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Seth Klarman: "This Is a Bubble" | The Legendary Investor's Brutal AI Warning

322 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 24:23
M1
M10:00

在最糟糕的环境里出现的机会,往往在之后好多年里,都能因为把更多资本投入那些市场而带来回报。

The opportunities that happen in the worst environments can lead to returns for years afterward from deploying more capital into those markets.
F1
F10:07

那放到我们现在这个环境里,具体意味着什么?

What does that translate into in this environment that we're in right now?
M1
M10:10

这是一个偏高估的环境,但这也是一种不寻常的情况。

This is a stretched environment, but it's an unusual circumstance.

很多人问过我,这是不是一个泡沫?

People have asked me, is this a bubble?

我觉得它有泡沫的特征。

I think it has characteristics of a bubble.
F1
F10:20

你知道,在 CNBC,我们有时会和制片人争论,就是怎么把嘉宾形容成传奇人物,你知道,我们老是把这个词用得太频繁。

You know, at CNBC, we have this debate sometimes with the producers about, about how describing guests as legendary, you know, we, like, we, we throw the word around too much.

比如说,他们真的是传奇吗?

Like, are they actually legendary?

不过,我们接下来这位嘉宾,你们马上就会听到,我觉得他真的是一位名副其实的传奇投资人,常常会和 Warren Buffett、Howard Marks 以及 Stanley Druckenmiller 放在一起被提起。

Um, but our next guest, who you're about to hear from, I think is a legitimately legendary investor who is mentioned in the same breath as Warren Buffett and Howard Marks and Stanley Druckenmiller.

Seth,非常感谢你今天来到这里,抽时间接受采访。

Seth, thank you so much for being here and taking the time.
M1
M10:47

很高兴来到这里。

Great to be here.

谢谢你,Sarah。

Thank you, Sarah.
F1
F10:48

那跟我们简单说说 Baupost 吧,还有它到底为什么这么特别。

So tell us a little bit about Baupost and, and just what makes it so unique.

你们现在已经快要庆祝在这个行业里44年了。

You're now celebrating almost 44 years in the business.

而且只有5年是亏损的。

It's only had 5 down years.

所以我觉得很多人都很想听听,你是怎么做到的。

So I think a lot of people are very interested to hear how you do that.
M1
M11:06

所以我们——我觉得我们当初的成立方式,大概影响了我们在日常运作以及整个这段时间里的做法。

So we've— I think the way we were founded probably affects how we operate day to day and over that whole time.

我们最初是作为一种扩大的 family office 成立的。

We were formed as kind of an expanded family office.

几户家庭正在出售他们在 Boston 的 Channel 5 电视台里的股份。

Several families were selling an interest in TV station Channel 5 in Boston.

他们的另一位朋友则在出售一家电脑出版和咨询业务。

Another friend of theirs was selling a computer publishing and consulting business.

所以,我们最初的2700万美元投资资本就是这么凑起来的。

And so that's how our founding $27 million of invested capital came together.

而我们的使命其实并不是要去把一个投资业务做大。

And our mandate wasn't really to grow an investment business.

而是要在下行风险有限的前提下,为这些客户带来不错的回报。

It was to deliver good returns with limited downside to those clients.

所以这一直算是一个驱动力。

So that's been kind of a driving force.

我们保护资本的方式,就是同样重视下行和上行。

The way we protect capital is we focus on downside as much as upside.

我们会对每家公司做非常细致的基本面研究。

We do meticulous fundamental research on every company.

在没有马上出现机会的时候,我们会持有现金。

We will hold cash in the absence of immediate opportunity.

我们完全不使用杠杆。

We don't leverage the portfolio at all.

我们会买 senior securities,比如债务,或者在私募市场里做结构化投资,这样在我们做的很多事情里,我们在结构上都处于更优先的位置,这就能保护下行风险。

We'll buy senior securities like debt or a structured investment in the private markets so that we're structurally senior in a lot of what we do, which protects on the downside.

最后,我们还会做 macro hedges。

And finally, we do macro hedges.
F1
F12:10

所以这是跨资产的,跨不同资产类别的。

So it's cross-asset, it's across assets.

对,和资产类别无关。

Yeah, asset agnostic.
M1
M12:15

我们涉及很多不同的资产类别。

We are in many different asset classes.

一开始我们做的是股票和信用债,但后来在商业地产这个行业经历一些波动的时候,我们也稍微参与了一点,结果发现,地产,尤其是商业地产,跟股票一样,都是一个很大的市场。

Originally we were in equities and credit, but over time we got a little bit involved in commercial real estate during some of the blips in that business and realized that real estate's as big, commercial real estate's as big a market as equities.
F1
F12:31

所以你刚才说到了一个点。

So you said something there.

你说你对下行保护的重视,和对上行一样多。

You said that you focus on downside protection as much as upside.

我的意思是,这件事呢,确实没那么性感。

And I mean, that is something that, you know, it's not as sexy.

我们在 CNBC 上也不会太常聊这个,你知道,怎么去防范下行风险?

We don't talk about it on CNBC as much, you know, how do you protect against the downside?

但这真的很重要。

But it's really important.

尤其是当你在谈自己的业绩记录,而且只有五年出现下跌的时候?

Especially when you're talking about your track record and only having five years down?

而且我觉得最差的时候也就是跌了 10%。

And I think the worst was down 10%.
M1
M12:52

我觉得市场里大多数参与者,媒体也是很自然地,会跟着市场的方向走。

I think that most participants in the market, and understandably the media, are going to go with whatever the direction of the market is.

谈下行总是挺扫兴的。

It's a downer to talk about downside.

当市场天天涨的时候,没人想听这些。

Nobody wants to hear it when the market's going up every day.

但总会有一个时刻,事情会回调。

But there'll be a moment when things will correct.

那时候会很痛。

There'll be a lot of pain.

而且通常在那种环境里,如果我们已经做好了保护,到目前为止我们确实做到了,我们就能在竞争对手可能还在观望的时候,把资金投进去。

And usually in those environments, if we've protected well, which so far we have, we'll be able to put capital to work when our competitors are maybe standing back a little bit.

在最糟糕的环境里出现的机会,往往会带来之后好几年的回报,因为你会把更多资本投到那些市场里。

The opportunities that happen in the worst environments can lead to returns for years afterward from deploying more capital into those markets.
F1
F13:28

那放到我们现在所处的这个环境里,这意味着什么?

What does that translate into in this environment that we're in right now?
M1
M13:32

这是一个涨得有点过头的环境,但情况又很特殊。

This is a stretched environment, but it's an unusual circumstance.

有人问过我,这是不是一个泡沫?

People have asked me, is this a bubble?

我觉得它确实有泡沫的特征。

I think it has characteristics of a bubble.

一种围绕着某项技术、围绕着一个新时代的乐观语气,这种新时代思维。

An optimistic tone around a technology, around a new era, this kind of new era thinking.

你甚至能在一些地方看到这种现象,比如 Allbirds 这家鞋公司把 AI 加进了自己的名字里。

And you certainly see it in places like when Allbirds, the shoe company, added AI to their name.

然后它的股价就涨得很好。

The stock did well.

这就很离谱。

And that's crazy.

这让人想起 dot-com 时代。

That's reminiscent of the dot-com era.

但 AI 又像是一项可能带来巨大变革的技术,以至于你很难把它直接否定掉,也很难说它周围的任何具体东西就是泡沫。

But AI seems like a technology that could be so game-changing that it would be hard to dismiss it or call anything in particular around it a bubble.

难就难在,它带来了不确定性。

What's hard is that it creates uncertainty.

我觉得,我们谁都没法有十足把握地知道这一切最后会怎么发展。

I think none of us can know with any confidence how it's all going to pan out.

今天的赢家里,哪些还能继续当赢家?

Which of the winners today are going to still be the winners?

它会不会是一种赢家通吃的技术,还是会有很多不同的赢家都有空间?

Will it be a winner-take-all technology, or will there be room for a lot of different winners?

它最后会走向哪里?

Where's it all going?

以及,差不多说,到底该付什么样的合理价格?

And kind of what's the right price to pay?

这些正在形成的,是好生意吗?

Are these good businesses that are forming?

它们是伟大的生意吗?

Are they great businesses?

损失会有多大?

What will the damage be?

所以我觉得,市场现在更倾向于去想 AI 的赢家。

So I think the market is tending to think about AI winners.

每个人都想拥有这些。

Everyone wants to own those.

AI 的输家,大家都想避开。

AI losers, everyone wants to avoid those.

还有 AI agnostic,也就是和 AI 无关的那些,大家也不太感兴趣,因为回报没有 AI 赢家那么吸引人。

And AI agnostic, which people are also kind of not interested in because the returns are not as exciting as AI winners.

所以我们觉得,我们花了很多时间在看 AI agnostic,因为大家根本没在关注,价格还在慢慢往下滑。

So we think we're spending a lot of time on AI agnostic where people are just not paying attention and the price is drifting lower.

我们也在找一些被认为是 AI 输家的标的,但我们不确定它们真的会不会是输家。

We're looking for some perceived AI losers that we're not sure really will be losers.

比如说,在 credit market 里,有很多和 software 相关的 credit 被打得挺惨,而我们不太确定。

For example, in the credit market, there's a lot of software-related credits that are getting pretty clobbered, and we're not sure.

我的意思是,它们按 cash flow 算,交易倍数非常非常低,而到了债务这一层,倍数还要更低。

I mean, they're trading at very, very low multiples of cash flow, and through the debt layer, even lower multiples.

所以至少从 credit investor 的角度来看,这是我们在认真看的东西。

And so at least it's something as credit investors that we're taking a look at.
F1
F15:22

对,我正想问你这个。我是说,我一直把你看作是一个价值投资者。

Yeah, I was going to ask how. I mean, I think of you as a value investor.

你会这么定义自己吗?

Is that, do you characterize yourself that way?
M1
M15:27

会。

Yes.
F1
F15:27

那在 AI 现在是主导主题的情况下,价值投资者会怎么做?

So what does a value investor do when AI is the predominant theme right now?
M1
M15:34

所以我觉得,很多人,尤其是学术界的人,很容易把 value 想成那种按图索骥式的便宜货,对吧?

So I think that there's a temptation by a lot of people, and especially by academics, to think of value as cheap paint-by-numbers, right?

也就是倍数最低的那些股票。

The lowest multiple stocks.

我们其实在 Baupost 一开始就已经意识到,那不是正确的定义。

We've realized really at the beginning of Baupost that that's not the right definition.

正确的定义,是去想一家公司到底值多少钱。

The right definition is to think about what's a business worth.

很显然,一个在增长的生意,比一个停滞不前的生意更值钱。

Obviously, a growing business is worth more than a stagnant business.

我觉得,今天很多正在融化的冰块一样的生意,融化得比以往任何时候都更快,如果你的生意出了问题,价值可能会很快被侵蚀掉。

I think that the melting ice cubes of today's businesses are melting faster than ever, that if you've got a business problem, you may be eroding really quickly.

所以我们会避开这些。

And so we stay away from those.

我们不在乎,嗯,4倍现金流,我们不在乎,因为那最终不会变成你真正能抓得住的价值。

We don't care how, you know, 4 times cash flow, we don't care because that's not ultimately going to have value that you can get your hands around.

而我们做 value 投资,想的是什么呢?是我们能百分之百确定什么,尤其是在现在这种特别亢奋的时刻,大家都在把目光放到很多年以后,对吧?

And what we want with our value approach is to think about what do we know for sure, especially at a time that's this heady that people are thinking so many years out, right?

当你付出 40 倍的倍数,甚至有些情况下是无限倍数的时候,你就必须对一个非常遥远的未来有相当高的把握。

When you're paying 40 times multiples, or in some case infinite multiples, you've got to have some degree of conviction about a very distant future.

而我就是看不出我们怎么能做到这一点。

And I just don't see how we can do that.

我们不知道 AI 会不会发展成 AGI。

We don't know if AI is going to turn into AGI.

我们也不知道这对经济、就业、通胀意味着什么。

We don't know what that means for the economy, for employment, for inflation.

所以我觉得,如果你把这么多不确定性塞进市场里,你会说,也许市场理应对应更低的估值倍数,来消化这些不确定性,但结果倍数却还在继续往上走。

And so I think if you threw this much uncertainty into a market, I think you'd say maybe the market should be actually at a lower multiple to accommodate all this uncertainty, and instead the multiple keeps going up.

所以这就是为什么我觉得它可能有一些泡沫化的成分,哪怕这项技术最后真的达到了人们预期的上限。

So that's what makes me think there may be bubbly aspects of it, even if the technology proves to be on the higher end of expectations.
F1
F17:04

但按你对 value 的定义,这个领域里有 value 的投资机会吗?

But are there any value plays, as you define value, in this space?

Amazon、Alphabet 呢?

Amazon, Alphabet?

我的意思是,我知道你以前也谈过这些名字。

I mean, I know that, that you've talked about some of these names before.
M1
M17:15

是的,我会说,我们持仓里大概有 10% 可能会直接受益于 AI 的落地带来的即时好处。

Yeah, I would say about 10% of our book is probably going to benefit from the immediate benefit from the rollout of AI.

我们有一些 Amazon,也有一些 Google。

We have some Amazon, we have some Google.

我们喜欢这些公司的原因是,它们都是极其庞大的现金流机器。

And what we like about those companies is such enormous cash flow machines.

它们非常多元,也很灵活。

They are, they are very versatile and flexible.

所以它们一直在找到办法。

So they have found ways.

Google 很明显是在自己做芯片。

Google is obviously making their own chips.

它们都在 AI 的不同环节里扮演角色,而且 Amazon 的 data centers

They both are players in various aspects of AI, and the Amazon data centers.

增长真的非常快,远远快于一年前人们的预期。

are really very quick growing much faster than people thought even a year ago.

所以如果你看这些公司,首先,你不一定非得在一出现几乎每家公司都会有的小波动时就立刻买入,因为总会有一些机会窗口。

And so if you look at those companies, first of all, you don't have to buy them the second that there are blips in almost every company where you get windows of opportunity.

我们几年前就买了 Google。

We put on Google a few years ago.

我不该说具体名字,但当时它的估值确实低于市场水平。

I'm not supposed to talk specific names, but it was really a below-market multiple.

所以你不需要做什么特别激进的假设,也会偶尔喜欢上这样的股票。

And so you don't have to be making heroic assumptions to like stocks like that from time to time.

我们还持有一些原始土地,我们觉得这些土地可能……

We also own some raw land that we think could...
F1
F18:18

土地?

Land?
M1
M18:19

就是将来可以用来建 data centers 的土地。

Land that could be sites for future data centers.

旁边就有电力资源,而且我们只花了很少的钱,就为 data center 用地创造了很有价值的可选性。

It has adjacent power, and we have paid very small dollars to create valuable optionality with data center land.
F1
F18:31

你怎么挑出那种将来能建 data centers 的土地?

How do you pick land that's going to be data centers?
M1
M18:36

我们知道,目前对 data centers 的需求是非常旺盛的,而且这情况也可能会变。

We know that there's at the moment, and it could change, insatiable demand for data centers.

关键问题是,它能不能建起来?

The key thing is, will it get built?

在政治上能不能拿到许可?

Will it be permitted politically?

还有你有没有电力,这才是最重要的。

And do you have power, which is the most important thing?

而且我们有一个经验丰富的运营伙伴,他在找地,在我们判断需求到底够不够之前,就先把土地拿在手里。

And we have an experienced operating partner who's finding sites and who's banking the land until we can figure out if there's enough demand.

所以我们也不确定自己会不会真的建任何 data centers,但我们可以把这些地提供给那些需要更多算力容量的人。

So we're not sure we're going to build any data centers, but we can make them available to people who are needing more capacity.

我们还持有一项私募投资,是一家不在中国的亚洲数据中心业务,它是由一家中国公司分拆出来的,而我们在这家中国公司的公开市场上也有持股。

We also own a private investment that is non-China Asia data centers, and it was spun out by a Chinese company we have a stake in on a public basis.

参与那次私募,让我们拿到了一个比公开市场倍数低得多的仓位,折扣非常大。

And participating in that private offering has given us a position at a really significant discount from where public multiples are.

所以我没法判断公开市场的倍数到底对不对,但我觉得我们在私募市场里做出来的东西,大概只有你在公开市场上要付的 40%,这看起来像是有价值的。

So I can't vouch for whether public multiples are right, but I think what we've created in the private market is probably at 40% of what you'd pay in the public markets, which seems like it might be value.
F1
F19:39

那即将进入市场的万亿美元级 LLMs 呢?

What about the trillion-dollar LLMs that are soon coming to the market?

这个有意思吗?

Is that interesting?

OpenAI、Anthropic?

OpenAI, Anthropic?
M1
M19:47

我们没参与。

We're uninvolved.

作为投资人,我会问的问题是,第一,它是不是 winner-take-all?

I would say the question I would ask as an investor is, A, is it winner-take-all?

你确定就是这两家公司吗?

Are you sure that those are the 2 companies?

就只有这几家公司吗?

Those are the only companies?

第二,这些公司看起来很烧钱。

B, those companies seem to eat a lot of cash.

要维持模型训练,维持模型更新。

To keep the models trained, keep the models updated.

如果它们哪天落后了,不再是最好的模型,我觉得这些公司可能会出大问题。

If they ever fall behind the curve and aren't the best model, I think those companies could have real problems.

所以它们必须继续投入。

So they have to keep investing.

这可不是 Warren Buffett 对一家伟大公司的定义。

That's not Warren Buffett's definition of a great business.

而且这些公司离底线盈利还要好几年,却有着巨大的估值。

And those are enormous valuations for companies that are still years away from bottom-line profit.

话虽如此,我也在努力记住 Eric Schmidt 几年前说过的话,我觉得这大体上可能是真的,那就是,不要犯低估 AI 的错误,它可能会比任何人打折估计的都更大赢家。

That said, and I'm trying to heed what Eric Schmidt said a couple of years ago, which I think is largely true, probably, which is don't make the mistake of underestimating AI, that it could be a bigger winner than anybody's discounting.

不过如果真是这样,你还是得把它想清楚。

And if it is, though, you still want to think it through.

比如,正确的参与方式是通过模型公司,还是通过 agents,或者一些卖给这个生态的周边业务?

Like, is the right way to play it through the model companies, or is the right way to play it through agents or some ancillary businesses that are selling into it?

我觉得这个现在还不好说。

And I think that's still yet to be seen.
F1
F110:49

你还说过,你喜欢 AI agnostic 公司。

And you also said you like AI agnostic companies.

这是什么意思?

What does that mean?
M1
M110:54

AI agnostic 就是你觉得它不会被颠覆,AI 对它们业务几乎不会有太大影响的公司。

AI agnostic would be a company you think that just isn't going to be disrupted, that AI will not have much effect at all on their business.

所以它们也许会有一些机会去降成本。

So maybe they'll have some chance to cut costs.

比如 roofing?

Like roofing?
F1
F111:06

比如 roofing、housing supplies?

Like roofing, housing supplies?
M1
M111:09

对。

Sure.

嗯。

Yeah.

我的意思是,可能会有一些公司,我是说,我觉得 travel 在很大程度上就是这样,也许人们会找到一些方法去降成本,但这不是 AI 的主要好处。

I mean, there may be companies — I mean, I think travel largely, there may be ways for people to cut costs, but that's not the primary benefit of AI.

如果 AI 真能让你以前所未有的速度,更高把握地发现药物,那它会改变人类。

If AI is able to actually help you discover drugs with higher certainty much faster than ever before, that's going to change mankind.

这可能会让我们所有人都活下来,躲过那些现在会要我们命的疾病。

That could make all of us survive diseases that would kill us right now.

所以,AI 最顶级的用途不是降成本,而是去弄明白人类想不明白的东西,还有更准确地读我们的 X-rays。

So the highest-end uses of AI are not cutting costs, they're figuring out things humans can't figure out and reading our X-rays more accurately.

所以我觉得这个很重要,而且很明显,还有一些用途,我们甚至还能想象得比这更好。

So I think that and there are obviously uses that we can imagine even better than that.

所以,这不是我平时主要花时间琢磨的事。

So I'm not this is not how I'm preoccupying most of my time.

我很早就决定了,第一,我不会站在 AI 的最前沿。

I decided early on in this, A, I'm not going to be at the cutting edge of AI.

我不是做 tech 的,也不在最前沿。

I'm not a tech guy, not at the cutting edge.

第二,我觉得我得知道这些东西。

B, I think that there are going to be I have to know about it.

即使我不是整个领域里最前沿的那个人,我也不能在信息上吃亏。

I can't be at an information disadvantage, even though I'm not at the cutting edge of the whole thing.

第三,我得保持专注。

And C, that I need to stay focused.

而我真正不想做的,就是球已经直直投到好打的位置,我却挥空。

And what I really don't want to do is whiff when a fast pitch comes right down the plate.

所以,不管是和 AI 没关系的股票,还是 distressed debt 交易,最近几个月 distressed debt 明显更多了,我们也看到这里有更多机会可做;又或者是像商业地产这样的私募投资,我们觉得现在这个僵局开始松动了。

So whether that's a stock that's not related to AI, whether that's a distressed debt deal, there's more distressed debt all of a sudden in the last few months and we're seeing more to do there, or whether it's a private investment like, like commercial real estate that we think that right now the logjam is starting to break.

很多房地产市场的基本面都在开始改善,我们也看到有机会以明显低于重置成本的折扣来部署资本。

Fundamentals are starting to improve in a lot of real estate markets and we're seeing opportunities to deploy capital at significant discounts to replacement cost.

而且回报非常有吸引力,不需要什么英雄式的假设。

At very attractive returns without heroic assumptions.

所以这就是我们最喜欢的领域之一,对吧?

And so that's one of our favorite areas, right?
F1
F112:53

房地产。

Real estate.
M1
M112:54

房地产。

Real estate.
F1
F112:55

你为什么觉得这会在现在发生?

Why do you think that's happening now?
M1
M112:58

我觉得大家对房地产都已经被折腾怕了。

I think people are burned on real estate.

我觉得大多数有房地产敞口的人都会说,我已经够了。

I think most people that have exposure to real estate are like, I have enough.

过去十年,甚至更久,大家在房地产上都没怎么赚到钱。

People haven't done well in real estate for a decade or more.

而且我也觉得,去找一栋你想买的单体建筑,还得是在你没法投入太多资本的价格上买下来,这本身就很费功夫。

And I also think it's a lot of work to go find an individual building that you'd like to buy at a price where you can't deploy that much capital.

所以我很喜欢躲在那些大巨头公司看不到的地方,也很喜欢能找到单笔投资,像 5000 万美元、1 亿美元,或者别的什么规模,我可以有把握地把钱投进去,拿到和我们承担的风险不成比例的回报。

So I love being below the radar of the big gorilla firms, and I love being able to find individual investments that are $50 million, $100 million, whatever it is that I can put to work with confidence to get returns that are disproportionate to any risk we're taking.
F1
F113:30

你还提到了更多 distress 里的机会。

And you mentioned more opportunities in distress.

你说的是 software 吗?

Are you talking software?

那会是什么样子?

What does that look like?
M1
M113:36

我会说,最大的 distress 领域都是比较 idiosyncratic 的。

The largest areas of distress, I'd say, are idiosyncratic.

我们看到有一家巴西公司被迫进行重组。

We're seeing a company in Brazil that has been forced to do a restructuring.

我们有仓位。

We have a position.

他们刚刚公布了这次重组会是什么样子。

They just announced what the restructuring looks like.

我觉得,接下来会有一些从这次重组里出来的 securities,交易表现可能会相当差,这就可能成为进一步机会的来源。

And I think there are going to be securities coming out of that restructuring that probably will trade reasonably poorly, making them a potential source of further opportunity.

我们看到过一笔大型 private equity 交易,那里的债务已经受损了。

We saw a large private equity deal where the debt was impaired.

他们做了一个交换要约。

They did an exchange offer.

而且同样,从那里面出来的那些证券,我们觉得有机会定价得相当离谱。

And again, there are securities that have come out of that that we think have a chance of being quite mispriced.

而且这家业务可能就是,他们大概已经把能算的都算进去了,把所有该计提减值的都计提了,差不多也快要拐头了。

And the business probably is—they probably kitchen-sinked it and took all the write-downs they're going to take, and it's probably about to turn.

所以这些证券也会很有意思,优先股和股权证券都可能很有吸引力。

And so those securities also, preferred and equity securities, could be quite interesting.

所以,credit 本身就有意思,因为它有所有权转移的过程,债券是买来拿到面值,再赚你的 coupon 的。

So there's— credit is inherently interesting because of the transition of ownership, that bonds are bought to get paid at par and earn your coupon.

当它们做不到这一点的时候,大家就会抛。

When they're not going to do that, people dump.

当它们被下调评级的时候,大家就会抛。

When they get downgraded, people dump.

当它们申请破产的时候,大家就会抛。

When they file for bankruptcy, people dump.

但即使是那些 distressed 投资人冲进去,他们也未必会一直拿到最后一美元,因为他们会转去下一个 distressed 机会,而市场又需要新的资金来接住这些证券,等着企业业务好转。

But then there are—even when the distressed guys swoop in, they maybe don't stick around for the last dollar because they're moving on to the next distressed situation and new capital is needed to absorb the securities to wait for the turnaround of the business.

所以总有事情可做。

So there's always something to do.

而且本来你也知道,value investor 都是有耐心的。

And inherently, as you know, value investors are patient.
F1
F115:01

是的,但你把他们形容成 idiosyncratic,也就是说,我们并不是——我的意思是,大家一直在问,现在 credit cycle 走到哪儿了,对吧?

Yes, but you describe them as idiosyncratic, meaning we're not—I mean, there's been questions about where are we in the credit cycle, right?

而且我们到底会不会真的看到什么下行?

And are we actually going to see any kind of downturn?
M1
M115:14

对,这个环境非常奇怪,自从 GFC 以来,我们真的还没见过明显的下行波动。

Yeah, it's been a very strange environment where we really haven't seen significant downside volatility since the GFC.

我们也没看到很多公司破产。

We haven't seen a lot of corporate bankruptcies.

就像我说的,我们现在开始看到更多了。

As I said, we're starting to see more.

在 private credit 里我们也在看到。

We're seeing them in private credit, too.

所以外面有很多麻烦。

So there's a lot of trouble out there.

我没有市场预测。

I don't have a market forecast.

我们其实从来不做市场预测。

We really never make market forecasts.

我不知道会发生什么,但我觉得我们差不多该迎来一个 credit cycle 了。

I don't know what's going to happen, but I think we are due for a credit cycle.

你可以想象一些情景,就是我们正处在某种通胀式繁荣环境里。

You can imagine there are scenarios where we're in a sort of inflationary boom environment.

我们正在把很多公司 onshoring 回来。

We're onshoring a lot of companies.

在我们的房地产投资组合里,对工业用地、仓库,甚至冷藏仓储的需求都很大。

There's a lot of demand within our real estate book for industrial land, for warehouses, for cold storage, even.

所以事情开始热起来了。

So things are starting to heat up.

而且我觉得,随着所有这些需求,所有要拿去建 data center 的钱,你会感觉这就是通胀性的,也就是建设本身,对土地的需求,对设备的需求,对电工的需求,都高得离谱。

And I think that with all the demand, all the money that's going to build data centers, you kind of feel that that's inflationary, that the building of it, demand for land, demand for equipment, demand for electricians, that it's through the roof.
F1
F116:16

短期是通胀,长期是通缩。

Inflationary short term, deflationary long term.
M1
M116:18

可能吧。

It might be.

不过你知道,一旦魔鬼从瓶子里放出来了,人们会不会开心于自己的工资没涨、成本也没涨呢?

And but those are also, you know, once the genie's out of the bottle, will people be happy to not be getting their wage increases and cost?

我是说,没错,这事儿太敏感了,简直就是政治烫手山芋。

I mean, right, it's such a political hot potato.

而且当然,AI 现在越来越成了政治烫手山芋。

And of course, increasingly, AI is a political hot potato.

我们真的要把这些数据中心全都建起来吗?

Are we going to build all these data centers?

如果要建,我们要建在哪儿?

If we're going to build them, where are we going to build them?

因为已经有很多民众相当不满了。

Because a lot of citizens are pretty up in arms already.
F1
F116:41

你觉得这是不是市场里现在被低估的风险?

Do you think that is an unappreciated risk in the markets right now?
M1
M116:44

我确实觉得这是一种还没有完全被计入的风险。

I do think it's a risk that's not fully baked in.
F1
F116:47

你的意思是,政客们会出手打压吗?

The fact that politicians are going to crack down?
M1
M116:50

我觉得有很多风险都还没有被计入。

I think there are a lot of risks that are not baked in.

政客们可能会打压。

Politicians may crack down.

这更可能会是地方层面的事,而不是全国层面的事。

It'll probably be more of a local thing rather than a national thing.

但首先,整体上 AI 本身就有风险,它可能会失控。

But first of all, you have the overall AI risk that it could run amok.

我们可能还没有把规则写出来。

We haven't probably written the rules.

我不确定这一届政府是不是已经真正想明白该怎么做这件事。

I'm not sure this administration's gotten their head around doing that.

然后在地方层面,这现在真的是一个政治问题,而且到 28 年可能会更严重。

And then locally, it's, it's really a political issue now, and it's going to be probably even more so by '28.

所以我觉得这条路上会有一些颠簸。

So I think there'll be bumps in that road.

然后当然还有我们背负的债务,以及霍尔木兹海峡那边正在发生的事。

And then, of course, the amount of debt we have, what's going on in the Strait of Hormuz.

市场这些年大概已经学会了很多问题。

There are a lot of issues the market kind of learned over the years.

别太在意这类问题,因为真正重要的是企业盈利能不能兑现,还有 Fed 会怎么做。

Don't pay too much attention to those kinds of issues because what really matters is will corporate earnings come through and what's the Fed going to do?

而我觉得这些问题可能会变得更重要。

And I think that those issues may come more into play.

而且我对美国很担心。

And I worry for the U.S.

债务刚刚达到 GDP 的 100%,这个数字很吓人。

Debt just hit 100% debt-to-GDP, and that's an alarming number.

这不代表马上就会出问题,但没人想到它会涨到这个水平,而且结构性赤字当然也巨大。

That's not an immediate sign of trouble, but nobody thought it could get to this level, and of course, the structural deficits are enormous.

所以每年再往这笔债务里加 2 万亿美金或者更多,现在已经是 3 开头的高位了,5 年后会到 50,再过 10 年大概又会到 100,或者差不多那个水平。

So adding to that debt $2 trillion or more a year, it's high 30s, it's going to be 50 in 5 years, and it'll be 100 another decade from then or something like that.

这些数字都很吓人。

Those are scary numbers.
F1
F118:07

AI 带来的通胀风险正在那儿,我觉得能源价格也是一样。

Inflation risk out there from what's happening with AI, I think energy prices as well.

你觉得 Fed 今年会加息吗?

Do you think the Fed's going to raise rates this year?
M1
M118:16

我觉得他们其实非常想降息。

I think that they would really like to lower rates.

我觉得大概是这样,首先,我非常尊重 Kevin Warsh。

I think that probably— first of all, I have great respect for Kevin Warsh.

我认识 Kevin。

I know Kevin.

我觉得他是个非常有深度、很会思考的人。

I think he's a deeply thoughtful guy.

我觉得自己很幸运,能让这样背景的人坐在这个位子上。

I feel fortunate to have somebody with his background in the seat.

而且我不觉得他是那种很会搞政治的人,不过也可能我判断错了。

And I don't think he's that political an actor, but I could be proven wrong.

但我觉得 Kevin 是那种一直都会做自己认为正确的事的人。

But I think Kevin is, is somebody that is going to always do what he thinks is right.

所以我觉得他会花时间慢慢来。

So I think he's going to take his time.

我觉得他会以一种我们大家都会希望看到的、很审慎的方式来行事。

I think he's going to act in a thoughtful way that all of us would want.

而且我觉得他会非常深入地去看数据。

And I think he's going to look deeply into data.

我觉得他会试着在 Fed 里稍微改变一下文化,让每个人都更深入地看数据。

I think he's going to try to change the culture a little bit at the Fed to make everybody look deeper into data.

他们显然会用不同的沟通策略来传达自己的动作,我觉得这才对。

They're clearly going to have a different communication strategy around their moves, which I think is right.

我不明白,先告诉别人你要做什么,然后又希望自己没说过,这怎么会比其他策略更好。

I don't understand how telling people what you're going to do and then wishing you hadn't said that is any better than any other strategy.

所以我觉得,改掉其中一些做法是个好主意。

So I think changing some of that is a good idea.

我的判断是,他们会先观察一段时间。

My guess is they watch a little while.

也许他们会加一次,或者加两次。

Maybe they have one increase or two increases.

我觉得他们会盯着通胀数据看。

I think they'll watch the inflation numbers.

最终,我觉得他们会想把利率降下来。

Ultimately, I think they would like to bring rates down.

而且我觉得,如果 AI 真像看起来那么成功,那就会带来很明显的通缩效应。

And I think if AI is as successful as it seems, then there's going to be a significant deflationary effect.

到某个时候,他们可能会有很大的降息空间。

And they may have plenty of room to lower rates at some point.
F1
F119:30

好。

Okay.

我们只剩几分钟了。

We just have a few minutes left.

我这里来个快速问答。

I'm going to do a little rapid fire here.

这种机会我们不太常有。

We don't get the opportunity that much.

所以,Seth,你现在最好的想法是什么?

So, Seth, what's what is your best idea right now?
M1
M119:42

我觉得我们最喜欢的单一标的是在 commercial real estate 领域。

I think our favorite single idea is in the commercial real estate space.

就是 assisted living,自从 COVID 以来它经历了一段很糟糕的时期,而且这个领域里有很多破产,因为那些新建的 assisted living center 根本招不满人。

It's assisted living, which has gone through a horrible time since COVID and a lot of bankruptcies in the area because those newly built assisted living centers couldn't get occupied.

没人把家里的亲人送进去。

Nobody put their relatives in them.

这股冲击正在传导到整个系统里。

That's shaking through the system.

它已经开始好转了,但我觉得我们还处在这个转折的早期阶段。

It's starting to turn, but I think we're still in the early stages of that turning.

这就是我们最喜欢的想法。

That's our favorite idea.
F1
F120:05

这些年来,哪一笔错过的机会会让你自己最懊恼,就是那个从手里溜走的机会?

What's the one miss over the years where you just kick yourself, the one that got away?
M1
M120:12

对我来说,那个溜走的机会是这样的。我们喜欢接到来自市场上的电话,或者来自运营合作方的电话。然后我们接到一个电话,说,嘿,我们觉得有四千万到五千万美元的 venture investment 投进了一家叫 Palantir 的公司。

For me, the one that got away was we had this -- we like to get phone calls from the street or from operating partners. And we got a phone call that, hey, we think there's $40 or $50 million of venture investment in this company called Palantir.

你会感兴趣吗?

And would you be interested?

有价格吗?

Is there a price?

我们做了很多工作,也已经准备出价了,结果卖方又改主意了。

And we did a lot of work and we were ready to make a bid and the seller changed their mind.

我觉得那本来会是,你知道,那是十五二十年前的事了。

And I think that would have been, you know, this was 15 or 20 years ago.

所以我觉得,光是那笔持股,我们本来就能赚几十亿,甚至上百亿美元。

So I think we would have made billions, if not tens of billions of dollars on that stake.

而且这——这是不可避免的。

And it's - it was unavoidable.

等我们能动手的时候,已经什么都做不了了。

There was - by the time we could act, there was nothing to do.

不过我想,每个投资人都会有这样的故事。

But it - I think every investor has a story like that.
F1
F120:55

对。

Yeah.

我是说,你的流程是什么?

I mean, what's your process?

因为你覆盖这么多不同领域,你是怎么找到这些想法,又是怎么研究它们的?

Because you're across so many different areas, like how do you find the ideas and how do you research them?
M1
M121:04

我的团队里有 40 位投资专业人士,分在 4 个领域:公开股票、信贷、私募投资,这里面包括一些 private credit,还有房地产。

I've got 40 investment professionals on the team sitting in 4 areas, which is public equity, credit, private investments that include some private credit, and real estate.

他们会开 pipeline 会议。

They have pipeline meetings.

我一直都在跟进他们在看什么、在做什么。

I'm in the flow of what they're looking at, what they're working on.

我通常会给他们很大的空间,但我也会参与,而且几乎一直都在参加他们的会议。

I tend to give them a lot of rope, but I also am involved and in their meetings all the time.

所以我对情况很有感觉。

So I have a good sense.

我们是在用一种自下而上的视角来配置资本。

We're allocating capital with kind of a bottom-up perspective.

所以从 bottom-up 来看,我能看到私募投资、公开股票和信贷里,哪些机会最好。

So bottom-up, I can see, are the best opportunities in private investments, in public equity and credit.

我们现在哪些地方看到的机会最多?

Where are we seeing the most opportunity?

与其坐在那里说,咱们按 top-down 来分配资本,不如让它根据我们看到的情况,自下而上地分配。

And rather than sitting back and saying, let's allocate capital top-down, we're letting it get allocated bottom-up based on what we're seeing.
F1
F121:49

那你会听谁的,不管是别的投资人、CEO,还是谁,你会——不管是建议,还是只是看未来会怎么走?

And who do you listen to, whether it's a fellow investor or a CEO, or who do you - whether it's advice or just where the future's going?
M1
M122:01

所以我觉得,我会尽可能广泛地阅读和倾听。

So I think I try to read and listen as broadly as I can.

我和很多和我一样在这个行业里待了很久的人都很熟,所以我跟一些管理大基金、distress funds、long-short funds 的人关系都不错。

Friends with a number of people in the business that have been around as long as I have, so friendly with people that run some major funds, distress funds, long-short funds.

我非常尊重这个行业里一些思想领袖、专栏作者,还有学者。

I have great respect for some of the - some of the thought leaders in the industry, the columnists, the academics.

你知道,我一直都想读 Niall Ferguson 的东西。

You know, I always want to read Niall Ferguson.

我不一定总同意他,但我想知道他在想什么。

I don't always agree with him, but I want to know what he's thinking about.

为了跟上 AI 的进展,我什么都读。

Trying to get up to speed on AI, I read everything.

所以我们一直在听一堆 podcasts。

So we're listening to a bunch of podcasts.

我很喜欢读 Dario Amodei 的那些观点文章,感觉就是——

I love reading Dario Amodei's thought pieces that it's just -.
F1
F122:47

它们有点让人沮丧。

They're a little depressing.
M1
M122:51

我觉得这很了不起,我们也应该庆幸,我们有这样一位高管,他本来完全可以只是当个啦啦队长式的人物,但他同时也是一个很有思考的守护者,也许还在提醒我们,这东西有潜力,但也有风险。

I think that it's remarkable and we should be glad we have an executive who could just be a cheerleader, but is also a thoughtful steward and maybe warning us that, that it's got potential, but it's also got risk.

我很欣赏有人能以这样的方式做领导者。

I admire somebody for being a leader like that.

我当然会听 Jamie 的意见,而且像他这种层次的人并不多。

I, of course, listen to Jamie, and there aren't too many people of that ilk.

当然还有 Warren Buffett、Todd Combs、Ted Weschler,他们都是朋友,也都是非常有思想的投资人,有更深层的视角。

And of course, Warren Buffett, Todd Combs, Ted Weschler, they're, they're all friends and really thoughtful investors with a deeper perspective.

所以我不太常跟他们聊个股,但我会跟他们聊市场,或者聊某个时刻更深层的、你知道,哲学层面的东西。

So I don't often talk about individual stocks with them, but I'm talking about the markets or about deeper, you know, philosophical things about a moment in time.
F1
F123:32

所以 Seth,四十四年了。

So 44 years, Seth.

你还打算做多久?

How much longer are you going to do this?

再来四十四年?

Another 44?

你对 Baupost 的愿景是什么?

What's your vision for Baupost?
M1
M123:40

我希望我还能再有四十四年。

I hope I get another 44.

我现在还在六十多岁,所以我想我大概还有十年左右。

I'm still in my 60s, so I imagine I've got another decade or so.

我不觉得人应该永远待在位置上,所以我一直在心里记着,尤其是当我看到某个老家伙做了他们不该做的事的时候。

I don't think people should stick around forever, so I keep making mental notes, especially when I see some old guy do something they shouldn't do.

我就会提醒自己,我需要让位。

That I need to get out of the way.

而且我正在给团队更多授权,把资本下放给团队里的一些人,也在某些方面改变我们做决策的方式。

And I'm empowering my team more, pushing down capital to some of the team and changing the way we make decisions in some ways.

所以我觉得我还在继续培养这个团队。

So I feel like I'm continuing to develop the team.

一旦我认为自己不再是公司里最适合领导公司的人,我就会让位。

The moment I think I'm not the best person at the firm to lead the firm, I'll get out of the way.

但我觉得再做十年或者十二年,然后就该彻底交棒了。

But I feel like another 10 or 12 years and then it's time to hand it off for good.
F1
F124:16

好。

Okay.

那非常感谢你今天一如既往地坦诚,也感谢你分享你的一些故事。

Well, thank you very much for the candor today, as always, and for sharing some of your story.

这真是一场享受。

It was a treat.
M1
M124:22

非常感谢。

Thank you so much.
F1
F124:22

谢谢。

Thank you.