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1999年股东大会 · 巴菲特:怎样的企业管理层薪酬机制才是合理的?

63 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 6:03
M1
M10:00

大家好,我是来自 Maryland Chevy Chase 的 Martin Wiegand。

Hello, I'm Martin Wiegand from Chevy Chase, Maryland.

我想感谢你们这周末的盛情款待,也感谢你们每年在 annual reports 里跟我们分享的智慧。

I want to thank you for the hospitality this weekend and the wisdom you share with us each year in your annual reports.

作为一个小企业经营者,我最棘手的工作之一,就是怎么把我们企业的利润分配给那些创造这些利润的员工。

As a small businessman, one of the trickiest jobs I have is dividing up the profits of our business between the employees who generate them.

你们能不能谈谈,也分享一下你们的看法:在 Berkshire Hathaway 的各家子公司里,你们是怎么把利润分配给那些创造利润的员工的?

Would you comment and share your thoughts on how you divide up the profits of the Berkshire Hathaway subsidiaries with the employees who generate them?

还有一个追问,Munger 先生,关于这个话题,你有没有什么推荐阅读?

And the follow-up is, Mr. Munger, do you have any suggested reading on that subject?
M2
M20:31

好的,我们很高兴你来到这里,Martin。

Yeah, we're glad to have you here, Martin.

我高中,还有大学最开始那几年,都是跟 Martin 的父亲一起上的,他今天也在现场。

I went to high school and to the first couple years of college with Martin's father, who's also here today.

所以如果你们有机会见到 Marty、Janie,还有年轻的 Martin,跟他们打个招呼。

And so if you get a chance to meet Marty, Janie, and younger Martin, say hello to them.

说到——说到我们的薪酬安排,在我们不同的子公司之间,差异大得惊人,因为我们买下的都是已经存在的企业,而在收购之后,我们尽可能少去动它们原有的企业文化。

In terms of the— in terms of the arrangements we have with compensation, they vary to an extraordinary degree among the various subsidiaries we have, because we have bought existing businesses, and we have tampered as little as possible with their cultures after we buy them.

而这些企业文化,有些彼此之间差别非常大。

And some of those cultures are very different than others.

我的意思是,你们刚才已经见过 B 太太了。

I mean, you know, you saw Mrs. B earlier.

对。

Yes.

你们可以想象,她只要参与任何一家企业,都会留下非常强烈的个人印记。

As you can imagine, she would leave a very strong imprint on any business with which she was involved.

而且我们有不少非常有才干的管理者,他们已经建立起自己认为最适合各自公司的制度。

And we have a number of very talented managers who have worked out the systems that they believe to be best for their companies.

当然,确实是这样:如果——如果一家公司原来有 stock option plan,我们会用一种以业绩为基础的方案来替代,它跟企业经营表现的挂钩会比任何 option plan 都清晰得多。

Now, it is true that if we— if there is a stock option plan at a company, we will substitute a plan that is performance-based, which ties much more clearly to the performance of the business than any option plan could.

而且我们会——我们会设计一个方案,让它的预期成本跟那个 option plan 的预期成本相当。

And we will have a— we will design one that has an expectable cost that's equal to the expectable cost of the option plan.

所以我们会尽量让成本对等。

So we try to equate the cost.

我们也会尽量让它更——从企业所有者和员工双方的角度来看,都合理得多;因为它的回报方式,是基于这家企业实际经营得怎么样。

We try to make it even more— much more sensible from both the owner's standpoint and the employee's standpoint in terms of the way it pays off based on how that business performs.

你们大概在我们的 annual report 里读到过,我们在 GEICO 推出了一个适用于全体员工的方案,跟我们的目标是挂钩的。

You've probably read in our annual report how we have put an across-the-board plan at GEICO that ties with our objectives.

但基本上,那个方案是 Tony Nicely 设计出来的。

But basically, that was Tony Nicely's work in terms of developing that plan.

我的意思是,他和我对于什么才重要,想法是一致的;然后他制定出了一套适用于公司所有人的薪酬表格,依据的是实现那些他认为重要、也是我们认为重要的目标。

I mean, he and I thought alike about what counted, and he developed a compensation grid that applied to everybody in the whole place based on achieving the objectives that he felt were important and that we felt were important.

你会发现,如果你去任何一家 Berkshire 的子公司看看,除了 options 这一点以外,他们的薪酬方案大概率都跟我们收购那家公司之前差不多。

You will find, if you go to any Berkshire subsidiary, you'll probably find that they have a compensation plan that's quite similar, with the exception of options, to the plan that they had before we bought them, bought the operation.

它们本来就是成功的企业,而人们走向成功的路径各不相同。

They have successful businesses, and people get there different ways.

有的人左手打击,有的人右手打击。

Some people bat left-handed, some people bat right-handed.

你知道,有的人站得离击球区后面一点,有的人——你知道——会更贴近本垒板。

You know, some people stand deep in the batter's box, some, you know, some crowd the plate.

他们都有各自不同的风格,而我们这些经理人的风格,已经在他们各自的业务里被证明是成功的。

They all have different styles, and the styles of our managers have proven successful in their own businesses.

我们会保留原来的管理者,所以——我们不会试图从上面硬套一个统一制度下来,除了我刚才提到的那一点。

We keep the same managers, so— We don't try and superimpose any system from above, with the exception of what I've mentioned.

不过我们确实喜欢按业绩付酬这个理念。

We do like the idea of paying for performance.

我的意思是,这算是一条很根本的原则。

I mean, that is kind of a fundamental tenet.

每个人嘴上都说自己喜欢这一点,但很多时候他们设计出来的制度,不管结果怎么样都会发钱,而我们一直不太愿意这么做。

Everybody says they like that, but then they design systems that pay off no matter what happens in many cases, and we've been reluctant to do that.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M3
M33:37

对,我觉得股东们得意识到一件事:在人员管理做法这方面,我们可能比美国任何跟我们规模差不多、或者比我们更大的公司,都更分散化。

Yeah, I think it's important for the shareholders to realize that we are probably more decentralized in terms of personnel practices than any company of our size or bigger in America.

我们没有那种硬要推行到各个运营企业头上的总部文化。

We don't have a headquarters culture that's forced on the operating businesses.

这些运营企业都有各自的文化,而且我能想到的每一家,文化都非常棒,所以我们就是让他们自己运作。

The operating businesses have their own cultures, and I think in every case I can think of, it's a wonderful culture, and we just leave them alone.

这对我来说很自然。

It comes naturally to me.
M2
M24:18

Charlie 说我们没有总部文化。

Charlie says we don't have a headquarters culture.

有时候人们甚至觉得我们连总部都没有。

Sometimes people think we don't have a headquarters.

我们 Berkshire 没有人力资源部门。

We have no human relations department at Berkshire.

我们没有法务部门。

We have no legal department.

我们没有投资者关系部门。

We have no investor relations.

我们没有公共关系部门。

We have no public relations.

这类东西我们统统都没有。

We don't have any of that sort of thing.

我们有一群明星级的人才,就像我们刚才在屏幕上展示的那样,在外面各自经营企业。

We've got a bunch of all-stars, as we put on the screen, out there running businesses.

我们让他们把钱寄到 Omaha 来。

We ask them to mail the money to Omaha.

不过,如果他们有要求,我们甚至连邮票都可以给他们。

But we'll even give them a stamp if they request it.

但除此之外,我们基本上就不再插手了。

But beyond that, we don't really go.

那样做才明智,不然就太蠢了。

It would be foolish.

我觉得很有意思的一点是,我刚开始做生意的时候,对什么东西能激励人,其实有很多先入为主的想法。

And what is interesting to me is how I had a lot of preconceived ideas of what motivates people when I started out in business.

你会发现,有些机构不愿意按个人来给明星人物付薪。

You can find certain organizations that resist paying stars on an individual basis.

他们喜欢把自己看成一个团队,更愿意采用团队式的薪酬理念。

They like to think of themselves as a team, and they'd rather have a team concept of payment.

你也能看到另一些地方就更偏向个人导向。

And you can see others where they're much more individually oriented.

实际上,Charlie 也许可以从 law firms 的角度跟你们讲讲这个。

Actually, Charlie can probably tell you about that in terms of law firms.

我的意思是,有些 law firms 的文化是——

I mean, some law firms have a culture that is—
M3
M35:25

对。

Yeah.
M2
M25:27

比另外一些更以明星个人为中心。

is much more star-oriented than others.

而且,你知道,这两种地方你都见过成功案例,是吧,Charlie?

And, you know, you've seen successes in both places, haven't you, Charlie?
M3
M35:32

绝对是。

Absolutely.
M2
M25:34

好。

Okay.
M3
M35:40

我想不起来有哪个案例,是有人从 Berkshire 旗下一个运营子公司调到另一个子公司的。

I can't remember a case when anybody has transferred from one operating Berkshire subsidiary to another.

这种情况非常少见。

It's very rare.
M2
M25:48

对,对,我们不会刻意去做那种相互借鉴、相互移植。

Yeah, yeah, we don't try and cross-fertilize.

我们就是觉得,每一块业务都发展得挺好,我们也就认为,只要让他们按自己的主动性去做,他们往往会做得最好。

We just, we think we've got a good thing going in every plot of ground, and we just assume they'll do best if left to their own initiative.

所以从这个意义上说。

So in that sense.