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1996年股东大会 · 为什么绝大多数公司不入巴菲特的法眼?

33 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 3:10
M1
M10:00

好的,Buffett 先生,早上好。

Yes, Mr. Buffett, good morning.

我叫 Ed Wolczak,来自 New York。

My name is Ed Wolczak from New York.

我是一名学生,也很推崇您的投资理念。

I'm a student and admirer of your investment philosophy.

我有一个问题。

I have a question.

在判断一家公司的内在价值时,您好像写过或者表示过,您会把一家公司的 owner earnings 往后预测若干年,然后再按照当前的利率把它折现回来。

In determining a company's intrinsic value, you seem to write or indicate that you project out a company's owner earnings for a number of years and then discount that back by prevailing rates.

我的问题是,当您把一家公司的 owner earnings 折现回来时,相对于当前的无风险利率,您会要求多大的风险溢价?如果有的话。

My question is, how much of a premium, if any, to prevailing risk-free rates do you demand when you discount back the owner earnings of a company?

或者换个说法,比如说现在长期利率大概在百分之七,如果您用同样的方法来分析 Coca-Cola,您会用多高的利率来折现它的 owner earnings?

Or stated differently, for example, today with long rates at about 7%, if you did the same exercise with Coca-Cola, at what rate of interest would you discount back their owner earnings?
M2
M20:30

对,这个问题别人经常问我们。关于该用什么折现率,我们过去在年报里也在一定程度上回答过。

Yeah, we get asked that question a lot, and we've answered it to some extent in past annual reports about what discount rate to use.

我们的基本想法是按长期 government rate 来看。有时候,因为我们并不觉得自己很擅长预测利率,不过大概在那种利率看起来特别低的时候,我们可能会用稍微高一点的利率。

We basically think in terms of the long-term government rate, and there may be times when, because we don't think we're any good at predicting interest rates, but probably in times of what would seem like very low rates, we might use a little higher rate.

但我们不会把风险因素本身直接加进去,因为从这个理念最纯粹的角度来说,你是在对未来现金进行折现,而这些现金是来自高风险业务还是所谓安全的业务,本质上并没有区别。

But we don't put the risk factor in per se because essentially the purity of the idea is that you're discounting future cash, and it doesn't make any difference whether cash comes from a risky business or a safe business, so-called safe business.
M1
M11:14

所以,这个——

So, the—
M2
M21:17

一个 water company 带来的现金——它很可能还能存在一百年——和你可能在看的某家 high-tech company 带来的现金,它们的价值并没有什么不同,如果那家公司真有现金可言的话。

The value of the cash delivered by a water company, which is going to be around for 100 years, is not different than the value of the cash derived from some high-tech company, if any, that you might be looking at.

只不过,对你来说,做这个估算可能会更难。

It may be harder for you to make the estimate.

所以算到最后,你也许会希望留出更大的折扣空间。

And you may therefore want a bigger discount when you get all through with the calculation.

但在你决定自己愿意出多少钱之前,你也可能会发现自己根本没法估。

But up to the point where you decide what you're willing to pay, you may decide you can't estimate it at all.

我的意思是,对我们来说,大多数公司就是这种情况。

I mean, that's what happens with us with most companies.

不过我们相信,应该使用 government bond 一类的利率。

But we believe in using a government bond-type interest rate.

我们也相信,应该尽量待在那些我们觉得自己能够比较合理地看清未来的业务里。

We believe in trying to stick with businesses where we think we can see the future reasonably well.

当然了,你永远不可能看得百分之百准确,但至少是我们觉得自己对它有相当把握。

You never see it perfectly, obviously, but where we think we have a reasonable handle on it.

而且我们确实会在某种程度上做区分。

And we would differentiate to some extent.

我们不想低于某个理解门槛。

We don't want to go below a certain threshold of understanding.

所以,我们想坚持投资那些我们非常了解的业务。

So, we want to stick with businesses we understand quite well.

而不是试图搞出一整套五花八门、对应不同风险的折现率,因为坦白讲,我们觉得那不过是在拿数字做游戏。

And not try to have the whole panoply with all different kinds of risk rates, because frankly, we think that'd just be playing games with numbers.

我的意思是,我不认为你能给一家高度投机的企业随便套上一些数字——那种整个行业在五年内都会变天的企业——最后还指望这些数字有什么实际意义。

I mean, I don't think you can stick some numbers on a highly speculative business where the whole industry is going to change in 5 years and have them mean anything when you get through.

如果你说,我要在利率上额外加百分之六,来反映这个因素——我倾向于觉得这有点胡扯。

If you say, I'm going to stick an extra 6% in on the interest rate to allow for the fact— I tend to think that's kind of nonsense.

我的意思是,它看起来也许很数学,

I mean, it may look mathematical, but it's mathematical—
M1
M12:44

其实不是。

It's not.
M2
M22:45

在我看来,那就是数学化的胡言乱语。

Gibberish in my view.

你最好还是老老实实待在那些你能看懂的企业里。

You better just stick with businesses that you can understand.

用 government bond rate,等到你能以明显低于内在价值的价格买到你非常了解的东西时,那你就该兴奋起来了。

Use the government bond rate, and when you can buy something you understand well at a significant discount, then you should start getting excited.

Charlie?

Charlie?

对,以前的折价幅度确实比我们现在看到的要大。

Yeah, the discounts were once greater than we now see.

各位,你们只要明白这一点就够了。

That's all you gotta get, folks.