议的来源,尤其是在商业里。

But you could be entirely mercenary and simply say trust is an incredible source of efficiency in, particularly in business.

我还会说,在生活里也是。而有点讽刺的是,你知道,Bitcoin 恰恰展示了,要替代信任,得消耗多少能量。

I would also say in life, and that ironically, you know, Bitcoin is a demonstration of how much energy has to be consumed to replace trust.

所以,你知道,我们这儿有一些做交易很多年的人,他们在电话里——我这里是泛泛地说——下的单子可能涉及几十亿美元。

So, you know, we have traders that have been in the business a long period of time and they're on the phone, you know, sort of generalized here, but they're putting in trades that may involve, you know, billions of dollars.

而且每年都会有一些案例,是某个地方出了差错。

And there are cases every year where there has been a mistake made somewhere.

我说的不是投资判断失误。

And I don't mean an investment mistake.

我是说,有人可能一不小心把零写错了一位,或者说错了,或者听错了。

I mean somebody, you know, inadvertently, you know, put a zero in the wrong place or, you know, misspoke or misheard.

而令人惊讶的是,很多问题最后都能被化解掉,因为对方会说,哦,对,没事,我们来处理。

And it is amazing how much is undone because the person on the other side says, oh yeah, we'll figure that out.

我们,你知道,这不是 survival of the fittest。

We, you know, it's not a survival of the fittest.

而是一种看法:我们身处一个系统里,我信任你,你也信任我。

It's this view that we are in a system where I trust you and you trust me.

所以,看着这种机制怎么运作,再看它在像 Berkshire 这样的公司里大规模运作,真的很惊人——那种效率,还有如果没有这种信任你得额外做多少事情。

And so, watching the way that operates and watching it at scale at a company like Berkshire, you know, it's staggering, the efficiency and how much you would need to do.

你光想想一笔交易的 due diligence 就知道了。

Just think of due diligence on a transaction.

你想想看,investment bankers 还有 consultants,光是为了给一笔交易做 due diligence,会收多少钱。

Think of what the investment bankers charge and the consultants just to do due diligence on a transaction.

你也可以把这看成像 crypto 一样,人们之所以愿意花这些钱,就是因为他们没有 trust。

You could view that as like with the crypto, that is what people are paying because they don't have trust.

所以他们花了那么多钱,然后结果真的会更好吗?

So they pay all that and then do they get a better outcome?

我觉得并不会。

I don't think so.

我的意思是,我觉得 Berkshire 就是一个例子,省下来的那些 due diligence 出差、investment banking、auditors 之类的安排,并不会带来一个能提高回报或者避免 fraud 的结果。

I mean, I think Berkshire is an example that all of the foregone due diligence trips and investment banking and auditors and so on would not have produced an outcome that would've raised returns or avoided fraud.

某种程度上,trust 最后反而成了一种 superpower。

In a way, trust ended up to be a superpower on it.

所以,我觉得这是一种正确的生活方式;而且就算我不从这个角度去想,任何人如果看不出——尤其是在商业环境里——在一个由 trust 构成的网络中运作,有多么巨大的力量,那也挺奇怪的。

So, I think it's a, I think it's the right way to live, but I think even if I didn't think about that, it would be a strange thing for somebody to fail to recognize what enormous power there is in having a, certainly in a business context, operating in a web of trust.

确实。

It is.

而且就像我说的,这肯定也是一种更有意思、更愉快的人生过法。

And as I say, it's certainly a more fun way to go through life.

我可不想拿别的东西来替代它。

I wouldn't want to substitute it.
M2
M237:42

所以,嗯,如果你反过来看,这也很有意思,对吧?

So, well, it's also interesting if you invert it, right?

你再回到 Charlie 在 annual general meeting 上说的话,他当时讲的是要避开 toxic people,他说,听着,把 toxic people 从你的生活里清出去,而且要快。

And you go back to what Charlie was saying at the annual general meeting where he was talking about avoiding toxic people and he said, look, get toxic people out of your life and do it fast.

当时有个特别精彩的瞬间,Warren 说,嗯,如果可能的话,还是尽量 tactfully 一点。

And there was a wonderful moment where Warren said, well, do it tactfully if possible.

Charlie 的意思差不多就是,嗯,我不介意稍微有点 tact,但总之就是赶紧把他们从你的生活里弄出去。

And Charlie was like, yeah, I don't mind a little tact, but just get 'em outta your life.

所以某种意义上,这又回到了 Tom 刚才的评论,就是你会想先把 trust 先给出去。

And so it's, in a way it gets back to Tom's comment that you want to extend trust first.

但如果别人不 reciprocate,那你可得赶紧离他们远远的。

But if people don't reciprocate, boy, do you get away from them quickly.
M1
M138:16

嗯,对我来说,Phil,举个例子,我喜欢 stocks 的一个原因,就是它不是一种需要谈判的交易。

Well, for me, Phil, for example, one of the things I love about stocks is it's not a negotiated transaction.

如果我回头看我整个职业生涯里,我个人做过的 private deals,作为公司我们有些做得非常成功,但如果只看我自己做的那些,成绩其实挺差的。

And if I look over my whole career at the private deals I've done personally, as a firm, we've done some with great success, but when I look at the ones that I've done personally, it's a pretty poor record.

而且之所以特别差,是因为我很难想象自己看着别人的眼睛还去撒谎。

And it's particularly poor because I can't imagine looking somebody in the eye and lying.

所以你知道,当你处在一笔要和卖家谈判的交易里时,我在这方面真的很不擅长。

And so, you know, when you're in a negotiated transaction with a seller, I am terrible at that.

我不会——我喜欢 stocks 的地方就在于,价格已经摆在那里了。

I would not— what I love about stocks is the price is set.

我不需要跟对方谈判。

I'm not negotiating with the other person.

也就是说,我把这看作是我自己的一个弱点,而不是优点;但我一直能把自己的生活结构安排好,所以我没法做一个强硬谈判者这件事,并没有伤到我。

That is, I view that as a weakness in me, not a strength, but I've been able to structure my life so my inability to be a hard-nosed negotiator has not hurt me.

换句话说,有时候稍微有点天真,然后就接受了——这对我没什么帮助。比如说我买个公寓之类的,后来才发现别人当时满嘴跑火车,像壁炉能不能正常用这种事,他们都在胡说八道。

You know, in other words, to be a little naive and, you know, accept, you know, it doesn't help me when I, you know, buy an apartment or something and I learn subsequently that people were lying through their teeth about whether a fireplace worked or something.

那时候我就会觉得自己像个冤大头。

You know, then I feel like a sucker.

我会想,哦,我本来不该这样,我应该对那个部分做个 inspection 之类的。

Oh, I shouldn't, I should have had an inspection on that element or so on.

但你知道,对我来说,stocks 就特别美好,因为我不用经历那种需要谈判的交易。

But you know, for me, stocks are wonderful because I don't have to have, I don't have to have that negotiated transaction.

还有,当有人骗了你的时候——这也是我觉得 short selling 会是一种特别糟糕的生活方式的原因之一。

The, I think the idea of when somebody has lied to you, it's one of the reasons I think short selling would be such a terrible way to live.

你得,你知道,那个 toxic person,你没法把他从你的生活里清出去。

You have to, you know, that toxic person, you can't get them out of your life.

你得把自己清醒着的每一个小时,都花在研究那个 toxic person 身上。

You've got to, you've got to spend every waking hour studying that toxic person.

你知道,就是想把他们有毒、虚伪、撒谎、偷窃的各种方式全都解释清楚。

You know, trying to elucidate all the ways that they're toxic and deceitful and lying and stealing.

嗯,整个人生都泡在这种有毒的人里面过下去,这条路可不好走。

Well, that's a tough way to go through life immersed in toxic people.

所以我更喜欢 Charlie 和 Warren 的那套哲学。

So I like Charlie's and Warren's philosophy a lot more.

而且就像我说的,你知道,有些场景里,我觉得股票某种程度上提供了一个最完美的环境,你根本不需要对面那个具体的人。

And as I say, you know, there are people where I think where stocks sort of create the perfect venue where you don't need that individual on the other side.

你不需要去跟卖方谈妥什么之类的。

You don't need to come to terms with the seller and whatever.

对我来说,我自己的那些行为偏差会让那种事变得非常困难。

For me, the behavioral biases I have would make that very difficult.

相反,我有一个既定价格,然后我就可以根据这个价格判断该怎么做。

Instead, I have a set price and I can figure out what to do with that price.

所以,那个,我想说的是,这些人身上都有一个共同点,就是一种 Tiger Woods 的招数,我特别喜欢这个。就是,我每次聊到体育都得先加个注脚,说我对几乎所有体育项目基本都不懂,但我喜欢体育,因为我觉得它很有隐喻意味。

So it's, I, you know, what I would say is that all of the people have in common a Tiger Woods trick, which I really love, which is, I, I, whenever I talk about sports, you have to footnote that I don't know anything about almost any sports, but I like sports because I find it metaphorically rich.

Tiger Woods 那次,好像是他的第一次 British Open。

And so Tiger Woods, I think it was his first British Open.

据我了解,当时 Tiger Woods 球技里最弱的一环,是他从沙坑里打出来。

As I understand it, the weakest part of Tiger Woods' game at that point was his coming out of the sand trap.

跟那些这方面最顶尖的人比,他这项并不是特别强。

He was not very good at that relative to the people that were the best at it.

而那届 British Open 举办的球场,正是以那些沙坑出名的,那些沙坑看起来就像是被炮弹炸出来的一样,你知道,又深又吓人的沙坑。

And they were playing the British Open at a course that was renowned for these bunkers that looked like, you know, they were created by a piece of artillery and, you know, these deep, nasty bunkers.

所以媒体当时一直在追着问 Tiger,你知道,你有没有在加强你的沙坑技术?

And so the press was really pushing Tiger on, you know, have you been working on your sand game?

他们在练习轮里看着他训练,而他说,没有,我在练我的开球,还有低杆位的铁杆。

And they were watching him in the practice rounds and he said, no, I'm working on my drives and my low irons.

他们就问,为什么?

And they said, why?

他说,因为我不想把球打进沙坑。

And he said, because I don't want to go in the sand.

结果他打完整场 British Open,一次沙坑都没进过。这真的是一种非常了不起的心智模型。也就是说,如果你能识别出自己的弱点,当然,去减轻它们的严重程度是对的,你不希望自己的弱点最终把你拖垮;但更高明的做法,其实是把你的人生设计成能绕开这些弱点。

And he played the entire British Open and didn't go into a bunker once, which is an incredible sort of mental model to have, which is, and you know, if you can identify your weaknesses, yes, trying to reduce how severe they are, you don't want weaknesses that are going to take you down, but then trying to architect your life so you avoid them is the best of all.

而我会说,Warren、Charlie,还有你提到的很多人,他们做得特别好的一点,就是他们把自己的人生结构搭得很好。

And I would say something that Warren and Charlie and many of the people you mentioned have done well is they've structured their lives.

这样一来,不管他们的弱点是什么,都没有把他们拖垮。

So whatever their weaknesses are, it hasn't been taken them down.

所以你提到了 Charlie 的那种直率。

And so you mentioned Charlie's bluntness.

我不觉得如果 Charlie 去当一家 Fortune 500 公司的 CEO,这种性格会对他有帮助。

I don't think that would've served Charlie as the CEO of a Fortune 500 company.

如果让他管理很多人,这也不会对他有帮助。

It wouldn't have served him as a manager of a lot of people.

而且你知道,当你从一个 platoon 到一个 company,再到一个 brigade,像那些 Roman——就是,会有一个转折点,突然之间你就没法再直接沟通了。

It wouldn't serve him to have to, you know, when you go from a platoon to a company to a brigade, you know, all those Roman— there's a, there's a turning point where all of a sudden you can no longer communicate directly.

你必须开始通过故事来沟通,而且你得允许自己变成某种,你知道,某种被简化出来的自己。

You have to begin to communicate with stories and you have to allow yourself to become a, some sort of, you know, some sort of cutout of who you are.

而这一点,我觉得对 Charlie 来说本来会非常难——当然,我是在推测,但我觉得这会非常难。

And that I think would've been, I mean, I'm speculating, but I think it would've been very difficult for Charlie.

所以 Charlie 把自己的人生安排成了一种方式,让他的这些性格特质不会反过来拖累他。

And so Charlie structured his life in a way where those personality traits of his didn't set him back.

Warren 是个非常了不起的沟通者,身上有一种能自然流露出来的温暖,别人也能感受到;但正如他自己说的、描述的那样,要做那种特别艰难的决定,比如解雇某个人,或者换掉某个人,他会非常困难。

Warren is an incredible communicator and exudes this sort of warmth and people can feel, but he has a very hard time, as he says, describes, you know, making those really hard decisions to fire somebody or to replace them.

所以你看,他作为一家 Fortune 500 公司的 CEO,却把自己的人生结构安排成,随着时间推移,他其实只需要做非常非常非常非常少的这类决定。

So he structured, here he is as a CEO of a Fortune 500 company where over time he's had to make very, very, very, very few of those decisions.

所以他就是这样把自己的人生设计成尽量减少这些弱点的影响,诸如此类。

So he's structured his life to minimize those weaknesses and so on.

所以我觉得,这里面有一个非常有力量的教训值得大家带走:不一定非要死盯着自己的弱点不放,而是尽你所能把自己的人生结构设计好,这样你就能避开其中很多弱点。

So I think there's, I think a very powerful lesson for people to carry out is not to necessarily obsess on your weaknesses, but to do your best to structure your life so that you can avoid a lot of them.
M2
M243:56

我们五月在 Omaha 聊天的时候,你对 Charlie 和 Warren 在人际互动方式上的差别,做了一个特别有意思的观察。

You made a fascinating observation about the difference between Charlie and Warren's approach to human interactions back when we were talking in May in Omaha.

当时我提到有一个人,我尽量不说得太具体吧,但就是有人问了一个特别蠢的问题,我当时说 Charlie 立刻就把它否掉了。

Where I was pointing out someone, I'll try not to be too specific, but someone asked a really stupid question and I was mentioning that Charlie just dismissed it instantly.

就是他完全不会假装那不是个蠢问题。

Like he didn't pretend that it was anything but a stupid question.

而 Warren 的回应方式就高明得惊人,他没有去羞辱那个问了这个蠢问题的人。

And Warren replied in such an incredibly deft way where he didn't insult the person who'd asked this stupid question.

他把这件事转成了一个关于别的内容的、有用的教学时刻。

He turned it into a useful teaching lesson about something else.

这样台下的听众也能从里面得到点东西。

So that people in the audience got something out of it.

而且那种方式特别温和。

And it was so emollient.

特别有魅力,也特别老练。

It was so charming and so deft.

我当时跟你提到这一点,就说他的外交手腕真是高明。

And I mentioned this to you, like his brilliant diplomacy.

然后你说,有意思的是,其实从某些方面看,Charlie 反而才是那个心肠很软的人,虽然看上去不是这样。

And you were saying, the funny thing is actually in some ways Charlie is the soft-hearted guy, even though it doesn't seem it.

Warren 则像是一台聪明绝顶的机器,研究过 Dale Carnegie,还有《How to Win Friends and Influence People》。

Warren is this sort of brilliant machine who studied Dale Carnegie and How to Win Friends and Influence People.

而且按你的说法,他的处理速度高得惊人。

And he has, as you put it, super high processing speed.

所以他能够把这些点全都顾到,也知道该怎么表现,才能显得既善意又周到。

So he is able to tick all of these boxes and know how to behave in a way that's going to be kind and thoughtful.

我就觉得这个观察特别迷人。

And I just thought it was such a fascinating observation.

你能不能再多展开讲一点?

Can you talk a little bit more about that?

我也不确定我有没有把你的这个观察准确表达出来。

I don't know if I'm doing justice to your observation.
M1
M145:22

嗯,我想说的是,Warren 会给每一个来见他的访客看,你知道,就是挂在他办公室里的那张 Dale Carnegie 证书。

Well, I, you know, what I'd say is Warren shows any visitor that comes to see him, you know, his Dale Carnegie certificate hanging in his office.

而且他会讲这件事对他有多重要。

And he talks about how important that was.

现在已经没什么人读 Dale Carnegie 了。

And people don't read much Dale Carnegie anymore.

但真的很值得读。

It's really worth reading.

它非常非常有用,而且是一本很实操的指南。

It's enormously useful and it is a very practical guide.

你知道,它的副标题就是《How to Win Friends and Influence People》。

You know, the subtitle is How to Win Friends and Influence People.

现在我们用现代人的耳朵去听这个标题,会觉得这听起来很不真诚,或者很有操控性,或者像是缺乏某种正直。

And we hear that in our modern ear now, and that sounds very disingenuous or manipulative or somehow lacking integrity.

但我其实完全不同意。

I actually totally disagree.

我觉得那是——它其实是一种方式,你知道,就像 John Wooden 那句很有名的话说的,除非对方学会了,不然你就不算教会了。

I think it was—it is a way, you know, as John Wooden famously said, you haven't taught unless they've learned.

你知道,我觉得这是一种尽你所能去确保,别让你无意中传达出你并不想传达、或者并不打算传达的信息的方式。

You know, I think it is a way to do your best to make sure that somehow you aren't communicating something you don't wish to communicate or don't intend to communicate.

所以我觉得 Warren 是这种思维方式一个非常了不起的学习者。

And so I think Warren was an incredible student of that mindset.

所以你说得完全对。

And so you're absolutely right.

顺便说一句,Ben Franklin 也是这样。

And by the way, Ben Franklin was too.

我把这些记下来了,我本来应该带来的,我有一本小册子,里面记着我随手写下来的东西,大多是书里或者诗里的引文,你知道,从我大学时候开始就在记。

I have written down, I should have brought it in, I have a book of things that I've jotted down, mostly quotes from books or poems, you know, since I was in college.

其中有一个故事是讲 Ben Franklin 说,他认识一些人特别擅长赢下争论,但他们从来赢不到影响力,也赢不到别人的好感,而这些其实对他们更有帮助。

And one of them is about Ben Franklin talking about how he knew people that were very effective at winning arguments, but they never won influence or goodwill, and that would've served them better.

他们之所以做不到,是因为他们在赢下争论的过程中,往往会让对方难堪。

And the reason they didn't is they, in the course of their winning the argument, they tended to humiliate the other person.

这么一来,他们确实让人觉得他们很聪明,但同时也给自己树了个敌人。

And in so doing, they impressed people with their intelligence, but they also gained an enemy.

到头来,这反而拖了他们的后腿。

And ultimately that set them back.

所以 Charlie 会把 Ben Franklin 当成他的 Dale Carnegie。

So, and Charlie would hold up Ben Franklin as his Dale Carnegie.

所以我的意思是,他们两个人都有那种非常深厚、也是靠自己一路磨出来的处世方式。

So, I mean, both of them have enormous, you know, hard-earned ways.

Charlie 有一次跟我说,他穿西装,部分原因是他说,我在别的方面已经太不循规蹈矩了,所以如果我至少穿一身西装,人们马上就会觉得我在某些方面还是挺传统的。

Charlie once told me he wears suits in part because he said, I'm so unconventional in other ways that if I at least wear a suit, people immediately assume I'm conventional in some ways.

这大概是有帮助的。

And that's probably helpful.

不过你知道,这完全就是个很实际的考量。

But, you know, that it was purely a practical matter.

但我确实觉得,Warren 呢,他父亲毕竟是国会议员,所以我想他从小就培养出了这种理解力,这种政治上的敏感度,而且是这个词最好的那种意义。

But I do think that I think Warren is, you know, his father of course was a congressman, so I think he grew up with this sort of understanding, this sort of political sensibility in the best sense of the word.

也就是说,怎么去建立好感,怎么让别人真心希望你成功。

You know, in other words, how to create goodwill, how to have people rooting for your success.

你想想看,他取得了这样的成就,却几乎没有什么敌人。

Imagine the record that he's achieved with almost no enemies.

你还能说出另一个这样的财富故事吗?就是建立起那么大一笔财富,却没有形成一种相当广泛的共识,或者一种很强的看法,说这个人 somehow 就该被妖魔化。

Can you name another fortune that was built where there wasn't a significant consensus or a significant view in the world that somehow that person gets vilified.

我的意思是,你想想围绕 Jeff Bezos、Bill Gates,或者 Sam Walton 和 Walmart,那些不断变化的社会叙事。

I mean, you know, I think about watching the changing narratives around Jeff Bezos or Bill Gates or Sam Walton and Walmart.

你真能举出来的例子其实很少,当然 John D. Rockefeller、Carnegie 这些人都算,但通常都会这样,像 Howard Schultz,你知道,光是妖魔化 Howard Schultz 都快成一门产业了。

And, you know, there are very few you can point to, you know, certainly John D. Rockefeller and Carnegie and all of them, but there tends to be Howard Schultz, you know, there's a cottage industry vilifying Howard Schultz.

我真不理解。

I don't get it.

我觉得这看起来很疯狂,但似乎这就是身处那个位置会附带发生的事。

I, it seems, you know, crazy, but it just seems it sort of goes with the territory.

所以 Warren 能建立起这样一笔财富,同时世界上还有那么多人把他看成一个善良、温和、耐心的存在,这真的很了不起。

So it's an amazing thing for Warren to have built this fortune and still have so much of the world viewing him as this sort of kind, gentle presence and patient.

不过,我觉得你说得对。

And, but I think you're right.

我觉得从很多方面来说,这确实是个——嗯,我们其实都不用猜它到底好不好。

I think in many ways it is a—Well, we don't have to speculate whether it's good.

这就像诚实一样,你知道,不管你说它是个好策略,还是说它在道德上就是对的。

It's like honesty, you know, whether it's, you know, good policy or whether it's ethically right.

你出于哪一种理由去做都可以。

You could do it for either reason.

结果是一样的。

The effect is the same.

Tom Gayner 很喜欢讲 Quakers,那句话就是,来是为了行善,结果也做得很好。

Tom Gayner loves to talk about the Quakers, you know, came to do good and did well.

是同一个意思,就是说,到最后这种做法对他本身也有极大的好处。

It's the same idea that it ends up that approach both serves him enormously well.

而且这也是一种非常合乎伦理的待人方式,哪怕别人问的是很蠢的问题。

And is a very ethical way to treat people even when they ask asinine questions.

不过你知道,Charlie 会直接把人打发掉,说,这问题太蠢了。

But, you know, Charlie dismissing somebody and saying, that's an asinine question.

而 Warren,正如你说的,他会给这个问题注入一种体面和尊严,哪怕这个问题本来没有,或者提问的人压根也没这个意思。

Warren, Warren, as you say, he invests dignity into the question even if it wasn't there or if it wasn't intended by the asker.
M2
M249:48

对,我肯定还要再强调一次,大家真的应该回去读读那本书,How to Win Friends and Influence People。

Yeah, I would definitely reiterate that people should go back and read that book, How to Win Friends and Influence People.

因为光看书名,它听起来会很犬儒,但我去年又重新读了一遍,因为当时我正在跟我女儿聊这本书。

Because of the title, it sounds very cynical, but I started rereading it again last year because I was talking to my daughter about it.

我当时就说,对,我是在跟她说,你看,这里面其实有一些非常重要的技能。

And I was like, yeah, I was saying to her, look, there are really important skills here.

我重新读的时候特别有感触,不光是因为它写得非常老练,还因为我觉得,它其实是在无意识中影响了我们这一代整整一批最成功的作家。

And I was struck when I reread it, not only by how skillfully written it is, but how actually I think unconsciously it's influenced an entire generation of our most successful writers.

所以我其实怀疑,就像你可以看出一条从 Ben Graham 延伸出来的传承脉络,经过 Warren、Charlie,还有很多其他人,也包括你自己;同样地,你其实也能画出一条从 Dale Carnegie 延伸出来的脉络。你真的可以看出来,像 Malcolm Gladwell 用的那些写作技巧,还有我在 Richer, Wiser, Happier 里用的那些技巧,不管是有意识还是无意识,其实都源自 Carnegie。他会去采访这些人,然后把它们写成非常漂亮的故事,提炼出特别精彩的引语和说法,而且还非常实用。

And so I actually suspect that in the same way that you can show that there's this lineage that comes out of Ben Graham through, you know, Warren and Charlie and many others, including yourself, you can actually, you could plot a kind of lineage coming out of Dale Carnegie where you could actually show that the techniques that people like Malcolm Gladwell use and that I use in Richer, Wiser, Happier, consciously or unconsciously, actually stem from Carnegie, that he would interview these people and then he would tell these really elegant stories and come up with great quotes and sayings, and it was very practical.

我也说不好。

I don't know.

但我怀疑,如果你去看现在这些人,比如 Daniel Pink,或者 David Epstein,这些非常优秀的非虚构作家,你会发现,我们很多很多人,不管有没有意识到,其实都深深受惠于 Dale Carnegie。

I suspect if you looked at all these guys like Daniel Pink now, or David Epstein, all these really good nonfiction writers, you'd find that a hell of a lot of us actually consciously or unconsciously owe this huge debt to Dale Carnegie.
M1
M151:13

我觉得你说得对。

I think you're right.

而且我觉得,人们对这件事的那种玩世不恭,真的很让人不安。

And I think that the cynicism about it is really something that's very deeply troubling.

原因在于,这其实触及了一个问题:人性到底是不是可以改变的,对吧?

And the reason is it sort of gets at this idea of the mutability of human nature, right?

如果说现在大家特别执着于一种东西,你知道,就是 identity,就是你是谁?

If right now there's this sort of obsession with, you know, identity, you know, what is, who are you?

它到底有多可塑?

How malleable is it?

又到底有多固定?

How fixed is it?

以及诸如此类的问题。

And so on.

而这会以各种不同的方式表现出来。

And that manifests in all different ways.

但是你知道,差不多三千年前,Aristotle 就说过,美德是一种习惯。

But, you know, almost 3,000 years ago, Aristotle said virtue is a habit.

它就是我们反复去做的事情。

It is what we do.

所以这里面隐含着一个观念:你是可以变得更有美德的,你可以让自己变得更有德性。

So there was implicit in that this idea that you could become virtuous, you could make yourself more virtuous.

可是在当下的时代气氛里,有一种东西在用非常讽刺、非常怀疑的眼光看待这件事,好像这样做就不真实了一样,好像你是谁这件事已经注定了,你就这样了。

There is something in the zeitgeist at the moment that really views that cynically, as if somehow it's inauthentic, that who you are is you're screwed.

就像,不管你是谁,反正就这样,没得改。

Like whoever you are, that's it.

而我觉得,1950 年代的美国有一种特质——那个战后美国的时期,是我在历史上非常非常钦佩的一段时间。

And I think that there was part of the 1950s America, which is, it's a period, the post-war US is a time in history that I admire so profoundly.

你想想 Marshall Plan,想想重建日本,重建德国,几乎创造了将近一百年的和平。

You know, you think of the Marshall Plan, you think about rebuilding Japan, rebuilding Germany, creating almost 100 years of peace.

而且不只是和平,还有巨大的善意,对吧?

And not just peace, enormous goodwill, right?

这些国家现在都是我们最强大的盟友。

These are our strongest allies.

那种心态,当然也带着一种乐观主义,就是那种“我们能做到”的精神。

That mindset, which of course came with this sort of optimism that, that in this sort of we can do attitude.

但我觉得那种精神也落实到了个人身上,变成一种“我也能做到”的想法。

But I think that went to the individual, this idea that I will.

顺便说一句,这种东西也不是从那时候才开始的。

And by the way, it didn't just start then.

它其实是十九世纪后期一个非常鲜明的特征,和当时正在兴起的中产阶级、Chautauquas 的出现,以及这样一种观念有关:当我们有了一定的物质条件之后,就应该着手自我提升。

It was a real characteristic of the late 19th century and the emerging middle class and the creation of Chautauquas and this idea that as we achieve means, we should work on self-improvement.

而且你知道,这种自我提升的观念,是一种非常 American 的心态。

And, you know, this idea of self-improvement, it's a very American mindset.

你知道,电影 Chariots of Fire 里有一个特别精彩的场景。

You know, there was a wonderful scene in Chariots of Fire.

我都不知道现在还有多少人记得那部电影。

I don't know if many people even remember that movie now.
M2
M253:27

对。

Yeah.
M1
M153:28

但是那些老派的英国学校老师,会有点像是在训斥年轻的 Abrahams,就是那个跑步运动员,因为他们觉得他的训练方法有点太商业化了,有那么一点不太符合那种精神。

But with the old English schoolmasters, sort of chastising young Abrahams, the runner, because they viewed his training methods as a bit commercial, a little bit not quite in the spirit of things.

要知道,他们欣赏的那种人,练跨栏的时候,甚至会在每个栏架上放一杯香槟。

Remember, the men that they fancied would practice hurdling by putting glasses of champagne on each hurdle.

可 Abrahams 呢,却在用科学的方法,还请了职业教练,所以他们就有点在责备他。而他说,你们享受我的成就,但你们又希望我像神一样,毫不费力地取得这些成就。

And here was Abrahams employing scientific methods and a professional coach and so they were sort of chastising him and he said, you know, you relish my achievements, but you would have me achieve with the effortlessness of gods.

这就非常典型地体现了英国人的心态。

And that was very much the British mindset.

我在英国住过五年。

I lived in the UK for 5 years.

我很喜欢英国,不过你知道,我一直都很在意一件事,就是问别人是做什么工作的,会显得有点不礼貌。

I love the UK, but you know, I always was struck by the fact that it's a little bit rude to ask somebody what they do.

对吧?

Right?

那是个很美国式的问题。

That's an American question.

其实我每次认识一个人,最先问的往往就是这个问题。

It's actually one of the first questions I always ask people when I meet 'em.

你是做什么的?

What do you do?

你为什么做这个?

Why do you do it?

就是这种关于 vocation、关于擅长某件事,还有,你知道,关于你怎么度过自己清醒时光的想法。

This idea of vocation and being good at something and, you know, or how you spend your waking hours.

但在欧洲总体上——我也会把英国算进去——有一种想法是,哦,你这是在默认我需要工作,而光是这一点,就可能有点冒犯人。

But in Europe in general, and I'll say in the UK, there's an idea of, well, you're presuming I need to work, and that alone, it could be a little insulting.

我又不是什么手艺人。

I'm not a tradesman.

所以总之,这话题稍微有点扯到政治上去了,不过我想说的是,这种把自我提升当成一件你可以主动开始做的事,就像价值投资者那样,Warren 以前不是说吗,你就从股票指数里字母 A 开头的公司开始看起。

So anyway, that's a little bit of a political tangent, but what I would say is this idea of self-improvement as something that you get started on, just the way a value investor where Warren used to say, you start at the A's in the stock index.

你知道,你就从怎么提升自己开始。

You know, you start with how do you improve yourself?

你列个清单,在自己周围贴上那些你欣赏的人的照片,你给自己找榜样。

You know, you make a list, you put up pictures around you of people that you admire, you have role models.

Ben Franklin 写过这个。

Ben Franklin wrote about it.

Aristotle 写过这个。

Aristotle wrote about it.

Warren 也写过这个。

Warren writes about it.

Dale Carnegie 也写过这个。

Dale Carnegie wrote about it.

但不知为什么,人们对这件事就是带着一种冷嘲热讽,我真的觉得这很让人泄气。

But somehow there is a cynicism about that that I find really discouraging.
M2
M255:31

对。

Yeah.

而且说真的,也没什么帮助。

And unhelpful actually.

我是说,当我读 Marcus Aurelius 的《Meditations》的时候,那本书本来就不是为了出版写的,我觉得那就是他两千多年前写给自己的笔记。

I mean, when I, when I read Marcus Aurelius's Meditations, which was written not for publication, I think it was his own notes written a couple of thousand years ago.

我读到第一章的时候就想,等一下。

I read the first chapter and I was like, wait a second.

他一开头就在列差不多十七个人的名字,而那些人身上的特质,本质上都是他想要复制过来的。

He's naming at the very start something like 17 people whose qualities he essentially wants to clone.

我当时就想,这可是一位伟大的思想家,而他也在有意识地去复制。

And I'm like, here's one of the great thinkers and he's consciously cloning.

这对我来说是个特别有意思的例子,说明这些——你知道——哪怕像他这样的人,也是在琢磨,我该怎么通过学习我岳父的这个特质,或者学习那个收养我的人的那个特质,来提升自己。

And it was such a fascinating example for me of how these, you know, even, even someone like he was figuring out how do I improve myself by following this this trait of my father-in-law or this trait of this, the guy who adopted me.

所以,对,在某种程度上,我觉得因为是在英国长大的,我们会觉得,承认自己想要变得更好这件事,好像有点俗气。

So yeah, in some ways I think having grown up in England, we think it's a little bit tawdry to admit that we want to improve ourselves.

所以,我是说,我记得我二十岁出头,差不多二十一岁,刚搬到 New York 的时候买过一本书,那时候不知道为什么我特别焦虑。

And so, I mean, I remember buying when I first moved to New York in my early 20s, when I was about 21, I was very anxious for some reason.

我觉得那大概是人生里压力很大的一段时期,因为你其实并不知道自己接下来要做什么。

I think it's quite a stressful time in your life where you don't really know what you're going to do.

你还得在这个世界上找到自己的路。

And you're going to find your way in the world.

而且我那时候睡眠问题特别严重。

And I was having terrible trouble sleeping.

我记得我找来了 Dale Carnegie 的另一本书,就是那本讲焦虑的,名字大概叫《How to Stop Worrying and Start Living》之类的。

And I remember getting Dale Carnegie's book, the other one, the one about anxiety that was something like How to Stop Worrying and Start Living.

我当时就想,这本书真的、真的特别好。

And I was like, this book is really, really good.

写得真的很好。

It's really well written.

而且我那时候刚拿到 Oxford 的英国文学学位。

And I had just got an English literature degree from Oxford.

我当时就是那种终极知识分子势利眼,对吧?

I was like the ultimate intellectual snob, right?

说出来都觉得丢人,我不光在书上做了非常多的标记,还把它藏在书架上其他书后面,因为它看起来太俗气了。

And I literally, I'm ashamed to say, I not only marked it up very heavily, but I hid it behind other books on the bookshelf because it looked tawdry.

它的书名就很俗气。

It had a tawdry title.

而且还是那种大众市场的平装本。

It was a mass market paperback.

纸张也特别差,但它对我的帮助真的太大了。

It was on terrible paper, but it was so helpful to me.

我还记得里面有很多特别精彩的引语,像 Lincoln 的一句,你知道,他桌上放着一个牌子,上面就写着:Today。

And I remember it had these amazing quotes from people like Lincoln, you know, where Lincoln had this sign on his desk that just said, Today.

那其实就是在提醒他自己,他只需要专注于这一天。

That was him just reminding himself that he could just focus on that one day.

里面还有一首特别了不起的诗,是 Kalidasa 写的,用 Sanskrit 写成,大概是两三千年前的作品,我当时把它背下来了,因为它实在太有帮助了。

And there was an extraordinary poem by Kalidasa, written in Sanskrit like 2,000, 3,000 years ago that I memorized because it was so helpful.

所以我觉得,他好像把这种了不起的人生智慧都提炼出来了,可不知怎么又让人有点不好意思。

And so I feel like he had synthesized this incredible worldly wisdom, and yet somehow it was sort of embarrassing.

所以我提这件事,是因为我觉得我们的听众里现在会有人去买那本讲怎么停止焦虑的书,而且它真的会帮到他们。

So I'm mentioning it because I think someone in our audience is going to now buy that book on how to stop worrying and it's actually going to really help them.

所以我希望,你们能从我承认自己曾经把那本书藏起来这种羞愧里得到一点好处。

And so I hope you'll benefit from my admission of my own shame in hiding that book.
M1
M158:08

我完全能体会你这种羞愧。

I absolutely share your shame.

确实太真实了。

It's so true.

而且这确实是一种很奇怪的——一种文明层面的倒退。

And it is a peculiar— it's a peculiar regression as a civilization.

我觉得这也反映出一种观念,而我确实认为这就是当下非常、非常主流的一种思路:你的命运是由那些你无法控制的外部环境决定的。

And I think that it speaks to this idea that I do think is very, very much the currency of the moment, which is that your destiny is determined by circumstances that are outside of your control.

你知道,这可能指的是身份、性别、政治、种族。

And, you know, it, it could be, you know, identity and gender, politics, race.

也可能是那种说法:不,整个系统就是被操纵过的。

It could be that no, the system is rigged.

所以人们之所以取得成就——

So that people achieve.

顺便说一句,我觉得这就进一步强化了一种观念:根本不存在真正的主观能动性,某种意义上,成功的人之所以成功,是因为系统被做过手脚。

And by the way, I think that, and so it feeds this idea that there is no true agency, that in a way the people that succeeded succeeded because the system was rigged.

失败的人之所以失败,是因为这个系统削弱了他们本来拥有的机会。

The people that failed failed because the system undermined their opportunities.

而且,你知道,这已经超出了我、我自己的领域。

And, you know, this is outside of the, my, my world.

但是我确实觉得,把这种能动性、这种自己能掌控的感觉拿走,是一件非常有破坏性的事。

And, but I do think that there is something about removing that agency and that sense of agency that I think is very destructive.

我不觉得这是永久性的。

I don't think it's permanent.

我觉得这些事情有点像一波一波地来来去去,但那种想法——就是,你读了一本书,然后做出一连串决定,让你的人生比没读那本书时会过成的样子更好——那种主动性,还有某种向上流动的可能。

I think these things sort of wash through in waves, but the idea that, you know, you could read a book and make a series of decisions that improved your life, relative to where you had been if you hadn't read that, that idea of agency and a certain amount of mobility.

而且,你知道,我算是生来就在三垒。

And, you know, I was born on third base.
M2
M259:51

对。

Yeah.
M1
M159:51

嗯,这倒是真的。

Well, that's true.

所以这也是为什么,我其实是个很危险的人,连从这个角度开口谈都得小心,因为你知道,我真的是带着几乎所有可能的优势起跑的。

So it's a very, I'm a very dangerous person to even begin to talk in that way because, you know, I really started with every possible advantage.

不过我还是想说,你知道,我看看我们自己的 research team,我会说我们团队里百分之八十的人,要么是第一代移民,要么是移民的孩子,要么他们自己就是移民。

So, but I will say that I look at, you know, the, you know, I look at my own research team, I'd say 80% of our research team are, are first-generation immigrants or, you know, children of immigrants or themselves immigrants.

你知道,我真的相信,现在依然存在非常巨大的向上流动空间,而它是从这种自我提升的观念开始的。我们越是营造一种愤世嫉俗的环境,把这看成不真诚,或者带有操控性,越是轻蔑它、否定它,我们就越是在放弃你刚才描述的那种反馈循环——比如读了那本书之后,它是怎么帮助你的。

You know, I really do believe that there is still an enormous amount of mobility that is possible and that it starts with this idea of self-improvement and that the more we create a cynical environment, where that is considered inauthentic or manipulative, the more it is dismissed, the more we give up on the sort of feedback loops that you described from reading that book, how it helped you.

对。

Yeah.

还有,或者说,Dale Carnegie 是怎么帮助 Warren 的,以及这对更大的文明整体意味着什么。

And, and, or how Dale Carnegie helped Warren and what that means in, in for the greater civilization.
M2
M260:54

对。

Yeah.

而且我其实记得,我当时还把那本书里的几句引言抄在几张卡片上,不过更多是那本讲怎么停止忧虑的,不是那本讲怎么影响别人的。

And I, I actually, I remember writing out on a couple of cards various quotes from, from that book, much more the one on how to stop worrying than how to influence people.

如果我没记错的话,其中有一句是 Thoreau 说的。

And there was one from Thoreau, if I remember.

我是说,这事已经是三十五年前了,但里面有一句我记得就是在讲这个,大意是说:我不知道还有什么事实,比我们能通过有意识的努力来改变自己这件事更令人鼓舞。

I mean, it's 35 years since I did this, but there's one from Thoreau where I think he talked about exactly that, where he said something along the lines of, I know no more encouraging fact than our ability to transform ourselves through an act of conscious endeavor.

我这话可能引得不完全准确。

I'm slightly misquoting it.
M1
M161:23

对。

Yeah.
M2
M261:23

但那句话对我来说真的特别振奋。

But that was incredibly heartening for me.

现在回头看,当时我有一种恐惧,觉得有些东西就是固定的,有点像你的设定值一样,比如你可能天生就有点忧郁,或者你就是会一直焦虑。

And when I look back, I had this fear that there were certain things that were just kind of kind of like your set points where maybe you had a slightly melancholy nature or maybe you were just always going to be anxious.

而我现在五十五岁回头看,最让我受鼓舞的一件事,就是虽然不是彻底改变,但我确实在很大程度上,成功改写了自己的内在线路。

And one of the most encouraging things I've found now at 55, looking back, is how not completely, but very significantly, I've actually managed to change my wiring.

那真的是一份了不起的礼物。

And that's an incredible gift.

而且光是知道这一点就很重要。有一位伟大的智者,Rav Ashlag,说过一句话:这是一条属灵的法则——你身上没有任何一种负面特质是不能改变的。

And just to know that, to know there was a great sage, Rav Ashlag, who said that it's a spiritual law that there's no negative characteristic that you have that can't be changed.

当你看到这样的话时,你会想,啊,等等,所以我身上这些负面的模式,或者这些不好的特质——

And when you see something like that, you're like, ah, wait, so there are these sort of forms of negativity that you have, or these bad characteristics.

所以你会想,不,其实连这些也都是可以改变的。

So you're like, no, actually you can change that too.

我觉得这特别让人振奋。

I find that incredibly heartening.
M1
M162:19

当然是这样。

Of course it is.

你甚至几乎可以说,就算这不是真的,让人们相信这一点也会是件好事。

And you would almost say that even if it wasn't true, it would be good for people to believe it.

不过它确实是真的。

But it is true.
M2
M262:27

对。

Yeah.
M1
M162:28

而且这也不奇怪,因为,你知道,我以前——我在 seminary 的时候,有一位我非常喜欢的 bishop,他是 New Jersey 纽瓦克的主教,名字叫 Jack Spong。

And it's not surprising in that, you know, one of my— when I was in seminary, there was a bishop that I loved who was the Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and his name was Jack Spong.

他是个非常有意思的人,也很有争议,但他是一位很棒的老师,也在很多方面是我的导师,而且对我的影响甚至比他自己意识到的还要大得多。

And he was an incredible character and very controversial, but he was a great teacher and mentor to me in many ways, and way more than he would even have realized.

但他有一次问我,信仰的反义词是什么?

But he once asked me, what is the opposite of faith?

我说,你知道,就是怀疑。

And I said, you know, doubt.

他说,哦,不不不,不不不。

And he said, oh no, no, no, no.

他说,信仰是需要怀疑的。

He said, faith requires doubt.

没有怀疑,你就不可能有信仰。

You can't have faith without doubt.

信仰的反义词是确定性。

The opposite of faith is certainty.

如果你有确定性,你就不需要信仰了。

If you have certainty, you don't need faith.

他说,这很像勇气。

He said, it's very much like courage.

你知道,勇气不是没有恐惧。

You know, courage is not the absence of fear.

勇气是恐惧非常真实地存在着,但你依然能够驾驭这种恐惧。

It's the very real presence of fear and then being able to master that fear.

但恐惧本身就是勇敢这件事的一部分。

But the fear needs— is part of what it is to be courageous.

怀疑也是忠于信仰这件事的一部分。

Doubt is part of what it is to be faithful.

还有这种观念,就是把行为病理化,好像它是某种作为一种状态、被不可改变地强加在你身上的东西,真的就是一种“病况”。

And this idea and the sort of pathologizing of behavior as something that is immutably thrust on you as a condition, literally as a condition.

而且你知道,我经常会拿我的孩子们开玩笑,他们说一些类似这样的话,你知道,嗯,我对这个那个真的有焦虑。

And, you know, I, I, I tease my children often when they say things like, you know, well, I, you know, I, I have real, I have anxiety about such and such.

我总会说,你不如换成说,我对那件事有点紧张,怎么样?

I always say, how about if you say, I'm, I'm nervous about that?

光是语言上的这种变化。

Just the change in, in the language.

如果你说,或者如果你说,我真的很担心这件事,那你何不试着说,我对这件事很兴奋呢?

If you say, or if you say, I, I'm really worried about this, what if you try saying, I'm excited about this?

因为这两种感受都可能是真的。

Because both can be true.

兴奋、紧张和担心,你知道,你想想看,我是说,我相信你也知道,如果你要上台演讲,那种紧张本来就是其中的一部分。

And excitement and nervousness and worry, you know, you imagine, I mean, I'm sure, you know, if you've ever get on a, have to give a speech, you know, that nervousness can be part of what it is.

这些都可能同时存在。

It can all be.

但一旦它变成一种“状况”,它就好像变得不可改变了,或者说就需要被治疗。

But once it becomes a condition, then it becomes sort of immutable or it needs to be treated.

可一旦说到治疗,那治疗是从外部来的,这种状况也是从外部来的,而在那一刻,我们就把主动权交出去了。而我就是,你知道,我真的很幸运,不只是因为我人生起点在哪里,更因为我很幸运拥有这样一份职业,让我一直在研究卓越,也一直在观察一群人。

But the treatment comes from outside, the condition comes from outside, and there we surrender agency. And I just, you know, I'm so lucky, not just from where I started in life, but I'm lucky to have a profession where I'm constantly studying excellence and I'm studying a group of people.

当然,你可以说他们当中有些人是天生就有这种条件。

Now, you could say some of them were born to it.

他们,你知道,继承了家族生意之类的,但大多数人都不是来自那种你一看就会说,他们取得成就是理所当然的环境。

They, you know, inherited a business or something, but most of them did not come from a circumstance where you would say their achievement was obvious.

而且很有意思的是,我们会带着深深的敬佩去看运动员,因为没人会觉得——好吧,我要稍微转一下话题,用一种有点奇怪的方式说到不平等。

And it's funny, we look at athletes with deep admiration because nobody thinks, well, I'm going to segue a little bit to inequality in a strange way.

但你知道,没人看着 NBA 会觉得这是个问题:LeBron 的收入倍数,相对于 NBA 里薪水最低的球员,比二十年前要高得多。

But, you know, nobody looks at the NBA and thinks it's a problem that LeBron is paid a greater multiple of the lowest-paid player in the NBA than would've been the case 20 years ago.

换句话说,NBA 里的不平等已经大得多得多了,但我们并不觉得这是个问题。

In other words, inequality in the NBA has gotten much, much greater, but we don't think it's a problem.

而我们不觉得这是个问题,有两个原因。

And we don't think it's a problem for two reasons.

第一个原因是,NBA 里最穷的那个球员、收入最低的那个球员,拿到的报酬依然很可观。

And reason one is that the poorest player in the NBA, the lowest-compensated player, is still well compensated.

所以会有一种感觉,就是说,在这种巨大的财富面前,并不存在贫困。

So there's a sense that you don't have poverty in the face of this immense wealth.

你不会有那种球员担心说,如果我受伤了,我就会被赶出家门,还会失去我的保障。

You don't have players that are afraid that if I get injured, I'm going to be kicked out of my house and I'm going to lose my coverage.

而且,你知道,大家会觉得,就连 NBA 里薪水最低的球员,待遇也很好。

And, you know, there's a sense that even the lowest-paid player in the NBA is treated well.

然后第二点,还有一种看法是,LeBron James 的天赋是明摆着的,谁都没法反驳。

And then second, there's a view that LeBron James has a demonstrable talent that is unarguable.

这些都能从数据统计里体现出来,所以他的成就是公平获得的,对吧?

It's measured in the statistics and therefore it was fairly achieved, right?

所以没有人会说这不公平。

So nobody is saying that it's unfair.

你知道,我会说,Jeff Bezos 就是资本主义里的 LeBron James。

You know, I would argue that Jeff Bezos is the LeBron James of capitalism.

他能取得今天这样的成就,靠的是巨大的天赋和惊人的投入。

He achieved what he did through immense talent, incredible commitment.

你也可以说,嗯,你知道,他上过 Princeton;你也可以说,LeBron 天生——我不知道他到底多高,反正非常高,而且运动天赋明显比我强太多了。

And you could say, well, you know, he went to Princeton, and you could say, well, LeBron was born, I don't know how tall he is, very tall, significantly more athletically inclined than I am.

跟我比起来,他有巨大的身体优势,然后他还有巨大的性格优势。

He had just enormous advantages, physical advantages relative to me, and then he had enormous character advantages.

这些因素一起作用,造就了一个绝对的大师级人物,也是在自己领域里最顶尖的天才之一。

And those conspired together to produce somebody that is an absolute virtuoso and one of the great talents at what they do.

而我觉得,现在看资本主义的现状,对我来说最难受的地方有两点。

And I think one of the hard things for me about watching the state of capitalism at the moment is two things.

第一,我们似乎总是在妖魔化成功,或者总觉得成功之所以发生,是因为赛场不公平。

One, we seem to vilify or imagine that success is achieved because the playing field isn't fair.

但我不认为是这样。

And I don't think that's the case.

资本主义的世界本来就是一个极其残酷的竞争赛场。

It is a vicious competitive playing field, the world of capitalism.

但我觉得,真正大家都有责任的地方在于,我们居然建立起了一个这样的社会:一边是巨额财富,另一边却是巨大的贫困。

But I think where there is plenty of blame to go around is the blame that we've somehow achieved a society that has enormous wealth in the face of enormous poverty.

所以问题不在于不平等本身,而在于,面对这些财富,仍然有人活在恐惧里,有人活在贫困中。

So it's not the inequality itself. It's that there are people living in fear and people living in poverty in the face of that wealth.

所以我希望资本主义能在这方面做得更好一点,更好地照顾这些人。

And so that would be the area that I would wish for capitalism to do a little better job taking care of.

因为我觉得,如果我们只盯着不平等,而不是去关注真正的问题——也就是贫困——那就偏了;因为就像我说的,NBA 里也有很多不平等。

Because I think that if we only focus on inequality rather than focus on poverty, which is the real issue, because as I said, there's lots of inequality in the NBA.

那不是问题。

It's not a problem.

贫困才是问题。

Poverty is the problem.

而且如果我们老是把注意力放在不平等上,最后就会变成在妖魔化天赋。

And that the, by focusing on inequality, we end up vilifying the talent.

而且,你知道,对于那么多公司 CEO 所取得的成就,我是怀着敬畏之心的,不只是创始人,连职业经理人也是。

And, you know, I stand in awe of what the CEOs of so many companies have achieved, not just the founders, but even the leaders.

你知道,我今天还和 Coca-Cola 的负责人 James Quincey 聊了聊。

You know, I was speaking today with the leader of Coca-Cola, James Quincey.

我的意思是,他是一位了不起的领导者,投入惊人,价值观也非常好。

I mean, he is an incredible leader with incredible commitment, great values.

而你要说,哦,好吧,你知道,像他这样的人之所以能走到这个位置,只是因为赛场本来就向他倾斜。

And, you know, to say that, oh, well, you know, the playing field was tilted for somebody like that to rise.

不过,反正这话题有点扯远了。

Anyway, that's a little bit of a wild divergence.
M2
M268:59

对。

Yeah.
M1
M168:59

但我觉得,这一路往前追溯,甚至可以追到 Dale Carnegie,那种对这样一种可能性的贬低——也就是在我们的制度里,运气、巨大天赋、惊人的努力和非凡能力结合在一起,最终真的能成就一个人。

But I think this going all the way back to Dale Carnegie, this sort of undermining of the degree to which, you know, the combination of luck with enormous talent, with incredible hard work, with incredible ability, can manifest in our system.

我真希望我们也能像赞美运动员那样去赞美他们。

I wish we could celebrate them the way we celebrate our athletes.

他们配得上。

They deserve it.

你也可以说,运动员所做的这些事,会创造某种善意,带来消遣、娱乐,还有让人钦佩的感觉;同样你也可以说,有一些人在商业上取得成功的方式,也确实给我们的国家和这个世界带来了很多好处。

And you could argue that what the athletes do for the creating sort of the goodwill and the diversion and the entertainment and the admiration, you could argue that there are people that have succeeded in business in a way that has done so much good for our country and for the world.

我真希望这种动不动就妖魔化别人的倾向能结束,因为这跟另一件事是连在一起的——它会让这些人失去作为潜在榜样的作用,而他们本来就应该是榜样。

And I would wish that this tendency towards vilification would end because it's tied—it takes away those people as potential role models, which they should be.
M2
M273:07

好,回到节目。

All right, back to the show.

从很多方面来看,Berkshire 都有点像一个标志性的、具有象征意义的教学机构,对吧?

In many ways, Berkshire is a kind of iconic, emblematic teaching institution, right?

它在那里,某种程度上是在向我们展示,资本主义如果运作得正确,会是什么样子。

It's there to show us capitalism done right in many ways.

我的意思不是说它一定毫无瑕疵,当然有时候也会有争议,但那是一种非同寻常的——真的是非同寻常的文化;而你又处在一个很独特的位置上,Warren 在我印象里是在二零二一年提名你担任 Berkshire 的董事。

I mean, not that it's flawless necessarily, and sometimes there are controversies, but it's an extraordinary—it's an extraordinary culture, and you are in this unique position of having been named by Warren as a director of Berkshire back in, I think, 2021.

给听众一点背景,其他董事有 Warren 本人、Charlie、很可能接替 Warren 的 Greg Abel、负责保险业务的 Ajit Jain、Buffett 的儿子和女儿 Howard 和 Susan、我记得还有 Ron Olson,就是 Charlie 以前那家律所的联合创始人,以及曾任 American Express CEO 的 Ken Chenault。

And just to give our listeners some context, the other directors are Warren himself and Charlie and Greg Abel, the likely successor to Warren, Ajit Jain, who runs the insurance operations, Buffett's son and daughter, Howard and Susan, Ron Olson, I think, who co-founded Charlie's old law firm, Ken Chenault, who was CEO of American Express.

所以从某种意义上说,这几乎像是终极俱乐部,也让你获得了一种内部视角,去看什么叫做良好运作的资本主义,去看 Warren 和 Charlie 为什么如此非凡,那个文化为什么如此特别。

So in some ways it's kind of the ultimate club, and it's given you this insider's view of capitalism done well and what makes Warren and Charlie extraordinary, what makes the culture extraordinary.

所以我想听你谈谈,到目前为止这个经历是什么样的,你对这种文化学到了什么。

And I wondered if we could get a sense from you of what the experience has been like so far, what you've learned about the culture.

还有一点我想提一下,我记得我之前和我们共同的朋友 Brian Lawrence 聊过这个,他当时指出,有一些非常厉害的资金管理人,根本不会想到要去当 Berkshire 的董事,因为那个要求真的很高,不管是正式的还是非正式的。

And one thing I would mention, I remember talking to our mutual friend, Brian Lawrence, about this, and he was pointing out that there are some really great money managers who would never dream of going on the board of Berkshire because the requirements are really difficult, whether formally or informally.

我觉得其中一条就是,你必须自己持有相当数量的公司股票。

I think one of them is that you have to own a significant amount of the stock.

我还去看了持股披露。

And I was looking at the ownership statements.

我记得你个人大概持有价值两千万美元左右的股票,而且你是没有任何 stock options 的。

And I think you own something like $20 million worth of the stock personally, and you don't get any stock options.

然后我又去看了薪酬结构,结果震惊地发现,你担任董事一年拿到的这笔“巨额”报酬,竟然是七千美元。

And I looked at the compensation structure and was stunned to see that you received the princely sum of $7,000 a year to serve on the board.

而且我记得 Brian 还跟我说,董事好像连保险保障都没有。

And I think Brian told me that there's no insurance protection either for the directors.

所以你等于是在个人层面承担风险,不但不会因此变得更有钱,还得拿自己的钱出来投进去。

So you're sort of personally exposed, not enriched, and you have to put up your own money.

所以你能不能谈谈这种独特的文化,你在那里看到了什么,为什么你居然会想做这件事,以及你从中学到了什么?

So can you talk about that unique culture and what you've seen about it and why you would even want to do it and what you've learned from it?

也抱歉,我这个问题说得太长了。

And apologies for that long-winded question.
M1
M175:26

哦,不会,这是个很棒的问题。

Oh no, it's a great question.

而且不知道为什么,七千美元听起来都像是偏高了。

Also, for some reason, $7,000 sounds high.

我觉得应该是每次开会七百美元,不过也可能是我记错了。

I think it's $700 a meeting, but I could be wrong on that.
M2
M275:35

我觉得你已经算是收入最高的了。

You are the highest paid, I think.

我记得大多数人拿的是三千美元;当然也可能是我看错了,这种可能性非常大,但我印象里你是一年拿七千美元。

I think most people get $3,000, and unless I misread it, which is eminently possible, I think you get $7,000 a year.
M1
M175:43

这个我得回头再核实一下。

I'm going to have to review that.

弄清楚到底是怎么回事。

To figure out.

不过对,我确实认为 Berkshire 极其重要,它不仅是一个典范,更是一个象征,告诉我们资本主义应该怎么运作,对吧?

But yeah, I believe Berkshire is incredibly important as, well, as an exemplar, but as an icon of how capitalism should work, right?

换句话说,这是一家公司,它没有走捷径,而且几乎在每一个层面上,都努力在每一个行业、每一家子公司里坚持这样一个目标:就像 Charlie 会说的那样,得到你应得的东西,努力去挣得成功。

In other words, you know, a company that hasn't taken shortcuts, that in almost every dimension tries in every industry, in every subsidiary has this goal of, you know, as Charlie would say, getting what you deserve, trying to earn success.

不走捷径。

No shortcuts.

他们希望在监管机构那里、在客户那里,都建立起公平交易的声誉。

They want to have the reputation with the regulators, with customers for fair dealing.

还有,你刚才提到了 Tom Gayner。

And, you know, you mentioned Tom Gayner.

当然,Markel 也向往做到这一点,而且他们也确实在用同样的方式做到了。

Of course, Markel aspires and has delivered in the same way.

顺便说一句,别的公司也有做到的,但 Berkshire 绝对可以说是这方面的 LeBron James,对吧。

And by the way, there are other companies that do, but Berkshire is absolutely, in a sense, the LeBron James of that, right?

它成功的规模之大,以及它以各种方式做到这一切所持续的时间之长,都是非常惊人的。

There is the sheer scale of the success, the time horizon over which it's been done in every manner.

所以我觉得,为了整个体系的利益,Berkshire 值得被珍惜,也值得被保护。

And so I think Berkshire, for the good of the entire system, Berkshire is worth cherishing and protecting.

它几乎可以说是一个毫无瑕疵的典范。

It is this virtually sort of unsullied example.

当然,只要 Warren 和 Charlie 还在,维持这一点是很容易的。

And of course, the maintenance of that is something that is very easy so long as Warren and Charlie are there.

但商业中的惯性规律就是,这种状态能持续下去的例子其实很少。

But the laws of inertia in business are such that there are few records of that persisting.

而 Warren 和 Charlie 一个非同寻常的特点就在于,他们每一年、每一个决定,都会以让这种状态延续下去为目标,都会想着让继任者的工作更容易,努力搭建出一个框架。所以我觉得,董事们的责任绝不是以任何方式参与经营。

And one of the extraordinary characteristics of Warren and Charlie is how much every year, every decision they make with the goal of having it persist, of making their successors' jobs easier, trying to lay out a framework. So I think the responsibility of the directors will never be to be in any way involved in the business.

从某种意义上说,他们的责任是保护这种文化——这种文化真正特别的地方在于它的独立性,在于它拒绝那些传统套路,拒绝人们开始走捷径、或者开始受到各种制度性偏见影响的方式,而这些东西往往会让原本如此卓越、如此有德性的东西变质。

It will be, in a sense, protecting this culture that really is a culture that stands out for its independence, its rejection of all of the conventional ways that people begin to take shortcuts or begin to fall prey to all of the institutional biases that can cause something that's so excellent in its virtue.

在它的德性上。

In its virtue.

所以像不给董事薪酬,或者只给很少薪酬,这种小事,其实就是一种在强化文化的象征。

So little things like not paying the directors or paying them very little, that is a symbol that is trying to reinforce a culture.

所以如果你有一条标准说,董事必须自己持有大量股票,而且必须愿意在没有报酬的情况下任职。

And so if you have a criteria that says, directors have to own a lot of stock personally, and they have to be willing to serve for no compensation.

那他们为什么要这么做呢?

Well, why are they doing it?

因为他们在乎这个地方。

They're doing it because they care about the place.

这是一种不可思议的一致性。

That's an incredible alignment.

我不——没有任何其他公司有这种标准。

I don't— there is no other company that has that sort of criteria.

所以我觉得,Berkshire 很重要,因为它提醒我们事情本来应该是什么样子。

So I think Berkshire is important for the reminder that it is of how things ought to be.

而且它也是一个非常好的标杆,别的公司,你知道,可以有一个努力看齐的目标。

And it's a great sort of benchmark against which other companies, you know, can get something that they can look towards.

所以总之,我觉得之所以要这么做,是因为它作为一个范例太珍贵了。

So anyway, I think the reason to do it is because it is so precious as an example.

而且我觉得,这对整个体系也有好处,因为它提醒我们,当有一种思潮在说,你知道,corporate greed、CEO 很坏、capitalism 很坏的时候。

And I think it's good for the system as a reminder that when there's an ethos that says, you know, corporate greed, CEOs bad, capitalism bad.

说公司变富了、股东变富了,都是以其他利益相关方为代价的。

Companies get rich, shareholders get rich at the expense of other constituencies.

这是一场零和游戏。

It's a zero-sum game.

所以如果股东获益更多,那他们一定是在某种程度上以另一个利益相关方为代价获利了,比如员工、社区、环境、客户;而 Berkshire 和其他一些公司——他们并不是唯一这样做的,但就像我说的,他们是最极致的例子。

So if shareholders grow, they must have somehow profited at the expense of another constituency, employees, communities, the environment, customers, and Berkshire and other companies that they aren't alone in this, but they, as I say, are the most extreme.

你知道,他们取得成功,并不是以任何其他利益相关方为代价。

You know, they achieved not at the expense of any other constituency.

他们是通过在这个世界上创造价值来成就自己的,而且是以一种透明的方式做到的。

They built themselves by creating value in the world and then doing so in a transparent way.

所以这不只是业务本身,也包括治理,也包括沟通,也包括教育。

So it wasn't just the business, it was also the governance, it was also the communication, the education.

所以我觉得,这真的非常值得去捍卫,而且我觉得,一旦 Warren 和 Charlie 不在了,这件事会难上很多很多很多。

So I think it is really worth fighting for, and I think it'll be much, much, much harder when Warren and Charlie aren't here.

所以这是我唯一一点不太喜欢的地方。

And so that's my one thing that I don't like about it.

我想你和我聊过这个,不过,你知道,我来自一个那种先工作后玩乐的家庭。

I think you and I have talked about this, but, you know, I'm from a family of, you know, work before play.

这是我父亲常说的一句话,在我们家一直都是这样。

That was my expression of my father's, that it's in our family.

就是,我们老这么说。

It's just, we say it all the time.

而且你知道,这就像奶奶的规矩,先把西兰花吃了,然后才能吃甜点。

And, you know, it's Granny's rule, eat your broccoli, then you get dessert.

而 Berkshire 现在给的,恰恰是反过来的。

And Berkshire is serving Berkshire right now is the opposite.

你是先吃到甜点,先玩起来,先听 Warren 和 Charlie 讲话。

You get your dessert first, you get to play first, you get to listen to Warren and Charlie.

你每次去参加董事会,心里都会非常笃定地知道,只要是他们知情的、正在做的任何事,都是按照最高级别的道德标准来做的,而且有非常充分的透明度,也是真正在为股东说话。

You get to go to each board meeting absolutely secure in the conviction that anything that is being done that they know about is being done in absolutely the highest, to the highest ethical standards and with deep transparency and advocacy for shareholders.

而当我们——

And when we—.
M2
M281:27

真的在董事会里开会,到底是什么感觉?

What's it like actually being at a board meeting?

我是说,对我们这些永远不会有这种机会、没法从内部近距离看到的人来说,到底——不是那种什么机密内容——而是说,那个实际的互动方式和现场的能量感,到底是什么样?

I mean, for those of us who will never have this experience of being on the inside and actually watching up close, like what's actually, I mean, not in terms of state secrets, but in terms of actually the dynamic and the energy of it.

那个体验到底是怎么样的?

What's actually, what's that experience like?
M1
M181:46

这个嘛,如果你是长期股东,而且也像你一样参加过很多年的股东大会,从某种意义上说,我会觉得差别没那么大,因为那个基调是完全坦诚的。

It's, it is, you know, if you are a longtime shareholder and you've attended annual meetings as you have, in one way I would say not that different because the tone is completely candid.

唯一的区别是,在股东大会上,我觉得我作为一个连续参加了三十年股东大会的股东,当时感受到的心态是 Warren 在说:你在想什么?

The only difference is at the annual meeting, I think the mindset that I experienced as a shareholder going to 30 years' worth of annual meetings was Warren saying, what's on your mind?

你们是股东。

You're the shareholders.

我来回答你们的问题。

I'll answer your questions.

而我觉得在董事会会议室里,他的出发点是:如果我们的位置对调了,我希望你知道哪些是我认为重要的事。

And I think in the boardroom, the orientation is, I want you to know what I think is important if our seats were reversed.

当然,我觉得 Warren 也会通过 annual report 把这些传达给股东。

Now, I think Warren does that through the annual report, for shareholders.

而我觉得唯一的区别就在董事会里面。

And I think the only difference is within the boardroom.

我觉得他的看法是,他需要确保如果比如 subsidiary ABC 出了什么问题,他会把它摆到台面上,也会把他对外部世界正在发生什么的判断传达出来。

I think he has a view that he needs to make sure if there's, you know, an issue in, you know, subsidiary ABC, that he is surfacing it and communicating what he's thinking is going on in the world.

所以,不过方向其实是完全一样的。

You know, so, but the direction is exactly the same.

我会说,更不一样的是那个深度,而且对我来说,最大的馈赠有两层。

I would say the depth and the fact that to me, the great gift is twofold.

第一,Warren 会告诉你他在关注什么,以及在这一刻、这次会议上,他认为什么议题对 Berkshire 非常重要。

One, Warren tells you what he is focused on and he thinks in this moment at this meeting, these are the issues that he thinks are very important for Berkshire.

当然,只要还有人有问题,他就会继续回答。

He obviously takes questions as long as anybody has them.

但我觉得第二点我会说,不是说不一样,而是那种令人难以置信——说“惊讶”又有点太重了——不过你从外部其实也知道,美国没有哪个 CEO 会像 Warren 和 Charlie 那样,用如此深刻而宽广的方式去思考风险。

But I think the second thing that I would say is different, not different, but is just, was an incredible— surprise is too strong a word, but you would know from the outside that there is no CEO in America that thinks about risk in a more profoundly broad way than Warren and Charlie.

我的意思是,他们——Warren 会去想,比如资本市场突然关掉了怎么办。

I mean, they— Warren thinks about, you know, the capital markets shutting down.

你知道,他会去想核武器、生物恐怖主义,而在股东大会上,你能隐约看到这一面。

You know, he thinks about nuclear weapons and bioterrorism and in annual meetings, there are glimpses of that.

我觉得我坐在那里听下来,真正看到的一点是,他在多么深刻地设计、也希望把整个企业设计成一种结构,确保它在那些远远超出普通 CEO 或普通投资者思维范围的情境下,依然有韧性。

I think the one thing I would say I've seen sitting there listening is how profoundly he structures and wants the enterprise structured to make sure it's resilient to, in scenarios that are so far outside of the thinking of a normal CEO or a normal investor.

他真的是在打造一个几乎能扛过任何可以想象得到的情境的东西,而且希望它能长久存在。

He is really building something that he wants to last through almost any conceivable scenario.

而能以这样的方式看到那个头脑在运转,真的是一种了不起的荣幸。

And it is an incredible privilege to just see that mind at work in that way.

所以整体方向,其实从你坐着看 annual report、去参加股东大会时,就都已经铺陈出来了。

So everything is directionally laid out, just sitting in a, reading the annual report and sitting in a shareholders meeting.

一切其实都一样。

Everything is the same.

只是分量更多而已。

It's just more of it.

就像我说的,尤其是风险这部分,真的让我特别震撼,就是他们对这家企业那种极其深切的托付和守护感。

And as I say, the risk part in particular is something that I was just, have been incredibly struck by, that sense of profound stewardship for this enterprise.
M2
M284:52

这在 annual meeting 上特别明显。

It was very striking in the annual meeting.

我总是会在手机里记很多笔记。

I always take a lot of notes in my phone.

我当时就坐在那儿疯狂记笔记。

I'm sort of sitting there madly taking notes.

我记下来的其中一句,就是他说,我们绝不会做出把自己搞死的决定。

And one of the things I wrote down was when he said, we'll never make a decision that kills us.

他说,我们——我们会让自己保持比任何人都更好的状态。

And he said, we'll, we'll, we keep ourselves in better shape than anybody else.

所以我觉得,那种对韧性的执着,真的对我们所有人都非常有价值。

So I think that sense of the obsession with resilience is hugely valuable for all of us.

我的意思是,我们没法复制他的天才,但那种对韧性、对无论什么都要活下来的专注,在我看来,对任何普通投资者都特别重要。

I mean, we can't clone his brilliance, but that focus on resilience, on surviving anything, seems to me hugely important for any regular investor.

然后还有一点,在 AGM 上他谈到公司文化的时候,对我冲击特别大。他说,我们感受不到来自 Wall Street 的压力。

And then the other thing that came across massively for me when he was talking about the culture of the company at the AGM, he said, we feel no pressure from Wall Street.

我们不会开 investor calls。

We don't do investor calls.

我们是在为这个房间里的人工作。

We are working for the people in this room.

不是为那些只在乎季度预期的人工作。

Not people who care about quarterly estimates.

然后他还说,如果公司对 America 有益,你知道,我看不出它有什么理由不能继续生存下去,而且发展得很好。

And then he was talking about how if the company does good for America, you know, I don't see any reason why it can't survive and do fine.

我记得有那么一刻,他说,我们会把股东当成合伙人来看,而不是想着怎么占他们的便宜。

And there was a moment, I think, where he said, we'll look at our shareholders as partners, not seeking an edge on them.

Charlie 也说过一句大概是这个意思的话:他开始像对待自己的亲戚一样对待其他所有人。

And Charlie said something along the lines of, he started treating everyone else the way he treated his relatives.
M1
M186:07

对。

Yeah.
M2
M286:08

这在我看来真的是一个特别深刻的想法。

And that to me was such a profound idea.

就是那种不想从股东身上占便宜的文化。

Just that culture of not wanting to get an edge over your shareholders.

你能讲讲这个吗?

Can you talk about that?

因为在我看来,这好像就是整件事最核心的本质——就是经营公司的时候,甚至都不去想着极致优化,因为你知道,很多股东比如说把自己很大一部分净资产都放在这只股票里。

Because that seems to me to be the absolute essence of the thing, like running it with not even trying to optimize because you know that a lot of your shareholders have so much of their net worth in the stock, for example.
M1
M186:31

嗯,我觉得你说得完全对。他们经营这家公司时,默认 Berkshire 就是股东唯一的资产,因为在很多情况下,事实确实就是这样。

Well, I think you're absolutely right that they run it assuming that Berkshire is the only asset of the shareholders because in many ways it really was.

所以那种合伙人精神——包括家族、医生,还有那些对他们有信心的人——你知道,当然了,现在有相当一部分股票是被指数基金持有的,比如它被纳入 S&P 500 之后,诸如此类。

And so that partnership ethos of the family and the doctors and the people that had faith, you know, obviously a significant amount of the stock is owned by indexes now, you know, when it was added to the S&P 500 and so on.

我觉得有些时候 Warren 和 Charlie 也说过,按这个价位我们不会买这只股票。

I think there have been times when Warren and Charlie have said, we would not buy the stock at these levels.

顺便说一句,事后看你也可以说他们错了。

And by the way, you could argue in hindsight they were wrong.

因为你本来就应该一直买这只股票。

You should always have bought the stock.

当然也有些时候他们会说,你知道,我们正在这个价位买入股票。

And there are times when they say, you know, we are buying stock at this level.

所以我觉得,他们是希望股东能掌握这些信息。

So I think that they want shareholders to have the information.

然后自己做决定。

To make their own decisions.

所以我觉得这一点现在依然是真的。

So I think that remains true.

我觉得那种——你知道——把它看作最终持有人唯一资产的文化,我觉得会持续很长时间。

I think that the, you know, I think that the culture of viewing it as the only asset of the end owners, I think that will persist for a long time.

你知道,我想你应该听我差不多这样说过,就是,我怀疑咱们俩谁也说不出 Standard Oil 的第三任 CEO 是谁。

You know, I think you've heard me sort of say that, you know, I doubt either one of us could name the third CEO of Standard Oil.

我以前还说过,除了第二任 CEO 也姓 Rockefeller,可能还有人知道以外,第三任或者第四任,基本没人叫得出来。

I used to say nobody could name the second CEO except it was also a Rockefeller, but the third or the fourth.

可 Standard Oil 呢,你知道,差不多有十一几十年都是美国最有价值的公司,至少肯定一直是前三之一。

And yet Standard Oil was, you know, the most valuable company in America for something like 11 decades, or certainly one of the top three.

我觉得,这才是理解 Berkshire 的正确心态——看它是怎么建立起来的,看 Warren 想做的到底是什么。

And I think that's the right mindset for thinking about Berkshire, how it's built, what Warren is trying to do.

你说不出第三任 CEO 是谁,但 John D. Rockefeller 留下来的,是一组寿命非常长、而且能在很长时间里持续产生现金的资产。

You couldn't name the third CEO, but what John D. Rockefeller left was a collection of assets that had very long lives and would produce cash for a long period of time.

这是他建立并留下的第一样东西。

That was the first thing that he built and then left it.

第二样东西,是一种文化。它的意思是,Wall Street 有 Wall Street 的玩法;就像 Exxon 那句很有名的话,

The second thing was a culture that said, Wall Street plays their games; famously at Exxon,

政府来来去去,但我们是 Exxon。

Governments come and go, but we're Exxon.

这句话放在 Berkshire 身上也许有点太强了,当然,但核心意思是:我们自己做决定,而且我们的决定,是基于 engineering 和 economics 的结合与交汇。

That may be too strong for Berkshire, certainly, but this idea that we make our own decisions and we make them based on the combination and the confluence of engineering and economics.

所以这里面没有——不是 politics,不是 perception,也不是 trends。

So there is no, it's not politics, it's not perception, it's not trends.

而是,这就是我们的做事方式,这是一种非常严谨的 engineering 文化。

It's, these are how we, it was a rigorous engineering culture.

所以我觉得,这两者的结合——我不想把它叫做封闭的文化,因为那样听起来像是他们把头埋进沙子里——但它确实是一种能够抵御外部影响反复变化的文化,而那些外部影响里,很多人其实都有各自的隐藏动机和不同议程。

So I think the combination of this, I won't call it insular culture because that makes it sound like they have their head in the sand, but it was a culture that was resistant to the vagaries of outside influences, many of whom sort of have ulterior motives and different agendas.

而这种组合意味着,如果你在一九零零年持有 Standard Oil,如果你在一九五零年持有它,如果你在一九九零年持有它,或者你在今天,也就是二零二三年持有它,John D. Rockefeller 当年奠定下来的那两个特质,都会很好地服务于你。

And that combination meant that if you had Standard Oil in, you know, 1900, if you had it in 1950, if you had it in 1990, or if you had it today in 2023, you were well served by those 2 characteristics that were laid in place by John D. Rockefeller.
M3
M390:03

而且,而且 John D.

And, and John D.
M1
M190:05

Rockefeller 是那种影响力巨大、近乎传奇式的人物,Chernow 写的那本传记,我觉得每个人都该读一读。

Rockefeller was a bigger, larger-than-life influence, and Chernow's biography is one everybody should read.

但在那之后,你并不需要再来一个那样的人。

But you didn't need another one after that.

你需要的是能够保护这些资产和这种文化的人。

What you needed was people that were protective of the assets and the culture.

我觉得,这就是我理解 Berkshire 的方式,也是我理解董事会职责和管理层职责的方式。

And I think that is how I think of Berkshire and how I think of the board's job and the management's job.
M2
M290:29

很显然,Berkshire 的文化里有一个特别鲜明的特点,我想很大程度上是来自 Charlie,那就是他们有一种习惯:会反复直面自己的错误,愿意承认自己错在什么地方。

One thing that's very distinctive, obviously, about the culture of Berkshire that I guess comes a lot from Charlie is this habit of rubbing their nose in their mistakes, of admitting where they've gone wrong.

我想我第一次见你,是我为了写那本书《Richer, Wiser, Happier》采访你的时候,在你 Rockefeller Center 的办公室里,大概是在二零一七年。

And the first time I met you, I think, was when I interviewed you for Richer, Wiser, Happier, for the book, in your office at Rockefeller Center back in, I think, 2017.

当时你带着我参观你的办公室,给我做了一个简单介绍,我印象特别深的是,你专门弄了一面墙,我记得你把它叫作一面错误墙——

And I was very struck when you were giving me a guided tour of your office that you set up, I think, what you called a wall of mistakes that was—
M1
M191:02

一面羞耻墙。

A wall of shame.
M2
M291:03

一面羞耻墙。

A wall of shame.
M1
M191:04

对。

Yeah.
M2
M291:04

我想那应该是受 Charlie 启发的吧,他为了减少那些典型的愚蠢错误,会逼自己反复直视自己的失误。

That was inspired, I guess, by Charlie and his effort to reduce standard stupidities by rubbing his nose in his mistakes.

而且我觉得这作为一个想法,真的特别有意思。

And I think it's really fascinating as an idea.

就是这种思路:你其实可以通过设计自己的物理环境,来让自己更有可能做出更明智的决定。

Well, this whole idea of how you can structure your physical environment actually to tilt the odds in favor of making wiser decisions.

所以我想问问你,能不能讲讲那面羞耻墙、错误墙、失误墙——你怎么看它,它是怎么来的,为什么它对你这么有帮助。

And I wondered if you could talk about that wall of shame, the wall of errors, the wall of mistakes, how you think about it, how it came about, why it's really helpful for you.
M1
M191:39

嗯,这个话题其实,怎么说呢,特别特别能追溯到我们刚才谈的东西,就是 immutability,以及我们如何让自己变得更好的这种关系。

Well, it goes, I mean, it goes so much back to what we were talking about, about immutability and this relationship between how we can improve ourselves.

而且就像你说的,你改变了自己的 wiring。

And as you said, you changed your wiring.

当然,我们的大脑连线本身就有这种可塑性,而且会受这些东西影响。

And of course our wiring has got this plastic nature and is capable of us.

它不是非黑即白、走到两个极端那种。

It is not at the extremes.

我的意思是,对吧?

I mean, right?

我们都知道,临床抑郁到底是什么,那是非常非常严重的事情。

We, we all know, I mean, what clinical depression is, is something very, very serious.

但是,你知道,我们所处的物理环境、我们的身体状态,和我们的心理状态之间是有联系的,这个想法当然是对的,这些东西本来就是相关的。

But, but this idea of, you know, the connection of our physical environment, our physical bodies to our mental state, of course those things are related.

C.S. Lewis 以前写过一篇很有意思的文章,我很多年前读过,是讲祈祷的。

C.S. Lewis wrote an interesting essay I read a long time ago about praying.

他说,你知道,很多人有一种看法,觉得我随时都可以祈祷。

And he said, you know, people have this view, I can pray anytime.

他说,你知道,很多人有一种看法,觉得我随时都可以祈祷。

And he said, you know, people have this view, I can pray anytime.

我不需要跪下来。

I don't need to be on my knees.

他当时讲了一个很有力的观点:你就是应该跪下来,因为我们的大脑和身体之间的联系非常强,这种姿势——当然,这是一种极其顺服的姿势——会影响我们的脑内连线。

And he made a very strong case that you should be on your knees because the connection between our brains and our bodies is strong enough that that position, which is of course a position of incredible submissiveness, affects our wiring.

用一个更现代一点的说法,早些年互联网视频这个概念刚出来的时候,当时还是 streaming。

In a much more modern interpretation, there was a—in the early days of the idea of internet video, it was streaming.

那时候,laptop 还根本不算主流。

There was, at that time, laptops wasn't really the thing.

基本上都只是 desktop。

It was just desktops.

当时有个怀疑论者跟我说,没人会在电脑屏幕上看电影,因为你用电脑的时候,身体是往前倾三度的。

And this skeptic said to me, well, nobody's ever going to watch a movie on their computer screen because when you're on your computer, you're leaning forward 3 degrees.
M3
M393:07

嗯。

Hmm.
M1
M193:07

而你看电影的时候,是往后靠三度,这时候你就是另一种人了。

And when you're watching a movie, you're leaning backwards 3 degrees and you're different people.

你往前倾和往后靠的时候,期待是不一样的。

When you're leaning forward, when you're leaning back, you have different expectations.

你的感官系统运作方式也不一样。

Your sensory apparatus is working differently.

当然,这话本身其实是对的。

Well, of course that's true right now.

他错的地方在于,后来你完全可以把 laptop 放在床上,往后一靠看,还有各种别的场景。

He was wrong because it ends up you can put your laptop in bed and lean back and, you know, all sorts of things.

所以我确实觉得,Charlie 很早以前就告诉我,在办公室里放一些你不想让他们失望的人的照片。这样当你快要做一个处在灰色地带的决定时,你可能会环顾一下四周,然后做这件事时就会没那么自在。

But so I do think, you know, Charlie very early told me to put pictures in my office of people that I wouldn't want to disappoint so that if I was on the cusp of making a decision that was in that gray zone, I might look around and I might feel a little less comfortable making it.

我觉得他大概没想到,我居然真的会在办公室里放一个他的青铜半身像——而我还真放了。

I don't think he expected that I would have a bronze bust of him in my office, which I in fact do.

不过,你知道,我放了我祖父的,还有 Warren 和 Charlie 的,就是那些我很敬佩、也不愿让他们失望的人。

But, you know, I had my grandfather, I had Warren and Charlie, you know, I had people that I admired and I wouldn't want to disappoint.

然后 Charlie 还跟我说,你知道,当你组建董事会、你又是在管理 mutual fund 的时候,你和最终投资者之间的关系其实是很松的。

And then Charlie said to me, you know, when you create directors, you run a mutual fund, the relationship between you and your end investors is very tenuous.

这不像 Berkshire,当年 Warren 是坐在一张桌子前,认识他最早那些投资人的。

It's not like Berkshire where Warren sat at a table and knew his original investors.

你知道,我们是通过 financial advisor 来合作的,然后他说,所以你要有一个你自己也感到自豪的董事会,你不想让他们失望,当然更不想误导他们,因为他们代表的是你的股东。

You know, we work with financial advisors and, you know, and he said, so have a board of directors that you're proud of and you don't want to disappoint them and you certainly don't want to mislead them because they're the face of your shareholders.

所以后来我们才会有像 Tom Gayner 这样的人来担任这个角色。

And that's how we ended up with people like Tom Gayner serving in that capacity.

你想向谁汇报?

Who do you want to report to?

不过你说得完全对。

But you're absolutely right.

这种象征意义很重要,我们去拜访公司的时候,一直都在找这种象征性的东西。

The symbolism, when we visit companies, we're always looking for symbols.

有高管专用餐厅吗,还是说高管们就正常一起吃饭?

Is there an executive cafeteria or do the executives eat?

有预留的停车位吗?

Are there reserved parking spaces?

有那种 palazzos 吗?

Are there the palazzos?

我们一直都在找这类细微的信号。

And we're always looking for those sort of subtle cues.

所以当然,我们也一直在努力把这一点内化到自己身上。

And so of course we've tried to internalize that ourselves.

所以你刚才提到了那面“耻辱墙”,那可能就是一个特别好、也特别具体的例子。

So you mentioned the wall of shame, and that's probably a very good and tangible example.

所以我们会把我们那些最大错误对应的股票凭证装裱起来,然后把那些可以迁移、可以通用的教训写上去,因为——我们是以团队的方式来做这些错误复盘的。

So we frame the stock certificates of our biggest mistakes and we put the transferable lessons because, and we lead these mistake reviews as a team.

Danson,我的合伙人,和我会一起主持这些复盘,因为我以前在别的公司工作过,我看到过,你知道,成功有一千个父亲,失败却是个孤儿。

Danson, my partner, and I lead those because I worked at other firms and I saw, you know, success having 1,000 fathers and failure being an orphan.

而且我还给一个人工作过,他就是——永远都是别人的错。

And I worked for one individual that he just, it was always somebody else's fault.

很明显,这个人虽然是个非常出色的 analyst,但他注定会在 portfolio manager 和商人这两个角色上失败,因为,作为 portfolio manager,他很难重新审视自己的工作。

And it was so clear that this man who was an incredible analyst was going to fail as a portfolio manager and as a businessman because, you know, as a portfolio manager, he had a hard time revisiting his work.

然后从经营公司的角度来说,他营造出了一种文化,让人们害怕承认错误,只能拼命甩锅,永远都是公司骗了我们,或者,反正总是别人的错。

And then as a business, he created a culture where people were afraid to admit their mistakes and had to pin the blame and it was always the company lied to us or, you know, somebody else's fault.

所以这个,我觉得真的很有用——

So that, I think it's a really useful—.
M2
M296:00

所以比如说,当你回过头去看像 AIG 这样的案例时——我记得你有一次跟我说过,那绝对是你最痛苦、也最昂贵的一次错误——因为这家公司曾经是全球最大的金融公司之一,也是很优秀的保险公司,结果却在金融危机期间几乎崩溃,还拿了政府八百五十亿美元的救助。

So when you went back and you looked at something like AIG, for example, which I remember you telling me once was definitely your most painful and expensive mistake where, you know, this had gone from being one of the world's biggest financial companies and great insurance companies to almost collapsing and having an $85 billion bailout from the government during the financial crisis.

而你显然又是它的大股东,也是金融公司方面的专家,所以这件事尤其痛。

And you obviously were a big shareholder and an expert in financial companies, so particularly painful.

那就是,当你从这件事里走出来之后,回头去做这些复盘时,有没有什么地方让你真的改变了自己的投资方式,或者改变了你寻找反面证据的方式?

Like what, when you came out of that and you went back and you did your postmortems, was there something where you actually changed the way you invested or the way that you looked for disconfirming evidence?

比如说,这种真的把自己的错误拿出来反复面对的过程,在实际层面上有没有帮助你成为一个更好的投资者?

Like, was that process of really rubbing your nose in your mistakes practically helpful to you in making you a better investor?
M1
M196:50

有。

Yeah.

我的意思是,每一块牌子底下写的重点,不是事情经过本身,对吧?

I mean, the goal, each plaque that's written on the bottom is not what happened, right?

而是,从这件事里到底学到了什么可以迁移、可以通用的教训,对吧?

It's what was the transferable lesson learned from what happened, right?

换句话说,我们的目标,是要从这些错误上赚回报,从那些亏掉的钱上赚到回报。

In other words, our goal is to earn a return on those mistakes, on the money that was lost.

顺便说一句,也不是所有那些案例最后都亏了钱。

By the way, there wasn't money lost on all of them.

那面墙上有一个案例,我们在那笔投资上赚了,我也不知道,六七倍吧。

There's one on that wall where we made, I don't know, 6- or 7-fold on our investment.

那只是想提醒自己,我们当时其实是运气好。

It was just trying to recognize that we had gotten lucky.

所以你知道,显然,这面错误墙,或者说耻辱墙,关注的是过程,不是结果。

So, you know, obviously the mistake wall, the wall of shame is focused on process, not on outcome.

所以 Warren——而且我相信我这么说他也不会介意。

So Warren, and you, I'm sure he wouldn't mind my saying this.

有一次我问他,关于一笔投资出现重大亏损这件事,他说,哦,你不应该害怕亏损。

Once I was asking him about this idea of having a significant loss on an investment, he said, oh, you shouldn't be afraid of having a loss.

这就像——回到你刚才提到 Thorp,那你会想到 Kelly criterion,也就是该下多大注。

It's, you know, going back to, you were talking about Thorp and you think of the Kelly criterion of how much to bet.

你知道,他对我说,如果你给我二比一的赔率,我会跟你赌一次抛硬币,赌十亿美元。

You know, he said to me, I'll bet you a billion dollars on a coin toss if you give me 2-to-1 odds.

所以我愿意承担百分之五十的概率亏掉十亿美元,因为赔率对我太有利了,但我不会跟你赌十次。

And so I'm willing to take a 50% chance of losing a billion dollars because the odds are so much in my favor, but I wouldn't bet you 10.

所以我必须把下注规模控制对。

So I have to size the bet right.

我得先确保自己知道胜算有多大。

I have to make sure I know the odds.

所以如果他接了那个赌,而硬币结果是朝我这边倒,那对他来说也不该被记到什么“失误墙”上。

So if he took that bet and the coin came my way, it wouldn't go on a mistake wall for him.

我的意思是,我这算是在推测,所以我就从我自己的角度来说。

I mean, I'm speculating, so I'll say it from my point of view.

如果我们按二比一的赔率下了这个注,结果没成,还亏了钱,除非那枚硬币被做了手脚之类的,不然我们不会说这里面有什么可以迁移、可以复用的教训。

If we took that bet with 2-to-1 odds and it didn't come out and we had a loss, we wouldn't say there was a transferable lesson to learn from that unless the coin was rigged or something like that.

所以我们非常在意的一点是,到底学到了什么可迁移的教训。

So we're thinking very much about what is the transferable lesson learned.

所以你说得对。

So you're right.

AIG 是最大的一笔。

AIG was the biggest one.

不过有意思的是,可能给我们带来最高回报的其实是 Lucent,因为在 Lucent 这个案子里,我们自己的流程本来是有效的,但我们却一次次把它给推翻了。

Probably the one that we've earned the highest return on was Lucent, interestingly, because Lucent was one where our own processes worked, but we kept overriding them.

我们之所以这么做,是因为 Lucent——这点现在很难让人记住——Lucent 当时是全美国最受敬佩的公司。

And the reason we did is because Lucent was— it's hard to bear this in mind— Lucent was the most admired company in America.
M3
M398:59

第一名。

Number one.
M1
M199:01

在 Fortune 的排名里,它是最受敬佩的公司,而且董事会也是妥妥的 blue-chip 级别。

Fortune-ranked, most admired, had a blue-chip board.

我是说,那真是一个让人难以置信的董事会,在 telecom equipment 领域占据绝对统治地位,而且这只股票一直都很贵。

I mean, the most unbelievable board, absolute dominance in telecom equipment and always a very expensive stock.

所以我们一直是在远处关注它。

So we followed it from a distance.

大家都很崇拜 Bell Labs。

People admired Bell Labs.

我们每次去 Silicon Valley,大家都会聊 Bell Labs,聊那里产出的一切。

We, all our visits to Silicon Valley, people talk about Bell Labs and everything that came out of there.

后来他们错过了一个产品周期,股价就跌了很多。

And so they missed a product cycle and the stock went down a lot.

我们就说,你看,这对我们来说可能是个真正的机会,因为在那个时候,市场的动量非常强,有点像最近这些年这样。

And we said, you know, this could be a real opportunity for us because when in, at that time it was a real momentum market, a little bit like it's been in recent years.

所以只要一个季度没达预期,你知道,一只股票就可能出现非常过度的反应。

And so missing a quarter, you know, a stock could really overreact.

有一次 Costco 因为一个季度没达预期,股价收在四十二、开在二十六,我们就在一天之内买了它一千七百万股。

We bought 17 million shares of Costco in a single day when the stock closed at 42 and opened at 26 because they missed a quarter.

但我们当时是有准备的。

But we were ready.

所以我们脑子里大概就是这么个思路,我们觉得,嘿,这就是我们的机会。

So that was sort of in our mind and we thought, hey, here's our chance.

我们得认真看看。

Let's really look.

然后 Lucent 的 cash flow statement 里有个特别奇怪的异常现象,就是他们报出来的利润很多。

And there was this anomaly that was so strange in Lucent's cash flow statement is they were reporting a lot of income.

但是如果你去看 cash from operations,却是负的。

But if you looked at cash from operations, it was negative.

你想啊,对一家 manufacturing company 来说,cash flow statement 的第一行是 net income。

And now when you think of a manufacturing company, so the first line on the cash flow statement is net income.

然后还会有一大笔 depreciation 加回去,而他们又是一家 manufacturing company。

Then you have a big addback for depreciation and they're a manufacturing company.

所以,从 net income 再加上 depreciation 之后本来应该是个很大的数字,结果 cash from operations 却变成了小于零,这就非常非常奇怪。

So that's a big addback to go from net income plus depreciation being a huge number to a number less than zero for cash from operations is very, very strange.

而这跟他们那个 vendor financing 有关。

And it had to do with this vendor financing.

所以我们当时想,这说不通,但我们又太想持有它了,于是我们就去见了 CFO,然后我们提了这个问题,他们就演了这么一出 kabuki,给了我们一个根本说不通的回答。

And so we thought, well, this doesn't make sense, but we were so disposed to want to own it that we sort of met with the CFO and we, you know, and we asked the question and they did this kabuki of giving us an answer that made no sense.

但那套说辞某种程度上正好利用了我们的行为偏差,结果你也知道,最后成了一笔糟糕透顶的投资。

But it sort of played on our behavioral biases and, you know, it ended up being a terrible investment.

我们无视了自己原本亮起的红灯。

We overrode our own red flags.

所以从那个错误里学到的,就是要对自己的纪律有信心,也要意识到人的行为会怎么把这种纪律一点点瓦解。你知道,这让我们躲过了 Enron。

And so learning that mistake, to have confidence in your discipline, to recognize how behavior can unwind it, you know, that saved us from Enron.

它也救了我们,让我们避开了,哦,Global Crossing。

It saved us, oh, Global Crossing.

它还让我们避开了很多这类东西——那些曾经备受赞赏的公司,比如 GE,但我们就是没法把那个账算通。

It saved us from so many things that have been incredibly admired businesses, GE, but that have, but where we couldn't make the math work.

所以那个回报非常高。

So that was a high return.

AIG 那次,你知道,真的特别痛苦,因为我们那时刚经历过 9/11,我现在看市中心的天际线,二十多年后的今天,还是还能看见那个轮廓。

AIG was, you know, so painful because we just passed 9/11 and I still look at the downtown skyline and I can still see the silhouette even, you know what, more than 20 years later.

它们在我人生的大部分时间里,真的就是我存在感的一部分。

It was just, they were so much a part of my existence for most of my life.

所以对我来说,AIG 的灰飞烟灭就像那样。

And to me, AIG vaporizing was like that.

我学到的每一条经验教训,好像都不适用了。

Every lesson that I learned didn't apply.

保险公司在失去流动性之前,通常会先破产。

Insurance companies go broke before they go illiquid.

保险公司一般不会失去流动性,因为它们手上是有钱的,对吧?

Insurance companies never go illiquid because they've got the money, right?

它们是先收钱的。

They get paid upfront.

所以它们手里有——你知道,AIG 当时有一万亿美元的流动资产,一万亿美元;它们有一千亿美元的股东权益,八百亿美元的有形净资产。

So they've got, you know, AIG had a trillion dollars' worth of liquid assets, a trillion, you know, they had $100 billion of equity, $80 billion of tangible equity.

所以那真的非常难看出来。

So it was so hard to see.

所以我们写在墙上的那条教训,从某种意义上说非常技术性,但我觉得最重要的一点其实很简单:我们知道 Hank 一旦离开,就不会再有人能像他那样理解那个复杂的企业。

So our lesson written on the wall is in some ways very technical, but I think the most important one was simply about the view that we knew when Hank was gone, there was nobody that could understand that complex enterprise the way he could.

所以我们知道,不管原来有什么风险,都会大幅上升。

So we knew whatever risk was there went up dramatically.

而且,在他不在之后,像 financial products 这类业务还出现了那么多增长,这本来就应该是一个非常——现在那块牌子上后来又加了别的东西,但我会说,这一点塑造了我们后来思考银行的方式。

And the fact that there was so much growth in things like financial products in his absence should have been a very— now we have other things on that plaque, but I would say that shapes us as we think about banks.

不过,这里面有些错误其实是遗漏型错误,是那些我们本来应该做、却没有做到的事。

But some of those mistakes are mistakes of omission, things we should have done that we failed to do.

还有不少是我们卖得太早的东西,你知道,它们当时可能有点跑在前面了,但最后却变成了非常棒的投资。

A number of them are things that we sold too soon, you know, they were a little ahead of themselves, but ended up being fantastic.

所以这已经成了我们文化里非常非常重要的一部分。

So it is a big, big part of the culture.

而且就是要不断努力,从所有这些不同类型的错误里学习,不只是买了某个后来跌下去的东西,还包括那些你本来应该关注的东西,那些——而这也让在这里工作变得更有意思。

And just continually trying to learn from all of those different types of mistakes, not just buying something that goes down, but, you know, things you should have been looking at, things— and it makes it more fun to work here.

我觉得年轻人会感觉,我们很爱听老板们当年做过哪些蠢事,这会让大家更自在地说,嗯,我担心我们——我真的已经改变看法了。

I think that young people feel like we love hearing about how our bosses did stupid things and it makes us feel more comfortable saying, well, I'm afraid we, I've really changed my mind.

我三个月前跟你说的那些话,现在我觉得我错了。

Everything I told you 3 months ago, I think I'm wrong.
M2
M2103:31

另外我也觉得很有意思,你买了很多那些图片,好像是在 eBay 上买的,然后配上引语装框挂起来。

It was interesting to me also that you had all these images that you'd bought on eBay, I think, and framed with quotes.

我当时在你办公室拍过一段视频,里面就有那些图片和引语,我后来还把它们大概手抄了下来。

And I was looking at a video I'd taken in your office of those images and quotes, and I sort of wrote them out by hand.

让我印象很深的是,其中有那么多都跟行为偏差有关,像是在提醒你自己要小心这些东西。

And it was striking to me how many of them were related to behavioral biases that you were trying to remind yourself of.

其中有一句,嗯,显然是这个领域一位很有名的思想家,Richard Feynman 说的:如果你在做一个实验,你应该把所有你认为可能让它无效的东西都报告出来,而不只是报告那些你觉得证明它是对的部分。

And so one of them, very, you know, obviously a kind of famous thinker on this subject, Richard Feynman, who said, if you are doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid, not only what you think is right about it.

这一点让我觉得很有意思。

That was interesting to me.

你那儿有几句他的名言,不过还有一句也特别有意思。

You had a couple of quotes from him, but there was also a really interesting quote.

有一句,对,关于这两句你想评论哪一句都可以。

One, yeah, you feel free to comment on either of these.

其中一个例子是 Max Perutz。在你跟我提到他之前,我都没听说过他。他负责 Cambridge 的 Cavendish Laboratory。我觉得那可能是全世界最有创新力的研究机构之一。

One was from Max Perutz, who I hadn't heard of until you mentioned him to me, who ran the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, which was, I think, one of the most innovative research institutions in the world.

有人问他,有没有什么简单的原则,能让研究工作在组织起来之后,依然保持很强的创造力。

And he was asked if there were simple guidelines on how to organize research so that it's still highly creative.

你当时引用了他一段特别精彩的话,大意是:不要政治,不要委员会,不要报告,不要审稿人,不要面试,只要由少数几个判断力很好的人挑选出来的、有天赋而且动力十足的人。

And you had this great quote from him where it said, no politics, no committees, no reports, no referees, no interviews, just gifted, highly motivated people picked by a few men of good judgment.

所以我想请你谈谈这个想法:一个组织该怎么运作,才能不被那些糟糕的官僚作风之类的东西拖累。

And I wondered if you could talk about that idea of how to run an organization that isn't saddled with terrible bureaucracy and the like.
M1
M1105:03

对,我很喜欢 Max Perutz 那段话。

Yeah, I love that Max Perutz quote.

你说得对——我研究过很多能孕育卓越的组织,尤其是那种参与者其实本来可以去别的任何地方工作的组织,对吧?

And you're right, it's— I studied a lot of organizations that breed excellence when the participants could work anywhere else, right?

换句话说,比如你刚提到 Munger, Tolles & Olson 和 Ron Olson。那 Munger, Tolles & Olson 为什么能排到——真的,我记得我最近看到的一个排名里,它就是全国最好的律师事务所,对吧?

In other words, why, you know, you mentioned Munger, Tolles & Olson and Ron Olson. You know, how does Munger, Tolles & Olson rank literally as, I believe in one ranking I just read recently, the best law firm in the country, right?

所以问题就是,到底是什么让它做到这一点?

It's like, what is it?

顺便说一句,Wachtell Lipton 其实也一样可以这么讲。

And by the way, you could say the same about Wachtell Lipton.

有意思的是,他们的薪酬制度完全不一样,真的是完全不一样。

And what's interesting is they have totally different compensation practices, totally different.

所以关键不只是薪酬,但当然,这两种情况归根结底都和文化有关。

So it's not just compensation, but certainly in both cases it is about culture.

所以我就拿这些例子,再加上 Cavendish Lab,把它们放在一起来讲。

And so I'll use that and the Cavendish Lab to sort of draw them all together.

也就是说,以我的经验来看,当然,首先你得给人公平的报酬,对吧?

Which is that, you know, my experience is if that, of course you have to pay people fairly, right?

你总不能跟别人说,在你一辈子的职业生涯里,我要求你赚的钱明显低于你在别处本来能赚到的钱——那就太离谱了。

You know, people, people, it would be a crazy thing to tell people that, you know, over the arc of your lifetime, I'm asking you to earn well below what you could earn elsewhere.

所以你必须公平地付钱。不过在“什么算公平”以及“该看多长的时间周期”这两个维度上,其实有一个很宽的区间。而我的观察是,如果一个人真的很擅长自己的手艺,那他们真正看重的,是能不能待在一个环境里,让自己在这门手艺上做到自己所能达到的极致。

So you have to pay people fairly, but within a very broad band of what fair is and what the appropriate time horizon is, I find if people are great at their craft, then what they really care about is being in an environment where they can be absolutely the best that they can be at that craft.

所以,一个特别擅长分析企业或者挑选证券的人,到底需要什么样的环境?

And so what is it that takes somebody who's really gifted in analyzing businesses or selecting securities?

什么样的环境,才能让他们把自己最擅长的事情做到最好?

What sort of environment is it where they can be best at what they do?

反过来说,又有哪些东西会妨碍他们做到这一点?

Or alternatively, what are the sorts of things that would interfere with that?

比如说,如果你得花很多时间去见客户,那破坏性就非常大。因为客户当然会想把注意力放在 Bob Kirby——他是 Capital Group 一位非常棒的导师——以前常说的那个问题上:来,告诉我,3个 W 是什么。

So for example, if you have to spend a lot of time meeting with clients, that's very destructive because of course clients want to focus on what Bob Kirby, who is a great mentor at Capital Group, used to call— tell me, what are the 3 Ws.

哪里出错了?

What went wrong?

你会发现,一场会面里,百分之九十五的时间都花在投资组合里那百分之五的部分上。

You know, you'll spend 95% of the meeting on 5% of the portfolio.

大家永远盯着那些跌了的东西。

It's always what's gone down.

如果你一年后再去见同一个客户,而那个标的又跌得更多了,那你就会很难替它辩护。

If you go back to that same client a year later and it's down more, you're going to have a hard time defending it.

到第三年,你可能会在开会之前就把它卖掉,省得还得解释。

In the third year, you're going to sell it before the meeting so you don't have to.

而你知道,这些全都是很糟糕的决策。

And you know, those are all terrible decisions.

还有那些浪费时间的会议,你知道,就是坐在各种会议里。对了,那面墙上有句名言,我本来还以为你会引用,是一个棒球运动员说的——你看我对体育懂多少吧?

Wasteful meetings, you know, sitting in meetings, you know, there's one of the quotes on that wall I thought you were going to quote was a baseball player because see how much I know about sports?
M3
M3107:42

对。

Right.
M1
M1107:42

一个叫 Bill Lee 的人。

A guy named Bill Lee.

他以前是 Red Sox 的投手。

He was a pitcher for the Red Sox.

我对他一点都不了解。

I don't know anything about him.

我都不知道他是哪个年代投球的。

I don't even know what decade he pitched in.

不过我读过他一句话,我特别喜欢。有人问他,团队会议上都会发生什么?

But the quote of his that I had read that I liked so much is he was asked, what happens at team meetings?

他说,哦,团队会议上,你就坐在那儿,嚼烟草,对那些蠢事点点头。

And he said, oh, at team meetings you sit on your ass, chew tobacco, and nod at dumb things.

所以当然了,我也在别的地方工作过。

And so of course I worked at other places.

我见过那种文化,就是那种,“我为什么要浪费时间?”

I saw that culture of like, why am I wasting my time?

我还有正事要做呢。

I've got work to do.

所以这是另一个标准。

So that's another criteria.

就是你别浪费他们的时间。

You don't waste their time.

你也别把他们放在那种环境里,周围全是会让他们把事情做得更差的人。这里说的是那些外部压力会带来什么影响。

You don't put them in, surround them with people that are going to make them worse at what they do in terms of what are the external pressures.

你要怎么把这些外部压力降到最低,好让他们能作为手艺人,把自己的活做到最好?

How do you minimize the external pressures that allows them to be the craftsperson they are?

你要怎么确保他们真心欣赏跟自己一起工作的人?

How do you make sure that they admire the people they work with?

你知道,大家都说,人们辞的不是工作,是老板;但其实他们也会因为同事而离开。

You know, people don't, they say they don't quit their job, they quit their boss, but they also quit their colleagues.

所以如果你真的欣赏一起工作的人,你就会喜欢来上班,喜欢他们的价值观,喜欢他们的专业能力,也敬佩他们做的事。

So if you really admire the people you work with, you like coming to work, you like their value system, you like their expertise, you admire what they do.

他们会帮助你把自己的事情做得更好。

They help you get better at what you do.

所以,你知道,还有另外几点。

So, you know, there are a few others.

我们希望有一套合理的薪酬制度,也希望提醒大家,他们正在做的事,真的会影响现实中很多人的生活。

We want a compensation system that's reasonable, and we want to remind people that what they're doing makes a difference in real people's lives.

我对 hedge funds 没什么意见,除了我当然会嫉妒他们收的那些费用。

And I have nothing against hedge funds except I'm jealous of the fees, of course.

不过你知道,我们做的事情是非常直接的,对吧?

But you know, what we do is very direct, right?

我们的普通客户,平均可能有两万五千美元投在我们这里,而那很可能就是他们全部的积蓄。

Our average client might have $25,000 invested with us and it may well be their life savings.

所以这真的会决定,一个孩子能不能上大学,或者他们能不能按自己想要的条件退休。

And so it really determines whether a kid goes to college or whether they get to retire in the circumstances that they want.

而且,他们对我们所做事情有信心,以及我们做的事确实重要,这些都是我们工作里非常核心的一部分。

And their having conviction in what we do and what we do mattering is a very central part of what we do.

所以,你知道,我们往往会更倾向于招那种更看重这一点的人。

So, you know, we've tended to skew towards people where they prefer that.

他们喜欢这样一种想法:我们做的事是有意义的;相比之下,如果我们收百分之二加百分之二十的费用,去管理 Yale Endowment,那当然也很棒。

They like the idea that what we do sort of matters versus if we're charging 2 and 20 and managing the Yale Endowment, that's terrific.

而且,你知道,反正他们也不会雇我们。

And, you know, they wouldn't hire us anyway.

但我们喜欢这样,你知道,我们喜欢自己能给最终客户提供很好的价值,比如说我们的费用很低,而且我们也在努力保持这一点。

But we like, you know, we like that we're offering a good value to the end client in terms of we have low fees, you know, and we try to keep it that way.

所以这一切都来自那句 Max Perutz 的话:你要怎么创造一个环境,让有才华的人喜欢来上班,而不是只想着把自己的收入最大化。

So all of those come from that Max Perutz quote, like, how do you create an environment where talented people enjoy coming to work and they aren't trying to optimize just their income.

他们想的是,怎么能以最好的方式去打磨和实践自己的手艺。

They're trying to practice their craft in the best way possible.

还有,顺便说一句,小团队也是其中的一部分。

And by the way, a small team is also part of that.

你要是让 Cavendish Lab 带着六百个科学家运转起来,那会非常难。

It would be very hard to run the Cavendish Lab with 600 scientists.

所以,一个小而有才华的团队。

And so a small talented team.

Tom Murphy,我很喜欢他以前在 Cap Cities 说的一句话:他说,他们之所以能成为低成本提供者,是因为他们付给那些能力高出一倍的人,多百分之五十的薪水。

Tom Murphy, I liked, used to say it at Cap Cities that he got to be a low-cost provider by paying people that were twice as good 50% more.

这里面确实也有点道理。

And there is something about that too.

我们很喜欢用更少、但更优秀的人。

We love having fewer, better people.

但与此同时,我们团队里也有二十多岁、三十多岁、四十多岁、五十多岁,还有六十多岁的人。

And yet we have people that are in their 20s, in their 30s, in their 40s, in their 50s, and in their 60s.

而且这还是一个只有十个人的团队,所以不是那种——但平均下来,我们已经一起共事二十年了。

And this is on a team of 10, you know, so it's not that, and yet on average we've been together 20 years.
M2
M2110:53

嗯。

Hmm.
M1
M1110:54

这其实挺不可思议的。

Which is sort of incredible.

也可能是十七年。

Maybe it's 17 years.

我会,我会,我会把准确数字给你,但大概就是这个量级。

I'll, I'll, I'll get you the actual numbers, but it's something like that.

我想平均来说,这个团队一起共事的时间大概是十七年;但同时,我们也有人在这里不到五年、不到十年、不到十五年、二十年,你知道,而且每个年龄段的人都有。

I think on average the team has been together an average of 17 years, and yet we have people that have been here for less than 5, less than 10, less than 15, 20, you know, and people in every decade.

所以我很喜欢这一点,这也呼应到我们最开始聊的,我外祖母那件事——保持兴趣,不断结交新朋友。

So I love that going all the way back to where we started about my grandmother and keeping interested and making new friends.

我确实觉得,投资机构也可能会有这样一种情况:你组建了一支胜利之师,但后来大家慢慢老去,结果中间就会出现很大的断层。我觉得这会形成一种非常脆弱的投资文化,因为很多时候,他们更难被挑战。

I do think investment organizations can also get a winning team and they age out and you end up with sort of a huge gap and I think it can create a very brittle investment culture because often it's harder for them to be challenged.

你知道,我会想到,九十年代我们在报业上投了那么多。

You know, and, you know, I think about how much we had invested in newspapers in the '90s.

后来我现在的合伙人 Danton 在九十年代加入我的时候,我给他的第一个行业就是报业。

And when Danton, my partner now, joined me in the '90s, I gave him newspapers as his first industry.

我对他说,你看,你知道的,他有银行业经验。

I said, look, you know, he had banking experience.

他非常了不起,真的是一个在各个方面都让我敬佩的人。

He's an amazing, just a human being I admire in every dimension.

一开始我就说,好吧,我把报业交给你,因为我们手里有三四家这样的公司。

And in the beginning I said, well, I'm going to give you newspapers because we own 3 or 4 of them.

我们持有 Gannett,持有 Tribune,也持有 Dow Jones。

We own Gannett, we own Tribune, we own Dow Jones.

我觉得我还漏了一个。

I feel I'm leaving one out.

不过总之,我跟他说,你知道,这些都是老商业模式。

But anyway, and I said, you know, these are old business models.

某种程度上,它们很可预测。

They're very, in a way, predictable.

它们是区域性垄断。

They're regional monopolies.

你知道,资本配置很重要,诸如此类吧。

You know, capital allocation matters, blah, blah, blah.

结果一年半以后,他回来跟我说,你听说过这个 internet 的东西吗?

And a year and a half later, he came back and he said, have you heard of this internet thing?

因为我觉得你还没有理解它到底有多强大,不是作为新闻来源,而是作为找公寓在哪里买、或者怎么找工作的渠道。

Because I don't think you understand how powerful it is, not as a source of news, but as a source of where to buy an apartment or how to find a job.

当你意识到,招聘广告、房产 listings,还有各种杂项分类广告,基本上平均来说,几乎贡献了我们持有的那些报纸公司百分之百的利润,而且在分类广告里找工作这件事本身又特别糟糕。

And when you recognize that help wanted, real estate listings, and miscellaneous classifieds, you know, are essentially responsible for 100% of the profits of the newspapers on average that we owned, and that it sucks looking for a job in the classifieds.

你知道,以前你得一条一条地看过去,把适合自己的圈出来。

You know, you used to read through 'em and you'd circle the ones that applied.

你没法搜索。所以总之,要不是 Danton 加入,我真不知道我后来会在哪儿;而且我们后来也把这种做法延续到了更年轻的人身上。

You couldn't search. So anyway, that, I don't know where I would've been without Danton joining and we sort of carried that through with the younger ones.

所以这些一直都是其中的一部分。而且你太厉害了,居然还记得那句 Max Byrd 的话。

So that's been all part of, and you're so amazing that you remember that Max Byrd quote.

那一句我会稍微放在一个不太一样的位置。

I keep that one a little in a different place.

就在我办公室旁边。

It's right by my office.
M2
M2113:09

那句话真美。

That was a beautiful quote.

我还记下来一句我特别喜欢的话,也是 J.P. Morgan 说的,特别精彩。他讲到,我们犯的错误是判断上的错误,而不是原则上的错误。

I also, there was an amazing quote also from J.P. Morgan that I wrote down that I love where he talked about how our mistakes have been errors of judgment and not of principle.

而且这句也让我觉得,嗯,对,他说,既然我们和其他任何人一样,都没有更强的能力去预知未来,我们犯过很多错误;但我们的错误是判断上的错误,而不是原则上的错误。

And that also seems to me, yeah, he said, since we have no more power of knowing the future than any other men, we have made many mistakes, but our mistakes have been errors of judgment and not of principle.

这句话在我看来也特别有意思,是很早以前的内容,而且旁边还配了一张 J.P. Morgan 的照片。

And that seemed to me a really interesting thing from back in, and it was accompanied with a photo of J.P. Morgan.

所以这是他在一九三三年说的,当时他谈到了用一流的方式做一流的生意的重要性。

So this was from 1933 when he talked about the importance of doing first-class business in a first-class way.

所以某种程度上,这跟 Buffett-Munger 对资本主义的理解也是一致的,对吧?

And so in a way, it's consistent with the Buffett-Munger approach to capitalism as well, right?
M1
M1113:55

对,完全是。

Yeah, it absolutely is.

而且我觉得,你知道,我祖父有一句那样的话,放在今天这个时代,我大概会说,嘘,你知道,我觉得你别再这么说了。

And I think, you know, my grandfather had one of those quotes where I think in today's era I would've said, shh, you know, I think you need to stop saying that.

他说的是,你知道,赚到第一个一百万是最难的。

And his quote was, you know, making the first million is the hardest.

第二个一百万,就只是翻一倍。

You know, the second million is just a double.

第三个就只是百分之五十。

The third is just 50%.

第四个就是百分之三十三,第五个就是百分之二十五。

You know, the fourth is 33, the fifth is 25.

就是说,每往后一个,赚到一百万美元的门槛都会变,最后会变成你光靠利息都能赚到,但第一个是真的难。

Like each one, the threshold for making a million bucks, it gets to where you can make it on interest, but the first one is hard.

所以我想说的是,你知道,这其实又回到 Ben Franklin。对我来说,我读过最重要的一本书,我觉得不是 Dale Carnegie 的书。

And so what I would say is, you know, it is, it's Ben Franklin going back to, I think the most, for me, the most important book that I read wasn't Dale Carnegie.

而是 Ben Franklin 的自传,那本书只有八十页或者八十五页。

It was Ben Franklin's autobiography, which is only 80 pages or 85 pages.

里面有清单。

And it had checklists.

有帮助你改善品格的方法。

It had ways to improve your character.

有处理谈判的方法。

It had ways to deal with negotiations.

还有很多赢得影响力的高明技巧。

It had great techniques for winning influence.

我的意思是,那本书里有特别特别多有用的东西。

I mean, it, it, a lot, there's an enormous amount in that book that is useful.

不过他当然有一句很有名的话是,空麻袋很难自己直立起来。

But one of, of course, his famous sayings was, it's hard for an empty sack to stand upright.

所以我刚起步的时候常说这句话。你知道,我那时候会在 New York City 买上班穿的鞋,然后把鞋寄给住在 Hoboken 的我弟弟。

And so I used to say that when I was starting, you know, I used to buy shoes in New York City for work, and then I would have 'em shipped to my brother who lived in Hoboken.

这样我就能避开 New York City 的销售税。

And that way I would avoid New York City sales tax.

那你知道,我觉得这是一种合乎道德的生活方式吗?

And, you know, do I think that is an ethical way to live?

不是。

No.

但我觉得,大家可以理解一个年薪一万八千美元的小年轻,为了省销售税,把鞋寄到自己兄弟的公寓。

I think the world can understand a kid making $18,000 a year, sending shoes to his brother's apartment to save sales tax.

可要是 Dennis Kozlowski 把 Monet 的画运到 New Hampshire,那标准就不一样了。

Now, when Dennis Kozlowski is sending Monet paintings to New Hampshire, it's a different standard.

所以 Charlie Munger 墙上有一句话是这么说的,你知道,他说,我觉得随着你在人生中不断往上走,别人对你的要求也会更高。

So one of the quotes on that wall of Charlie Munger's is, is he says, you know, I think as you rise in life, more is expected of you.

然后他还用了一个有点生猛的说法,他说,要是你只是个一边灌啤酒一边铲沙子的体力工人,那你可以去脱衣舞俱乐部。

He then somewhat colorfully says, if you're a beer-swilling sand shoveler, you can go to a strip club.

但如果你是 Boston 的 Bishop,你大概就不该这么做。

But if you're the Bishop of Boston, you probably shouldn't.

这真是每个层面都错了。

So wrong on all levels.

所以,怎么说呢,我当然也不想总是摆出一种自命清高的姿态,但我确实觉得,有些人是在职业生涯里太晚才把这个界限推出来。

So just, but I think this idea that I'm not, I don't want to ever have a sort of a holier-than-thou mindset, but I do think there is a point that people sometimes push out too late in their career.

而且你越早把这个界限往前移,长期来看,你后来能直接说出你想说的话,后果就越好。

And the earlier you move it in, the better the longer-term consequences of saying just, what you say.

你知道,我们想做一流的生意,也要用一流的方式去做。

You know, we want to do first-class business in a first-class way.

我给你举个挺好的例子——这个也许对你的听众会有帮助——这是我最近给我孩子们的一条建议。我当时说,我,我,我也不确定这个年龄是不是完全准确,但我说的一点是,在你四十岁之前,也可能这个数字其实是三十,不过我们折中一下,就说三十五吧。

I'll give you a good— this, this may be helpful for your listeners, but it's a piece of advice I recently gave my kids, whereas I said, I, I, I'm not sure I've quite got the ages right, but one thing I said is, is before you're 40, and maybe the number's 30, but before, let's split it and say 35.

在你三十五岁之前,绝对不要跟朋友做生意。

Before you're 35, never do business with friends.

过了三十五岁以后,只跟朋友做生意。

After you're 35, only do business with friends.

你知道,这里面是有个转折点的。因为在你职业生涯早期的一段时间里,你会不断积累洞察、智慧和数据;等你到了职业生涯后期,你就会开始意识到,这就是你刚才说的那种在人际网络里的聚合。你知道,那些关系不是我二十二岁时会拥有的,因为那时候我们都还在摸索。

You know, there is a turning point there where, as you accrue so much insight, wisdom, data in some period of your early career, as you get to your later career, you start realizing that that's the coalescence that you started talking about in these networks of people, you know. They weren't relationships I was going to have at 22 because we were all trying to figure it out.

但随着时间过去,你就会开始明白,而且你越早完成这种转变,就越好。

But over time you start realizing, and the sooner you can shift that, the better.
M2
M2117:29

在让你走之前,我还想问你一个关于 Cardinal John Henry Newman 的问题,因为我们在 Omaha 的时候,你跟我提过他一句很棒的话,我后来还特地去查了。

I wanted to ask you before I let you go about Cardinal John Henry Newman, because when we were in Omaha, you told me about this great quote of his that I looked up.

这是他一八五二年在 Ireland 的一次演讲里说的。他说,几乎可以把绅士定义为这样一种人:他从不让别人感到痛苦。

It's from an 1852 lecture that he gave in Ireland where he said, it is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.

而且我记得你跟我说过,你把这句话存着手机里,对你来说这是一个非常核心的教诲。

And I think you told me that you keep it in your phone and it's a central teaching for you.

我们的听众可能不太知道,Cardinal Newman 是一位非常伟大的英国神学家、学者和神父,而且我记得他后来还被 Pope Francis 在二零一九年封为了圣人。

And our listeners probably won't know that Cardinal Newman was this great English theologian and scholar and priest, and he was actually made a saint by Pope Francis, I think, in 2019.

最重要的是,他还曾经是 Oxford 的 Oriel College 的 fellow,而那也是我在 Oxford 的学院。

And most important of all, he was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, which is my college at Oxford.

所以他可能是唯一一个曾经担任过 Oxford 的 Oriel College fellow,或者说从 Oriel 走出来的伟大人物。

And so he may be the only great person to have been a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, or to have come through Oriel.

你能不能聊聊这个观点:一个绅士,就是一个从不让别人感到痛苦的人?

Can you talk about this idea of a gentleman being someone who never inflicts pain?

因为这确实是个很美的洞见,但显然它对你来说也有非常深的共鸣。

Because it's a beautiful insight, but it's also one that obviously has deep resonance for you.
M1
M1118:39

嗯,我是说,这里面有个很有意思的地方,就是这句话最早是我大学时的导师、也是我最喜欢的一位教授告诉我的。

Well, I mean, one of the interesting things about that is it was given to me by my tutor and my favorite professor in university.

他是一位教授,叫 James Whyte,后来他还成了 Church of Scotland 的 Moderator。

And it was a professor named James Whyte, and he subsequently became the Moderator of the Church of Scotland.

我得说,你真的得佩服那种教会,因为它的领袖居然叫 Moderator。

And I have to say, you have to admire any church where the head of it is called the Moderator.

这头衔是不是很棒?

Isn't that a great title?
M2
M2118:59

对。

Yeah.
M1
M1119:00

所以他后来成了 Moderator,而他把这句话给我的方式,有点像如果我当年认识 Charlie,他可能也会那样对我。他可能会给我讲 Ben Franklin 的那句名言,说那些爱争辩的人也许能赢下争论,但他们赢不来朋友,也赢不来影响力,而后者其实对他们更有帮助。

So he was the Moderator, and he gave it to me in a way, the way maybe Charlie would've given me, if I had known Charlie then. He might've given me the Ben Franklin quote about these argumentative people may, you know, they win the arguments, but they don't win friends and influence, which would serve them better.

他之所以把这句话给我,我觉得是因为他很欣赏我对我们当时所做的工作、还有对我自己学位课程那种非常深入的投入。但我也觉得他可能同时也在想,嗯,我前几天参加了一个会,连着待了两天,结果喉咙特别疼。

He gave it to me because I think he appreciated my very deep engagement in the work that we were doing and in my degree. But I think he also felt that, well, I recently had a very sore throat after spending a couple of days at a conference.

后来有个我非常敬佩的人,在我说“我觉得我的嗓子快不行了——”的时候,

And a man I admire greatly, when I said, I think I'm losing my voice—

他说,嗯,通常这可不是因为你听得太多导致的。

He said, yeah, you usually don't get that from listening too much.

所以,在大学那些导师课和研讨课上,绝对没人会指责我听得太多。

So I would not have been accused of listening too much in those tutorials and in the seminars at university.

所以他就把 Cardinal Newman 的那篇演讲亲手抄了下来,因为你知道,我觉得他那时候大概还没有电脑打印机。

And so he handwrote out Cardinal Newman's talk because, you know, I don't think he had a computer printer.

然后他就亲手抄下来,在我跟他一起上的最后一个学期开始时交给了我。

And so he handwrote it out and he gave it to me at the beginning of my last semester with him.

然后他说,他觉得这会对我有帮助。

And he said he thought it would serve me.

所以,不给别人带来痛苦,是其中一个很重要的部分。

And so the not inflicting pain is an important part of it.

还有一个想法是,这位绅士看起来像是在接受什么,但其实他是在给予。

So was the idea of the gentleman will seem to be receiving when he's in fact conferring.

里面有一句我特别喜欢,大意是说,他会同情那些痛苦的人,也会耐心对待那些荒唐可笑的人。

There's a line in there I love where it talks about he's compassionate with the pained, he's patient with the absurd.

你知道,这就是——他的目光会照顾到整张桌子,想着怎么让每个人都放松自在。

You know, it's this—he has his eyes on the whole table trying to put people at their ease.
M2
M2120:45

对,太美了。

Yeah, it's beautiful.

里面写的是,他的目光关注着在场所有的人。

It says, he has his eyes on all his company.

他会温柔地对待害羞的人,和善地对待疏远的人,也会宽厚地对待那些荒唐可笑的人。

He is tender towards the bashful, gentle towards the distant, and merciful towards the absurd.
M1
M1120:57

没错。

Exactly.

所以我呢,你知道,我奶奶以前常常引用 Harold and Maude 里的一句台词,那是一部很棒的电影。

So I, you know, my, my grandmother used to quote Harold and Maude, that wonderful movie.

里面有一句是,Maude 对 Harold 说——哦不,是 Harold 对 Maude 说,你知道,你真的、真的很爱人,是吧?

And there's a line in it where Maude says, yeah, Harold says to Maude, you know, you really, you really love people, don't you?

然后她说,当然了。

And she says, of course I do.

他们是和我同一个物种。

They're my species.

而我真的很爱人。

And I really love people.

我喜欢生命的复杂性。

I love the complexity of life.

你可以坐在地铁上,看着那一张张脸,每一个人背后都有一个故事。

You could sit on a subway and look at all of those faces and every one of them has a story.

而对这些故事保持好奇,对我来说,是一种特别丰盛的来源。

And being curious about that to me is a source of so much richness.

我觉得,你知道,那时候我大概十九二十岁吧,不管具体几岁,当他把那个交给我的时候,我想那时的我更不耐烦、更有攻击性,也更没有安全感,而我心里有一种想要向那种境界靠近的愿望。

And I think, you know, back then at age 19 or 20 or whatever it was when he handed me that, I think I was much more impatient and aggressive and insecure and there was something about wanting to aspire to that.

而我也很感激他,因为他看到了我身上的这种可能性,也就又回到了可变性这个话题。

And my gratitude to him for seeing that as potential and going all the way back to mutability.

当然,你可以通过学习,成为一个更好的投资人。

Of course, you can become a better investor by learning.

当然,你可以通过阅读和认真投入,成为一个更好的父母。

Of course, you can become a better parent by reading and working at it.

当然,你也可以成为一个更好的爱人,一个更好的配偶,丈夫也好,妻子也好。

Of course, you can become a better lover and a better spouse or husband, wife.

你也可以成为一个更好的厨师。

You could become a better cook.

当然,你可以成为一个更好的人。

Of course, you can become a better person.

当然。

Of course.

而那种把一个人定义为他最糟糕的那个时刻,并且因为他最糟糕的那个时刻去唾弃他、给他贴上标签的想法——

And this idea that people are defined by their worst moment and reviled and identified by their worst moment.

我的意思是,如果你是 Hitler,那你活该。

I mean, if, you know, if you're Hitler, you deserve it.

但如果你只是一个一直很努力想过好这一生的人,却真的犯了个大错——我最近就在读 Hudson Valley 的一个人物,说的是,嗯,对他历史评价的一次很复杂的重新界定,因为他确实做过一些无可争议的好事,另外也做过一些别的事。

But if you were somebody that worked hard to live a good life and you really screwed up, I was reading about a figure in the Hudson Valley who, you know, had led the, well, it was a complicated redefinition of his legacy where there was unarguably wonderful things that he had done and others.

所以我就是觉得,这种可变性的观念——当然,这也是我喜欢投资的一点,因为一切都一直在变化。

So I just think that idea of the mutability, and of course it's one of the things I love about investing is it's always changing.

你知道,很棒的公司会变成彻头彻尾的官僚噩梦,糟糕的公司也可能完成改革。

It is, you know, wonderful companies become absolute bureaucratic nightmares, terrible companies reform.

我的意思是,你想想他回到 JP Morgan 这件事,想想 Jamie Dimon 进入 JP Morgan,如果你想知道他是什么样的领导者的话。

I mean, you think about going back to JP Morgan, think about Jamie Dimon going into JP Morgan if you want to know what kind of leader he is.

我很早就认识他了,那时候他还在 Primerica,或者更早说是在 Commercial Credit,那是他跟 Sandy 一起起步的地方。

And I met him very early when he was still at Primerica, or actually Commercial Credit, which is where he started with Sandy.

他在 Bank One 当上 CEO 之后写的第一份年报,真的是必读材料。

And his first annual report at Bank One, when he became CEO of Bank One, is just required reading.

每个人都该读一读,因为在那之前他从来没有领导过任何东西。

Everybody should read it because he had never led anything.

所以我们当时根本不知道,他会不会是个好 CEO。

So we had no idea, would he be a good CEO?

他会不会太强势、太咄咄逼人?

Would he be too abrasive?

结果他写了一封给股东的信,讲责任担当,讲怎么衡量自己,讲公平,讲志向。

Would he be, and he wrote a shareholder letter of accountability, of how to be measured, of fairness, of aspiration.

而且你知道,JP Morgan 当然是,还有 Bank One,这两家当时都已经变成了非常平庸的机构。

And, you know, JP Morgan had certainly, and Bank One both had become very mediocre institutions.

而那种驱动力、那种投入、那套价值体系,还有那种传承,带来的转变真是不可思议。

And the drive and the commitment and the value system and the legacy, that is an incredible transformation.

所以那种不断发生的变化、那种可能性,我在人生的各个方面都很喜欢。

So that, you know, that constant changing that can come, I love that in all aspects of life.
M2
M2124:04

那封 Cardinal Newman 的信里还有一点,我觉得特别美,而且奇怪的是,对投资人来说也很有共鸣、很贴切,就是他非常不教条。

There's also something in that Cardinal Newman letter that I thought was very beautiful and weirdly resonant and apposite for investors as well, where he just was so undogmatic.

我记下了这一段,他在谈非信徒,很明显他自己是个信仰非常深的人,但他说,如果一个人是不信者,那他也会足够深刻、足够胸怀宽广,不会去嘲笑宗教,也不会去跟宗教作对。

I wrote down this paragraph where he was talking about non-believers, and obviously he was a man of deep faith, but he said if he be an unbeliever, he will be too profound and large-minded to ridicule religion or to act against it.

他足够有智慧,不会在自己的不信里变成一个教条主义者或狂热分子。

He is too wise to be a dogmatist or fanatic in his infidelity.

他尊重虔诚和奉献。

He respects piety and devotion.

他甚至会支持那些庄严可敬、美好或有用的制度,哪怕他自己并不认同。

He even supports institutions as venerable, beautiful, or useful to which he does not assent.

他尊敬宗教人士,而且对宗教中的奥秘,他满足于不去接受它们,而不是去攻击或谴责它们。

He honors the ministers of religion, and it contents him to decline its mysteries without assailing or denouncing them.

他是宗教宽容的朋友。

He is a friend of religious toleration.

我觉得这真的很动人,就是他说,没错,你可以不同意,但你可以用一种让人舒服的方式不同意;你要有足够开阔的胸怀,不去嘲笑你不同意的东西,不要变成教条主义者,也不要变成狂热分子。

And I thought that was really lovely that he's able to say, well, yeah, you can disagree, but disagree agreeably and be large-minded enough not to ridicule what you disagree with and not to be a dogmatist and not to be a fanatic.

某种意义上,这不也正是 Warren 和 Charlie 关系里很美的一点吗?

In a way, again, it's something that's beautiful about Warren and Charlie's relationship, right?

一个是 Democrat,一个是 Republican,但他们都愿意调整自己的看法,也愿意对别人的观点保持开放。

That you can have a Democrat and a Republican and they're willing to change their views and be open to others' views.

你怎么看?

What do you think?
M1
M1125:30

嗯,我觉得,是的,我觉得现在那种让你彻底把一个人从你的重视范围里剔除掉的试金石,已经变得非常狭窄,而且界定得特别死。

Well, I think, yeah, I think the sort of the litmus test of what allows you to dismiss somebody completely from your regard has become so narrow and so tightly defined.

而且你知道,互联网有太多东西其实是送给世界的礼物,我觉得那些一味抨击它的人是犯了错。

And it's, you know, there's so much of the internet that is a gift to the world, and I think people that rail against it are making a mistake.

不过你知道,我这个周末,周六那天,实际上就在我所在的这个小镇待着。

But, you know, I actually spent the weekend Saturday in the small town that I'm in.

镇上有一个很大的公开听证会,因为有个很有争议的问题;如果你去看网上写的那些东西,那种恶毒的攻击真是令人不齿。

There was a big public hearing where there was a controversial issue in the town and people, if you were to read what had been written on the internet, the vitriol was despicable.

所以镇上的主管就召集了这个会议,大家都聚到了一起。

And so the supervisor called this meeting and everybody came together.

挺有意思的是,会议是在一座教堂里开的,因为 town hall 当时在施工。

It was interestingly held in a church because the town hall was under construction.

也许这多少让大家的举止好了一点,但到最后,那个房间里真的充满了体面和善意。

And maybe that made people behave a little better, but there was so much decency in that room at the end.

人们真的在认真听彼此说话。

People really listened.

他们坐在一起。

They sat together.

如果你住在一个小村子里,你开车的方式都会不一样。

You drive differently in a small village if you live there.

你会是个礼貌得多的人。

You're a much more courteous human being.

不是特指你啊。

Not you specifically.

是人通常都会这样。

One is.
M2
M2126:35

对。

Yeah.
M1
M1126:35

因为你有可能认识前面那辆车里的人。

There's a chance that you know the person in the car in front of you.

所以绿灯一亮,你就不太会特别凶地猛按喇叭。

You're less likely to honk very aggressively when the light turns green.

而这,我觉得,这背后其实就是一种,你知道的,对不同观点的那种宽容。

And it, it's, it is, I think that, that underlying, you know, sort of tolerance for different views.

我觉得这个问题,在我看来——我也不知道政治领域里这锅该从哪儿开始算——但很惊人的是,很多人都觉得自己住的街区、自己的社区,日子其实过得挺不错,可同时又觉得整个世界正在一路滑向崩坏。

It is, I think, in my, you know, I don't know where the, the blame starts in the political sphere, but I'm, I'm, you know, it is amazing how many people think life is going pretty well in their neighborhood and in their community, but somehow think the world is going to hell in a handbasket.

而我从根本上说是更乐观的。

And I'm fundamentally more optimistic.

而且我觉得,像 Warren 和 Charlie 那样,很多人在个人层面上,都会和政治观点不同的人保持非常亲近的关系和友谊。

And I think like Warren and Charlie, I think there are many people that maintain very close relationships and friendships with people that have differing political views on a personal level.

可一旦进入更大的公共语境里,你知道,他们又回到了那种匿名状态,开始发那些充满仇恨的信。

And then as they get out into the broader context, you know, then they're back to the anonymity of just sending in the hate mail.

对。

Yeah.
M2
M2127:32

还有,我觉得我最喜欢的一个时刻,是五月那次 annual general meeting 上,Buffett 聊着聊着偏离了投资话题;而我一直觉得,他讲这些非投资话题,在某种程度上比他们讨论纯投资话题还要更有意思。

And the, I, one of my favorite moments, I think, from the annual general meeting back in May was when Buffett strays off into non-investing topics, which I always find much richer in some ways than the pure investing topics that they discuss.

他说,我从来没见过哪个本质上善良的人,死的时候身边却没有朋友。

And he said, I've never known anybody that was basically kind that died without friends.

然后他说,我倒是见过很多有钱人,死的时候没有朋友。

And then he said, I've known plenty of people with money who died without friends.

接着他又提到了你之前说过的 Tom Murphy,他说,我五十年来从没见过他做过一件刻薄的事。

And then he talked about Tom Murphy, who you mentioned before, and he said, I never saw him do an unkind act in 50 years.

他觉得根本没那个必要。所以我想,从某种意义上说,这个信息——也许这也是为什么,用有点像 David Hawkins 那套说法来讲,Berkshire 会让我们变得更强大——因为它体现的不只是对股东公平、坦诚承认错误之类的东西,还包括努力去做一个有操守、正派、慷慨的人。

He didn't see any need. And so I think in some ways that message that, I mean, maybe this is one reason why in sort of David Hawkins kind of terminology, Berkshire makes us grow strong, is that it embodies not just being fair to shareholders and the like and being transparent about mistakes, but trying to be honorable and decent and generous.

比如 Warren 会尽量避免点名批评别人;还有一种,我觉得,你能看见他和 Charlie 之间的那种善意,也能看见他们对 Ajit 和 Greg Abel 表现出的那种善意。

Like the way Warren tries to avoid criticizing people by name, and there's also, there's a kind of, you see the kindness, I think, between him and Charlie, and you see the kindness that they show towards Ajit and Greg Abel.

这里面有一种正派的感觉。

There's a sort of sense of decency.

所以我不知道,我觉得从某种角度说,这也许是我们最值得去复制的东西之一,而且相对来说也挺容易复制。

And so I don't know, I think that's in a way one of the most valuable things that we can clone, and it's relatively easy to clone.
M1
M1128:53

对。

Yeah.

而且如果你要把 Berkshire 当成一个例子来思考的话,一个很好的框架就是去想 Charlie 的一句我一直很喜欢的话:投资其实只是 worldly wisdom 的一个子集。

And if you, you know, a good framework for thinking about Berkshire as an example is just to think of a phrase of Charlie's that I've always liked is that, you know, investing is a subset of worldly wisdom.

所以他们谈的所有投资原则,如果你换个角度、用一种比喻性的方式去理解,或者把它看成更大世界观下面的一个子集,那么既然它在这个子集里行得通,它其实也是可以推广出去的。

So everything that they say about investing is, if you think about it in a sense metaphorically, you know, or as a subset of a broader worldview, the fact that it works in this subset is generalizable.

我觉得确实是这样。

And I think that that is true.

你知道,我一直有个疑问,就是现在这种被体系化了的 ESG movement 里有些部分,它的一个基本前提好像是,资本主义之所以成功,是因为它剥削了另一类利益相关者。

You know, I just think by and large, it's one of my sort of queries about the basic premise of some aspects of this formalized ESG movement is that it rests on this premise that somehow capitalism succeeds by exploiting another constituency.

但你知道,Keynes 写过这个,Adam Smith 更早也写过,这根本不是它运作的方式。

And, you know, that was something that Keynes wrote about and Adam Smith wrote about, you know, going all the way back, that that's not the way it works at all.

这不是零和游戏。一个擅长捕鱼的人,和一个擅长做鱼钩的人,可以各自做自己擅长的事,最后两个人都变得更好。

It's not a zero-sum game that, you know, the person who's good at fishing and the person that's good at making hooks can both do those things and both end up better off.

不是说其中一个人就一定占了另一个人的便宜。

It's not that one's getting the better deal than the other.

而且我觉得,你对那种底层思维方式的判断是完全对的。

And I think that you're absolutely right on that mindset that's there.

把它看成是世俗智慧的一个子集,就有点能帮助你从一个尺度切换到另一个尺度。

And thinking of it as a subset of worldly wisdom helps sort of move from one scale to another scale.

对。

Yeah.
M2
M2130:16

而且,嗯,就像 Charlie 会说的,这一切他妈的都是一个接一个彼此相关的东西,对吧?

And well, as Charlie would say, it's all one damn relatedness after another, right?

所有东西。

Everything.

所有东西都是相互关联的。

Everything is related.

一旦你开始有了这种简单的框架,去理解他们行为做事的方式,你就会想,哦,他们原来是这么做的。

And once you start to have this sort of simple framework for how you think about the way they're behaving, you're like, oh, they're doing it that way.

那这也是我该做的。

That's what I should do.

所以,举个例子,Warren 讲到 Ben Graham 的时候,我印象特别深。他说,Ben 为我做了各种各样的事,而且他从来没期待过任何回报。

So I was very struck, for example, when Warren was talking about Ben Graham and he said, Ben did all kinds of things for me where he just never expected anything in return.

你听到这话就会想,哦,明白了。

And you hear that and you're like, oh, okay.

所以这些人做事的方式是,他们会很慷慨地分享自己的智慧。

So here are these people operating in a way where they're kind of generous in sharing their wisdom.

他们并不期待任何回报。

They're not expecting anything in return.

你会想,哦,这是一个不一样的系统——智慧够多,知识够多,钱也够多,足够大家分享。

You're like, oh, it's a different system where there's enough wisdom, enough knowledge, enough money to go around.

你不需要把这一切都死死攥在自己手里。

You don't need to kind of hoard it all.
M1
M1131:05

对,而且消除这种摩擦,消除这种摩擦,本身就是巨大效率的来源。

Well, and the elimination of that friction, the elimination of that friction is a source of huge efficiency.

不管是在这个比喻里,你知道的,在投资和世俗智慧这个子集里,还是在生活中,都是这样。

And both in this metaphor, you know, in this subset of investing in worldly wisdom, but also in life.

这也就回到了我们刚才说的那一点:如果没有信任,就需要消耗大量能量。

And that goes back to what we were saying about the amount of energy that needs to be consumed if there isn't trust.

你知道,所有这些摩擦都会被制造出来,而你就得花极其多的能量才能顶着它往前走。

You know, all of this friction is created and you need an enormous amount of energy to push through that.

所以,那种来来回回都很自然、几乎不费力的状态,最后大概率是会有好结果的。

And so that sort of effortlessness of the way it falls back and forth, it'll probably work out at the end.

我工作上有个合伙人,不是 Denton,是负责我们客户这边业务的人。他大概也是我最老的朋友了。

I have a partner at work, not Denton, who runs our client side, who is, you know, probably my oldest friend.

我们还是婴儿的时候一起受洗,后来还互相做了对方孩子的教父。

We were baptized together as infants and been godparents of each other's children.

而且,你知道,我们一起工作了三十多年了。我们会一起出去喝咖啡,或者一起走路去上班,或者一起下班走回家,你知道,至少每周两三次。

And, you know, we've worked together for 30 or more years and we go out for coffee or we walk to work together or we walk home from work together, you know, at least two or three times a week.

然后,你知道,很有意思的一点是,往往就是看谁先把手机掏出来,滴一下把咖啡钱付了。

And, you know, it is amazing how, you know, whoever gets their phone out quicker to tap to pay for the coffee.

不过,你知道,我们之间一直有一种——这会儿我一直在想这件事,因为我们昨晚还聊到——这种看法就是,随着时间过去,我们俩都确信,自己从对方那里得到的,远远多过自己付出的。

But it's, you know, we've had such a, it's on my mind because we were talking last night, and this sort of view that over time we both are convinced that we got way more from the other than we contributed.

而且,你知道,这又回到那个 Harvard 关于幸福的研究了。你知道,感恩当然是塑造人生的一个巨大力量。

And, you know, it is going back to that Harvard study on happiness, you know. Of course, gratitude is a huge shaper of life.

还有这种不去算账的想法。你知道,我有时候会跟孩子们打个比方:如果你下楼梯的时候,非要每一步都精准踩在每一级台阶上,那你不是会摔倒,就是会走得非常慢。

And this idea of not keeping score, and, you know, the analogy I sometimes use with my kids is if you're running downstairs and you try to place your feet on each stair, you're going to fall and you're going to go very slowly.

某种程度上,你得把头抬起来,然后就那样轻飘飘地顺着楼梯下去。

Somehow you lift your head and you just float down the stairs.

而这种去计较谁为谁做了什么的算账方式,会毁掉关系;而且用合同式的方式去规定,不只是善意,还包括彼此在职业上互相帮忙,也会毁掉关系。

And this scorekeeping in who did what for whom, it destroys relationships, and this contractually legislating, not just kindness, but also, you know, helping out one another professionally.

真的很惊人,我能深深感觉到,这是一份多么大的馈赠——你刚才提到的所有那些导师,我从他们那里得到了太多太多。

It is amazing the gift that I feel, you know, how much I've received from all of the mentors that you mentioned.

也正因为如此,我会觉得自己亏欠这个世界很多。

And as a result, how much I feel I owe the rest of the world.

这真是一种好得不得了的活法,而且它确实管用。

It's a hell of a great way to live and it works.

这个方面我不敢说得太绝对,但我觉得这也一样行得通。

I'm not one to speak totally on this front, but I think it works as well.

我就拿友谊来说吧,因为这个我还挺在行的。

I'll say in friendships because I'm good at that.

你知道,这在友谊里和在生意里一样都适用。

It works as, you know, as well in friendships as it does in business.

你知道,最后再说一点,就是因为我们最近在这儿面试一些更年轻的孩子,聊实习的事,他们都对 remote work 很感兴趣。

You know, one last point, but I'll just, because, you know, we were interviewing some younger kids about internships here and they were all interested in remote work.

这对他们来说是个很大的关注点。

That was a big, that was a source of interest to them.

我就跟他们聊为什么,他们说,嗯,因为他们都想要 work-life balance 之类的。

And I talked to them about why and they said, well, because they have all, they want to have work-life balance and so on.

我就说,所以我挺好奇的,因为你们才刚大学毕业。

And I said, so, I'm curious because you just graduated from college.

你们上大学的时候正好赶上 COVID,那 remote class 是什么感觉?

You were in college during COVID. What was remote class like?

结果他们每一个人都说,他们恨死那样了。

And every one of them says they hated it.

然后你就问,为什么?

And you say, why?

他们就说,嗯,我没学到多少东西,因为我当时,你知道,显然一直在一心多用。

And they said, well, I didn't learn a lot because I was, you know, obviously multitasking.

我也没有建立起很好的关系,而且所有人都作弊。

I didn't create great relationships and everybody cheated.

所有人都作弊。

Everybody cheated.

我就想,那工作为什么会有什么不一样呢?

And I think, why would work be any different?

如果你把工作看成一种为了下班之后去过自己的生活才做的事,那这种心态,就和把工作看成一个你去把某件事做到卓越、去学习、去建立深厚关系和友谊、去欣赏那些你每天一起工作的人、去服务 customer、去服务 client 的地方,这完全是两种不同的心态。

Like, if you view work as something you do in order to then have a life outside of work, that is a totally different mindset than the idea that work is where you go to become excellent at something, to learn, to have deep relationships and friendships, to admire people that you get to work with every day, to serve a customer, to serve a client.

去创造价值,去把自己做的事情越做越好。

To create value, to get better at what it is you do.

顺便说一句,我知道外面有很多烂工作。

And by the way, I know there are a lot of shitty jobs out there.

这个我知道。

I know that.

但我也知道,还有更多人在那些同样的工作里,却 somehow 能从中找到满足感。

But I also know that there are far more people that are in those same jobs who somehow find it rewarding.

而这些人,就是那种在结账时帮你服务还会对你微笑的人。

And those people are the people that, you know, smile when they help you at checkout.

还有你平时会接触到的这些人,不管你是打电话给 Comcast 处理 cable 的问题,还是有人来帮你修水管,或者帮你做、安装 cabinets,又或者帮你搬家。每个人都知道,跟一个对自己做的事有自豪感、也乐在其中的人打交道是什么感觉;也都知道,跟一个只想拿到钱赶紧滚蛋的人打交道是什么感觉。

And, you know, that you deal with whether you're calling Comcast to deal with your cable or whether they're helping you fix a pipe or whether they're building, installing cabinets, or moving. Everybody knows what it is to deal with somebody that is taking pride and pleasure in what they do and somebody that is just trying to get paid and get the hell out the door.

有时候,他们做的甚至是同一种工作。

And sometimes the vocations overlap.

唯一的区别,就是他们带着什么样的心态去做。

The only difference is the orientation that they bring to them.

而我觉得,remote work 对我来说就像一种癌症。

And I feel like with remote work, to me it's a cancer.

因为它正在制造一种未来的异化,让你和自己每周真正花四十个小时在做的事情越来越脱节。四十个小时可不是个小数目。如果你的想法变成了,我的目标就是尽可能少干、尽可能多拿钱,而不是把工作也像学校一样,当成一个建立关系、学习,而且看在老天的份上,别作弊的地方,那就很糟了。

Because it's creating this future alienation from what you really are spending 40 hours a week doing, which is a lot of time to feel like my goal is to do the minimum I can to get paid the most versus it's a way, just like school, to build relationships, learn, and for God's sakes, not to cheat.
M2
M2136:02

我不知道。

I don't know.

我倒还挺喜欢在家工作的,不过我已经这样干了很多年了,我很喜欢 remote working。

I kind of like working at home, but I've done it for so many years and I love remote working.

因为这也意味着我老婆后来也开始在家工作了。

'Cause it meant that my wife started to work at home as well.

所以,所以一下子——

So, so suddenly—
M1
M1136:12

嗯,而且你的工作本来就完全是靠脑力的。

Well, and also your work is entirely cerebral.

几乎完全是这样。

Almost entirely.
M2
M2136:17

对。

Yeah.
M1
M1136:18

不过我会说——

Although I would say—
M2
M2136:19

不是我做这件事的方式。

Not the way I do it.
M1
M1136:20

我觉得,如果我们之前没有一起喝过酒的话,我跟你这样做这期对谈,感受会不一样。

I would feel differently doing this with you if we hadn't drunk wine together.

对。

Yeah.

你知道,就在 Fire Island 那次。

You know, out on Fire Island.

如果没有那样,如果你没来过办公室,我们也没坐在这儿聊墙啊、文化啊,一边喝着咖啡的话。

If we hadn't, if you hadn't been through the office and we hadn't sat here talking about walls and culture and sipping coffee.

所以这其实是我们关系的一种延伸。

And so this is an extension of our relationship.

对。

Yeah.

但如果我对你的了解就只有这些,那对我来说会是完全不同的体验。

But if this is all I knew of you, it would be a totally different experience for me.
M2
M2136:43

这倒是真的。

That's true.
M1
M1136:43

顺便说一句,我父亲也是 remote worker。

By the way, my father was a remote worker too.

所以对,我能理解这对那些不是——某种意义上说、能够自我学习的人——是怎么运作的。

So yeah, I, I could see how it works for people that aren't, that are in a sense self-learning.
M2
M2136:52

对。

Yeah.
M1
M1136:52

但如果你是团队的一部分,或者处在某种环境里,我觉得那就是一种完全不同的体验。

But if you're part of a team or part of an environment, I think it's a, it's a totally different experience.
M2
M2136:58

嗯,下次吧,下次,Chris,我肯定希望能在你的办公室做这个。

Well, next time, next time, Chris, I definitely hope we'll do it in your office.

我会更高效一点,把摄影师之类的安排好,然后,嗯,我们会过去当面录,不过最好还是找一个能把上半身修出点存在感幻觉的人。

I'll be more efficient about arranging a cameraman and the like and, and, uh, and we'll come do it in person, but especially one that can airbrush in the illusion of an upper body.

哈。

Ha.

不过这次真的非常愉快。

But this has really been such a pleasure.

我真的很享受,而且每次跟你聊天都很开心。

I've really enjoyed it, and it's always a delight chatting with you.

另外,作为 Berkshire 的长期股东,我也很高兴你以后会帮忙守护这种文化。

And also as a longtime shareholder in Berkshire, I'm happy that you'll be helping to safeguard the culture down the road.

所以我完全支持这个使命。

So I'm fully in support of that mission.
M1
M1137:28

好。

All right.

真的非常感谢你。

Well, thank you so much.

我很高兴你做了这些事,在我看来,这真的是在彰显、在庆祝一些我很钦佩的人身上那些特别之处,也是在呈现一个我觉得常常被误解的职业。

I'm so glad for what you've done to, I think really to me celebrate what's special about a number of people that I admire and in a profession I think that gets misunderstood.

所以,我只是很感激你把这些带到了这个世界上。

And it's, I'm just grateful that you've put that out in the world.
M2
M2137:45

啊,太感谢了。

Ah, thank you so much.

好,先生。

All right, sir.

保重。

Take care.
M1
M1137:48

回头见。

So long.

拜拜。

Bye-bye.
M2
M2137:50

好啦,各位,非常感谢你们收听这期和 Chris Davis 的对谈。

All right folks, thanks so much for tuning into this conversation with Chris Davis.

我想你们肯定也听得出来,我每次跟 Chris 聊天都觉得特别开心。

As I'm sure you could tell, I always find it tremendously enjoyable chatting with Chris.

尤其是因为他脑子里总是有很多发人深省的洞见,还有一些出人意料的观点。

Not least because he's full of thought-provoking insights and unexpected opinions.

几年前,我为了写我的书《Richer, Wiser, Happier》采访他的时候,我记得我还去过他在纽约 Rockefeller Center 的办公室。

A few years ago, when I was interviewing him for my book, Richer, Wiser, Happier, I remember visiting him at his office in Rockefeller Center in New York.

我们当时聊到他的一个看法,就是优秀的投资人往往情商相对比较低。

And we chatted about his view that great investors tend to have relatively low emotional intelligence.

Chris 当时跟我解释说,他们之所以这么成功,一个原因是他们不会太受别人怎么看的影响。而按他的说法,最容易不被别人看法过度影响的办法,就是别那么在意、也别那么清楚别人到底在想什么,或者干脆一点,就是不在乎他们怎么想。

As Chris explained it to me, one reason why they're so successful is that they're not overly influenced by what other people think, and as he put it, the easiest way not to be overly influenced by what other people think is not to be that aware of what they think, or for that matter, simply not to care what they think.

所以在 Chris 看来,情商低作为投资人反而对他们有帮助,但在生活的其他方面往往也会变成问题。因为很多时候,是的,他们能够逆着人群走、独立思考,但他们情商不高,也会让他们很难跟别人建立连接、形成亲密关系,不管是和亲人还是朋友都一样。这或许也能解释,为什么那么多最伟大的投资人最后都离婚了。

So as Chris saw it, having low emotional intelligence helps them as investors, but also tends to be a problem in other areas of their life because often, yeah, they're able to go against the crowd and think for themselves, but their lack of emotional intelligence makes it pretty hard for them to bond with people and form close attachments, whether it's with relatives or friends, which may explain why so many of the greatest investors end up getting divorced.

不管怎么说,这真的是个很有意思的洞见,也能让你明白,为什么每次跟 Chris 聊天都特别过瘾。

In any case, it's a fascinating insight and it gives you a sense of why it's always a blast to chat with Chris.

他真的是一个对商业、投资和人生都有很多见地、也非常善于观察的人。

He's just a really interesting and thoughtful observer of business and investing and life.

很快我就会回来,继续带来更多很棒的嘉宾,包括一期和 Laura Geritz 的对谈,我在我的书里也用了不少篇幅写她。

I'll be back very soon with some more terrific guests, including a conversation with Laura Geritz, whom I wrote about at some length in my book.

我还会采访另一位传奇投资人,他管理的资产规模超过两万亿美元。

I'll also be interviewing another legendary investor who oversees more than $2 trillion.

这段时间,你们也可以随时在 Twitter 上关注我,账号是 @WilliamGreen72。

In the meantime, please feel free to follow me on Twitter @WilliamGreen72.

如果你愿意的话,也欢迎告诉我你对这档 podcast 的感受。

And if the spirit moves you, do let me know how you're enjoying the podcast.

我一直都很高兴收到你们的消息。

I'm always really happy to hear from you.

知道这档 podcast 能和很多人产生共鸣,会让我做这件事更有乐趣。

It makes it a lot of fun doing the podcast, knowing that it's resonating with a lot of you.

所以,真的很谢谢你们给我发来的消息。

So, thank you truly for your messages.

我非常感激。

I really appreciate it.

那我们下次见,祝你们一切都好,保重身体。

Until next time, take good care and stay well.
M2
M2140:14

本节目仅供娱乐用途。

This show is for entertainment purposes only.

在做出任何决定之前,请先咨询专业人士。

Before making any decision, consult a professional.

本节目的版权归 The Investor's Podcast Network 所有。

This show is copyrighted by The Investor's Podcast Network.

未经书面许可,不得进行联播或转播。

Written permission must be granted before syndication or rebroadcasting.
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M126:04广告 · 已剔除

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M369:57广告 · 已剔除

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M2
M2139:53广告 · 已剔除

Thank you for listening to TIP.

Make sure to subscribe to We Study Billionaires by The Investor's Podcast Network.

Every Wednesday, we teach you about Bitcoin, and every Saturday, we study billionaires and the financial markets.

To access our show notes, transcripts, or courses, go to theinvestorspodcast.com.