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Bill Ackman: Investment Strategy, What the Market is Missing, How AI Breaks Businesses

409 段 · 5 位说话人 · 原片 29:41
M1
M10:00

他是这个国家最敢讲、也最有意思的投资人之一。

One of the most provocative and interesting investors in the country.

一位传奇的 activist investor。

A legendary activist investor.
M2
M20:06

Pershing Square 的 CEO 和创始人 Bill Ackman。

Pershing Square CEO and founder Bill Ackman.
M1
M10:10

做空,而且还公开把这件事说出来,这可是相当严肃的一门生意。

Taking a short position and going public with it is a pretty serious business.

有意思的是,世界上一些最好的公司,现在反而在按最低的倍数交易。

Interestingly, some of the best businesses in the world are trading at the lowest multiples.

我们某种程度上,算是 closed-end investment company 这个领域的一次复兴。

We're kind of the rebirth of the closed-end investment company universe.
M3
M30:22

你怎么看 OpenAI 的 CFO Sarah?

What did you think of Sarah, the CFO of OpenAI?

抱歉,CFO。

I'm sorry, CFO.

感觉像 CEO。

Felt like the CEO.
M1
M10:28

对,我刚才——

Yeah, I was—
M2
M20:29

别来这套。

Stop with that stuff.
M1
M10:31

其实,我对她印象特别深。

Actually, I was super impressed.

这让我对 OpenAI 更看多了很多。

Made me a lot more bullish on OpenAI.
M2
M20:36

对吧?

Right?
M1
M10:37

我当时觉得她应该来当 OpenAI 的 CEO。

I thought she should be CEO of OpenAI.

我当时就是这么想的。

That's what I thought.

我觉得 Sam 应该当 chair。

I think Sam should be chair.

我觉得他更适合那个位置。

I think he's much better.
M4
M40:43

我本来有个问题想问她,但当时时间不够,没问成,就是,跟 Sam 一起工作是什么感觉?

There was a question I wanted to ask her that we didn't get to in time, which was, what's it like working with Sam?
M3
M30:47

我的意思是,光这个都能拍成三个小时的纪录片了。

I mean, that could have been like three hours of a documentary.
M4
M40:52

我想先从这里开始。

I wanted to kick this off.

非常感谢你今天来到这里。

Thank you so much for being here.

我们试了好多次想请你来 All-In,终于把你请来了,真的太好了。

We've tried a number of times to get you to All-In, and it's great to finally have you.

你显然是个传奇人物,基本不需要太多介绍。

You obviously are a legend that doesn't need much of an introduction.

最近这几年吧,或者这几个月、这几个季度之类的,感觉你的投资理念可能在变化,你的模式也在变。以前你更多是 activist,进一个仓位,再退出一个仓位。

Lately, in the last number of, call it years or months or quarters or what have you, it seems like your investment philosophy may be changing, your model, where you've been activist and you've entered positions and exited positions.

但最近,你更多在谈那种更长期、更永久性的持有。

Lately, you've talked a lot about more permanent long-term holdings.

很想听你讲讲,这到底算不算一种变化,以及你的投资模式这些年是怎么一步步演变过来的。

Would love to hear a little bit about if that is actually a change and how your evolution in your investment model has changed over time.
M1
M11:28

当然。

Sure.

我会说,随着时间推移,最大的变化,是我越来越重视我所说的 business quality——长期的、可持续的、受保护的、不容易被颠覆的增长。

I would say the biggest change over time is an appreciation for the importance of what I call business quality, long-term, durable, protected, non-disruptible growth.

我会说,在早期,你作为一个规模更小、流动性更强的投资人。

I would say early days, you're a smaller, more liquid investor.

你就不用把事情想得那么长期。

You don't have to think as long-term.

随着你变成一个规模更大、持仓更集中的投资人,

As you become a bigger concentrated investor.

时间久了,你会明白那种可持续增长有多重要。

And over time, you learn the importance of durable kind of growth.

这是最重要的因素。

That's the most important factor.

我会说,我现在跟我以往任何时候一样积极介入,只不过更多是在 Twitter 上,而不是在企业层面的语境里。

I would say I'm as activist as I've ever been, but more of it's on Twitter than, than I would say in the corporate context.

原因是,我刚开始做 Pershing Square 的时候,基本上没人知道我们是谁。

And the reason for that is when I started in Pershing Square, no one sort of knew who we were.

所以实际上,我们最早的一笔投资之一就是 Wendy's International。

And so, actually, one of our first investments was Wendy's International.

Wendy's 旗下有 Tim Hortons,这是一家加拿大的咖啡和甜甜圈连锁店,而 Tim Hortons 的价值比整个 Wendy's 的市值还高。

Wendy's owned Tim Hortons, the Canadian coffee and doughnut chain, and the value of Tim Hortons was more than the entire value of Wendy's.

所以我们当时有个非常简单的想法:买入 Wendy's,把 Tim Hortons 分拆出来,我们的钱就能翻一倍。

So we had this very simple idea: buy Wendy's, spin off Tim Hortons, double our money.

我们买下了公司百分之十的股份,然后我给 CEO 打电话,他没回我。

And we bought 10% of the company, and I called the CEO, and he didn't return my call.

然后我又给他打了一次,他还是没回我。

And I called him again, he didn't return my call.

我真的连一个回电都要不到。

I literally couldn't get a return phone call.

那就是一切的开始。

That was the beginning.

所以我们后来就联系了一位在 Blackstone 工作的朋友,Steve Schwarzman 同意就如果我们把 Tim Hortons 分拆出去,Wendy's 会值多少钱,出一份 fairness opinion。

So we actually called a friend who worked at Blackstone, and Steve Schwarzman agreed to write a fairness opinion on what Wendy's would be worth if we spun off Tim Hortons.

我们算是把这东西直接寄过去并公开提交了,六周之后,他们就把 Tim Hortons 分拆了。

We kind of mailed it in and filed it publicly, and 6 weeks later, they spun off Tim Hortons.
M3
M32:47

哇。

Wow.
M1
M12:48

然后那位 CEO 终于给我回电话了,还谢谢了我。

And then the CEO finally called me back, and he thanked me.

后来他被解雇了,但他还是感谢我,因为他拿到了一大笔离职补偿,所以他非常高兴。

And he had gotten fired, but he thanked me because he had a huge exit package and he was very happy.

但总之,一开始我们连个回电都拿不到,所以我们只能——而且我们那时候规模也小,所以我们得去参加各种 conference,得做演示,还得上 CNBC。

But so in the beginning, we couldn't get a return phone call, so we had to— and we were small, so we had to go to a conference, and we had to, you know, do presentations and go on CNBC.

时间久了,你会进入董事会,大家也会开始把你当成一个知名投资人。

What happens over time is you join boards of directors, you become known as an investor.

我们是那种有建设性的股东。

We're a constructive shareholder.

S&P 500 里的 CEO,我基本上每一个都认识,要么直接认识,要么通过一个中间人能联系上。

I know pretty much every CEO in the S&P 500, either directly or one person removed.

也许是我年纪大了一点,确实老了些,但你会慢慢建立起自己的声誉。

Maybe I age, I've aged a bit, but you build a reputation.

现在我们买入一家公司的股份,有时候他们还会发条 tweet 说,欢迎 Pershing Square 成为股东,但他们会主动向我们打开大门。

Today, we buy a stake in a company, sometimes they'll put out a tweet saying, we welcome Pershing Square as a shareholder, but they open the door for us.

一开始,是我们得把门砸开。

In the beginning, we had to bang down the door.

而今天——如果有需要的话,我们会非常深度地参与我们投资的公司。

And today— so we get very deeply involved in our companies if it's needed.

还有一些我们持有的公司,我们根本没什么可做的,就在那里就好了,你知道,鼓鼓掌就行。

Other companies we own, there's nothing for us to do, just be there, you know, just clap.
M4
M43:47

所以现在大家会把你看作是那种能带来附加价值的投资人,对吗?

So you are considered a value-add investor at this point?
M1
M13:50

对,但我们只想在能增加价值的时候才介入。

Yeah, but we only want to add value.

昨晚那段对话还挺有意思的。

The conversation last night was kind of an interesting one.

你知道,最好的投资,其实是那种你根本不需要进董事会、也不用做什么事的投资。

You know, the best investments are ones where you don't need to join the board and do anything.
M4
M43:57

这个嘛,在 startup 里可能是这样,但在成熟企业里,可能就——

Well, that may be in a startup, but in a mature business, it may be—.
M1
M14:00

不,我觉得在 public company 的语境里,我们能做的一件很有价值的事是——

No, I think in the public company context, one of the valuable things we can do.

现在做一家 public company 的问题在于,市场、分析师之类的,整体都太短期主义了。

The problem of being a public company today is kind of the very short-term nature of markets, analysts, et cetera.

但显然,经营一家企业的话,企业——好的企业——是要做一辈子的。

And obviously, to run a business, a business is a— a good one is a forever thing.

你有些决策,得放在几十年的维度里去看,至少也得是三年、五年。

You want to make decisions in the context of decades sometimes, or certainly 3, 5 years.

可当别人还在问你第二季度税率是多少的时候,你怎么做到这一点呢?

And how can you do that when someone's asking about the tax rate in the second quarter?

所以,如果董事会里有一个大股东,你就可以在把想法公开给市场之前,先跟这个大股东试着讨论、推敲一下。

And having a big shareholder on the board where you can kind of test ideas out with the big shareholder before you expose them to the public.

而这个大股东可以说,我支持这个举措,哪怕它会伤害接下来几个季度的盈利,这其实是很有帮助的。

Where the big shareholder can say, I'm supportive of this initiative even though it's going to hurt earnings in the next few quarters, is a helpful thing.
M2
M24:38

我想把刚才和 Sarah 的那段讨论,跟这里连起来。

I just want to connect this last conversation with Sarah to this.

你算是 AI 这个整体生态里的投资人吗?还有,从一个外部投资者的角度看整个生态时,你是怎么判断商业模式质量的?

Are you an investor in the AI complex, and how do you underwrite business model quality from what you see on the outside in the entire complex?
M1
M14:52

我是说,算是的,实际上我们就是投资人。

I mean, yes, effectively we're an investor.

其实——我们现在持有 Microsoft,也持有 Meta,还持有 Amazon。

We're actually— today we own Microsoft, we own Meta, we own Amazon.

其实,我觉得不管是直接还是间接,你要么已经投资了 AI,要么它就是一种威胁。

Actually, I think either directly or indirectly, you're invested in AI, or it's a threat.

所以你必须得理解它。

So you have to understand it.

那我怎么从商业模式的角度来看 AI 呢?

How do I think about AI in a business model context?
M2
M25:08

对,商业模式质量。

Business model quality, yeah.
M1
M15:10

你看,当你是一个集中持仓的投资人,或者说广义上的投资人,而且你又是长期投资者时,最重要也最难做的一件事,就是判断颠覆风险到底有多大。

Look, when you're a concentrated investor or investor generally, and you're a long-term investor, the most important and most challenging thing to do is determine what's the risk of disruption?

就是说,两个男生、两个女生,在 Stanford 的一个车库里鼓捣出个什么东西来的这种风险有多大?

What's the risk of 2 guys, 2 women from Stanford in a garage coming up with something?

我觉得,这种风险已经大幅上升了。

That risk, I think, has gone up dramatically.

这是历史上最适合创办企业的时代。

This is the greatest era in history to build a business.

算力的获取几乎是无限的,至少对 startup 来说是这样;资本的获取也几乎无限,还有大量不可思议的人才,这就意味着,你被颠覆的概率已经大大提高了。

There's unlimited access to compute, certainly for a startup, unlimited access to capital, and a lot of incredible talent, which means that the probability of your being disrupted has gone up enormously.

作为投资人,你最难做的就是把这个看明白,而这也确实是我们花最多时间的地方。

The hardest thing you have to do as an investor is understand, and that's really where we spend most of our time.
M2
M25:50

那在这种时刻,你的倾向会是什么?

What's your tendency in a moment like this then?

是主动冲向这种混沌,还是把仓位转到那些可能更持久、更能抵御 AI 冲击、被颠覆性更低的东西上?

Swing towards the chaos, or do you reposition to things that are maybe more durable and defensible from AI where the disruptibility is less?
M1
M16:01

市场有意思的地方在于,人们永远都会把目光投向那个最新、最新的东西。

What's interesting about markets is people always bring their eye to the new, new thing.

而现在那个最新、最新的东西,就是 chips、semiconductors 和 energy,所以短期资金都在往那边走。

The new, new thing is chips and semiconductors and energy, and that's where the shorter-term capital is going.

结果往往就是,真正高质量的东西反而被落下了。

What tends to happen is really high-quality things get left behind.

其实同样的事情以前也发生过。

And the same thing really happened.

我在二零零零年那波泡沫的时候就在场。

I was there in 2000 in that sort of bubble.

这个不一样。

This is different.

我不是说这是——但这里面是有一些类比的。

I'm not saying this is— but there's some analogies.

这些类比在于,当年大家对 internet stocks 很兴奋,而 Berkshire Hathaway 的估值跌到了我觉得它历史上的最低水平,因为人们会说,好吧,那些都是老东西了。

And the analogies are people got excited about internet stocks, and Berkshire Hathaway traded at the lowest valuation I think it ever traded at in its history as people said, okay, that's all old stuff.

我觉得某种意义上,今天 Amazon 和 Meta 身上也在发生类似的事。

I think a similar thing is happening today in a sense to Amazon and Meta.
M2
M26:45

Microsoft。

Microsoft.
M3
M36:45

就是那几个——

Those are the ones that—.
M1
M16:46

这些都是那种有点传统的公司,在这种,你知道的,OpenAI 这种背景下。

These are, these are old-fashioned companies in kind of this, you know, the OpenAI.
M3
M36:50

所以在你看来,它们被低估了?

So they're undervalued in your mind?
M2
M26:52

对。

Yes.
M3
M36:53

还有什么是被低估的?

What else is undervalued?
M4
M46:54

那 SaaS-pocalypse 呢?

What about the SaaS-pocalypse?

所以现在是不是已经跌过头了?

So is it oversold at this point?
M1
M16:57

还是那句话,我觉得得做非常仔细的分析。

Again, I think it's a careful analysis.

比起你那种——我对 Salesforce 的担心更大,我觉得你必须自己把功课做透。

I worry more about a Salesforce than I do about your kind of— I think you got to do the work.

我觉得得一家公司一家公司地看。

I think it's one company at a time.

但我觉得,如果你今天是一家 software company,那你就必须尽可能地用上 AI。

But I think if, you know, if you're a software company today, you have to be as AI-enabled as you can.

我觉得有些公司以前在客户身上赚的是一种接近垄断式的利润,比如有人做了一个细分领域的软件产品,就敢收每年三万美元之类的费用。

I think there have been monopolistic-type profit-taking off of customers when someone had a niche software product, they're charging $30,000 a year or something like this.

我觉得这类公司真的很危险。

I think those companies are really at risk.

Microsoft 的情况不一样,普通客户平均可能每个 seat 付五十美元,我也不确定,反正是个不大的数字,这个平台的价值要高得多,而且风险也更小。

Microsoft, when the average customer is paying, I don't know, $50 a seat or some small number, that platform is worth a lot more and it's less at risk.
M2
M27:37

我想回到 COVID 那时候,因为你当时在 CNBC 上有一个传播特别广的时刻,你当时猛敲桌子说,事情接下来就会这么发展。

I want to go back to COVID, because you had an incredibly viral moment where you were on CNBC at that moment, and you pounded the table and you said, this is what's going to happen.

真的,市场后来就一路猛冲——当然一开始是暴跌,你在那一段判断对了,后来它又猛拉回去,你在那一段也站对了。

Literally, the market just ripped and you were— well, first it traded massively down, you were right on that side of the trade, and then you were on the right side of the trade when it ripped back up.

然后我记得大概是一两个月前吧,你好像也公开地基本上是拍着桌子说,这个市场还会涨得高得多。

Then I think it was maybe a month or two ago, I think publicly you basically pounded the table and said, This market's going way higher.

你能不能带我们进入一下你的脑子里?

Can you just put us in your head?

你这种特别积极发声的冲动是从哪里来的——这么做会给自己留下很大的出错空间,但一旦你说对了,它又确实会给 Bill Ackman 的传奇色彩再添一笔,而你这种传奇故事已经很多了。

Where does that desire to be so active and— it gives you so much room to be wrong, but then when you're right, it does add to the lore of Bill Ackman, of which you have a lot.

你是怎么平衡这件事的?

How do you balance that?

这到底是从哪里来的?

Where does it come from?

为什么在这些时刻,你会那么笃定,笃定到这种信念非得溢出来不可,然后你就会那么公开、那么站到台前去说?

Why in these moments do you just get so convicted that the conviction just has to spill out and then you're just so out there?
M1
M18:34

我一直就是这样,我高中毕业纪念册里给我的评语是 most verbose。

So I've always been like, my high school yearbook epithet was most verbose.
M4
M48:41

我也是。

Me too.
M1
M18:42

而且其实,我那位朋友就住在这附近。

And actually, my friend actually lives around here.

他在我毕业纪念册里、写在我名字旁边的那句赠言是:闭着嘴的人,嘴里攒不进脚。

His quote that he put next to my name in my yearbook, it says, a closed mouth gathers no foot.

那是他说的。

That was his.

所以这某种程度上就是我一直奉行的人生准则。

And so that's kind of what I've lived by.

我一直都有一种想把事情真相说出来的冲动。

I've always had this sort of desire to speak the truth about things.

我刚才其实还在跟 Jake 聊,我们今天早上一起吃了早餐,还聊到我那篇关于 Rhonda 的帖子。

I was just talking with Jake, actually, we had breakfast this morning, and we're talking about my Rhonda post.
M5
M59:06

对。

Yeah.
M1
M19:06

记得那个吧?

Remember that one?

有些事情就是需要被分享出来、被拿出来讨论。

There's just certain things that need to be shared and discussed.

说到市场,实际上,当时发生的是,我很担心这个国家,因为我觉得我们基本上需要暂停两周。

With respect to markets, actually, what happened was I was concerned about the country because I felt we needed to have basically a 2-week pause.

那是二零二零年的三月——或者二月,我猜应该是三月。

This is March of—or February, I guess it was March.

在二零二零年,我原本以为我们会来一次短期停摆,让病毒稍微缓一缓,因为当时医院已经有点不堪重负了。

Of 2020, and I assumed we were going to just do a short-term shutdown, let the virus cool down as hospitals were kind of getting overwhelmed.

但总统那时候还没有这么做。

And the president hadn't done that yet.

我当时对此有点惊讶。

I was kind of surprised by this.

所以这也是促使我上电视的原因,我想用这种方式接触到 President Trump,告诉他说,你看,我们需要让全国先停下来,就两周。

And so that was what inspired me to go on TV as a way to reach President Trump and say, look, we need to shut down the country just for 2 weeks.

我还说,你这么做,好吧,病毒这波就会过去。

And I said, look, you do this, okay, the virus will blow over.

而且当时股票的估值低得惊人。

Stocks are at an incredibly cheap valuation.

如果我们处理得当,你会赚到很多钱,我们也在买。

If we handle this correctly, you're gonna make a ton of money, and we're buying.

估值就像是拴着市场的一根绳子,对吧?

Valuation is like a tether on the market, right?

当它高得太离谱的时候,就像一根橡皮筋被越拉越紧,最后一定会弹回来。

When it gets too high, it's like this rubber band that's stretching, and inevitably it bounces back.

但反过来也一样。

But it works the other way as well.

当股票便宜到过头的时候,就像——你知道——那根橡皮筋其实会把估值往上拉。

When stocks get too cheap, there's this, you know, the rubber band's actually pulling valuations up.

所以有些时刻,市场会到那个位置,而有时候其实你把这点点出来,会让人们在心理上重新校准一下。

And so there are certain moments where it gets to that place, and sometimes actually, if you call that out, it causes people to have kind of a psychological reset.
M2
M210:20

最近是什么情况让你把这个点出来的?

What happened recently that caused you to call that out?
M1
M110:23

股票就是便宜得离谱,真的便宜得不可思议,而且还是那些质量非常高的公司。

Stocks just got crazy cheap, just incredibly cheap, of really high-quality companies.
M3
M310:29

你说的特别便宜,是从基本面来定义的吗?

You define extremely cheap in fundamentals?
M1
M110:32

是基本面,基于金融资产的价值是什么——也就是它在整个生命周期里所产生现金流的现值。

Fundamentals, based on what's the value of a financial asset, the present value of the cash it generates over its life.

按这个标准来看,那些高质量公司的股票真的很便宜。

On that basis, stocks of really high-quality companies are really cheap.
M3
M310:41

有没有什么办法去给这种公司做 underwriting——我也不想点名具体公司——但我们现在有那三家要上市的公司,然后比如说还有个 Palantir。像这些东西,在流行文化里、在 subreddits 上那种追求存在感的讨论里、在大众认知里,都已经变得特别火了;还有高净值个人想通过那种双重收费的 SPV 去买,结果最后还被从 cap table 上抹掉。

Is there any way to underwrite—and I don't want to pick on specific companies, but we have the 3 that are going public, and then you have like a Palantir, let's say. And these things have become very popular in pop culture, in regard-maxxing on subreddits, on, you know, the public's consciousness, high net worth individuals wanting to buy into SPVs that are double loaded and then getting wiped off the cap tables.

那对于这些公司,像一百倍营收、五十倍营收、一百五十倍营收,这种估值有办法做 underwriting 吗?还是说它们只是因为需求端太强,被严重高估了?

Is there any way to underwrite 100 times revenue, 50 times revenue, 150 times revenue in these companies? Or are these just tremendously overvalued because of the demand side?
M1
M111:19

我觉得,给 SpaceX 做 underwriting,要像给一笔 venture capital 投资做 underwriting 那样去做。

I think you underwrite SpaceX the way you underwrite a venture capital investment.
M3
M311:24

有意思。

Interesting.

展开讲讲。

Explain that.

再拆开说说。

Unpack it.
M1
M111:27

这里每个人都投 venture。

Everyone here invests in venture.

你其实是在赌是谁在掌舵。

You bet on who's running it.

人才非常强。

The talent is enormous.
M3
M311:34

说到底就是人。

It's people.
M1
M111:35

他们以前教过我——我商学院有个教授,他说,要看人、机会、环境、deal。

They taught me— I had a professor at business school, he said, people, opportunity, context, deal.

先说人,SpaceX——独一份。

On people, SpaceX— one of one.

机会,也是独一份。

Opportunity, one of one.

环境,也非常惊人。

Context, incredible.

其实我都替 Blue Origin 有点难受,但他们现在体量最大这件事——对 SpaceX 倒不构成伤害——

Actually, feel bad for Blue Origin, but not harmful to SpaceX, the fact that they're biggest—
M3
M311:55

他们落后太多了。

They're way behind.
M1
M111:56

然后就说到 deal 了。

Then you get to deal.

这对 SpaceX 来说就是更复杂的问题了。

That's the more complicated question for SpaceX.

还是那句话,我们不知道估值最后会是多少,但如果是一万亿美元,或者七千五百亿美元,那你就会说,好,那我们往五年后看。

Again, we don't know what the valuation is going to be, but if it's $1 trillion, $750 billion, then you say, okay, well, let's think five years out.

这家公司到时候会是什么样子?

What does this company look like?

Starlink 会变成什么样?

What is Starlink?

Starlink 的发展轨迹是什么?

What's the trajectory of Starlink?

在低成本太空发射这件事上,SpaceX 几乎就是垄断。

SpaceX is near monopoly in terms of low-cost space launch.

而这一点会变得越来越重要。

That's going to become increasingly important.

就连 Amazon 也不得不变成一个更大的客户,因为他们没法——Blue Origin——而且我想说,在 AI 时代,时间已经变得越来越值钱了。

And even Amazon is going to have to become an even bigger customer because they're not— Blue Origin's— And time, I would say, has become increasingly valuable in the AI era.

你把一个模型往后拖。

You delay a model.

刚才我们在聊,David 和我在聊政府那边,还有他出面让总统别签那个 executive order,等于就是让我们慢下来一点。

We were talking, David and I were talking about the administration and his stepping in for the president not to sign that executive order, just kind of slow us down.
M4
M412:40

据说是这样。

Allegedly.
M1
M112:40

你现在损失一个月,损失几个月,影响都非常大。

You lose a month, you lose a couple of months today, and it means a lot.

所以我觉得我唯一的问题是——我还没真正把账算明白——我呢,其实投了 X,也投了 xAI,我是通过一个 SPV 投的。

So I think the only question I have, and I haven't done the math, I, you know, I actually invested in X, I invested in xAI, I'm in an SPV.

Ron Baron 跟我说,Bill,你得投 SpaceX。

Ron Baron said, Bill, you gotta invest in SpaceX.

所以我就投了。

So I'm in.

所以现在我当然是希望结果会不错。

So now I have, so obviously I'm rooting for kind of a good outcome.

就是不行,我还没做那个,对,你得——。

It just doesn't, I haven't done the, yeah, you have to—.
M3
M313:01

那 Anthropic、OpenAI 和 Palantir 呢?

What about Anthropic, OpenAI, and Palantir?
M1
M113:05

好,抱歉。

Okay, sorry.
M3
M313:06

Anthropic、OpenAI、Palantir 也都属于这一类。

Anthropic, OpenAI, Palantir also fall into this category.

你也会把这些按 venture investments 来做评估吗?

Do you underwrite those as venture investments as well?

那你有对这些做过研究分析吗?

And have you done the work on those?
M1
M113:13

它们算是 venture investments,比较有帮助的一点是,它们不是 seed 或者 Series A,对吧?

They're venture investments that do— what's helpful is they're not seed or Series A, right?

它们已经是,你知道,D 轮或者 E 轮了,但本质上还是很像 venture investments。

They're, you know, D or E, but they're still like venture investments.

这些公司已经证明了自己能产生很多收入。

These companies have proven they can generate a lot of revenues.

其实,我刚刚在说 xAI 的时候,我觉得她对他们是怎么考虑投入资本这件事,解释得非常非常周到。

And actually, what I was just saying on xAI, I thought she had a very, very thoughtful explanation on how they think about committing capital.

这个恰恰是我还没从 OpenAI 那边听到的,所以如果我是 OpenAI,我会赶紧把这个信息传递出去。

That's the thing I haven't heard from on OpenAI, which is why if I were OpenAI, I would be getting that message out.

因为从外部看,你会觉得,这个商业模式挺有意思的。

Because from the outside, you're like, it's a pretty interesting business model.

你有一家公司的支出、做出的资本承诺,远远高于它的收入。

You've got a company that's spending, making capital commitments that are massively in excess of revenues.

那你要怎么做到这一点,还能把——我会说,这件事的难度很高。

How do you do that and get— its degree of difficulty, I would say, is high.
M5
M513:52

你在这些更传统的、可以叫 Fortune 500 这一类公司的董事会席位上,再加上你跟那些 CEO 的交流,他们是怎么看 AI 的?

Your perch on the boards of, let's call it, these more traditional Fortune 500-type businesses and your conversations with those CEOs, how are they thinking about AI?

他们是在先做一些试点,慢慢切进去吗?

Is it something that they're tipping into, with pilots?

他们是在做转型项目吗?

Are they doing transformation initiatives?

还是说,他们觉得这跟我们其实没太大关系,之后再处理?

Do they think this doesn't really apply to us, we'll deal with it later?

你整体感觉他们是怎么采用或者拥抱 AI 的?

What's your sense of how they're adopting or embracing AI?
M1
M114:16

我会说,今天美国的每一个 CEO 都在想,我该怎么用 AI?

I would say every CEO in America today is like, how do I use AI?

它怎么应用到我的业务里?

How does it apply to my business?

它会构成什么样的威胁?

How is it a threat?

他们必须得在内部找到一个推动这件事的人。

They've got to find an internal champion.

也可能得从外部招一个人进来。

They maybe have to recruit someone from the outside.

我会说,在他们担心的所有事情里,这大概排第一,既是机会,也是威胁。

I would say it's, on the hierarchy of things they worry about, it's probably number one as both an opportunity and a threat.

所以如果你不去关注它,你就——我的意思是,你的董事会每次开会第一个问题都会问你,我们怎么应对 AI 带来的威胁?

So if you're not paying attention to it, you'll— I mean, your board is going to be, you know, asking you the first question every meeting about, you know, what— how are we dealing with the AI threat?

我们怎么抓住 AI 带来的机会?

How are we dealing with the AI opportunity?

所以这绝对是他们眼下最挂在心上的事。

So it's absolutely top of mind.
M5
M514:46

你有看到很多早期成功案例吗?

Are you seeing much early success?

我的意思是,通过你对这些公司的了解,再说一次,通过你能看到的这些情况?

I mean, through your, you know, again, through your visibility into these companies?

我的意思是,我们现在收到的信号很多,而且很混杂。

I mean, there's a lot of mixed signals that we get.

比如说 McKinsey 做过一个研究,说企业里百分之九十五的项目其实都会失败。

Like McKinsey did a study and said that 95% of enterprise initiatives actually fail.

Chamath,你之前提过那个二八原则,就是很多这类企业其实根本不知道怎么部署 AI。

Chamath, you've made this point around 80/20, that a lot of these enterprises don't really know how to deploy AI.

这几年 Silicon Valley 最时髦的头衔叫 forward-deployed engineer,本质上有点像 IT 顾问,负责弥合 AI 的承诺和它实际 ROI 之间的差距。

The fanciest title in Silicon Valley these days is a forward-deployed engineer, which is basically like an IT consultant who can close the gap between the promise of AI and the ROI of it.

我觉得大家其实都还在摸索,到底该怎么用这个东西。

And I think people are just trying to figure out, how do we use this thing?

我的意思是,你有看到很多真正成功的案例吗?

I mean, have you seen much actual success?

这是不是现在最核心的问题?

Is this the question right now?

我们到底怎么把这个差距补上?

How do we bridge this gap?
M1
M115:31

除了——我给你讲讲 Pershing Square 的例子——之外,我其实没看到太多成功。

I haven't seen much success other than— I'll give you the Pershing Square story.

我们是一家非常非常小的公司。

We're a tiny little company.

那我们今天是怎么用 AI 的呢?

How are we using AI today?

第一个应用场景其实是在法务这边,几乎可以算是合规和后台运营这一类的功能。

The first use case is really on the legal side, and almost you'd call it compliance back-office type functionality.

我觉得,大公司要真正高效地使用 AI,这件事我们还处在非常非常早期的阶段。

I think we're still super, super early in terms of big companies using AI effectively.
M4
M415:54

我能不能问你一个问题,或者说拿一个判断跟你验证一下?

Can I ask or test a thesis with you?

风险投资的 underwriting 模型里,你会看人,你其实是在判断一个 founder,以及他在不断变化的环境里——不管是技术环境、市场环境还是什么别的——领导组织并及时调整方向的能力。

The venture underwriting model where you think about people, you're underwriting a founder and their capacity to lead and redirect the organization in a changing environment, in technology environment, market environment, and whatnot.

我们一再看到,如果公司依然是 founder-led,就能在大规模上取得类似的成功,因为 founder 会觉得自己有权力做出所有那些激进的决策,来确保公司能在变化的环境里继续存活,并且按需要完成转变。

We have seen repeatedly similar success at scale if the company is still founder-led, where the founder feels like they have the authority to make all the radical decisions needed to make sure that that company persists and changes as needed in a changing environment.

你有没有研究过 founder-led 公司和非 founder-led 公司的差别?会不会 founders 的确天然更有优势,能更好地穿越变化中的环境,并且随着时间推移真正创造超额回报?

Have you looked at founder-led companies versus non-founder-led companies where perhaps the founders really do have an inherent advantage in being able to navigate the changing environment and actually generate outsized returns over time?

我这么问,尤其是因为这和 SaaSpocalypse 有关。

I ask this particularly as it relates to the SaaSpocalypse.

如果你看看今天那些 founder-led 的公司和非 founder-led 的公司,如果不是 founder-led,你的激励机制是不犯错,否则就会被炒掉。

If you take a look at the companies that are founder-led today versus not, if you're not founder-led, you have an incentive to not make a mistake and get fired.

如果是 founder-led,你才不在乎这些。

If you're founder-led, you don't give a shit.

你的工作就是要确保这家公司——

Your job is to make sure the company—.
M1
M116:50

对,我觉得答案就是你刚才说的那样。

Yeah, I think the answer is exactly what you said.

我觉得问题在于,S&P 500 里一家公司的 CEO 平均任期大概,我也不知道,四年,或者三年、三年半之类的。

I think the problem is that the average life of an S&P 500 CEO is probably, I don't know, 4 years or 3 or 3.5 years or something like this.

所以你关注的自然更偏短期薪酬。

And you're focused on, you know, kind of shorter-term compensation.

而且一般来说,你在这个生意里并没有很大的经济利益绑定。

You generally don't have a big economic stake in the business.

但如果你是 founder,

You're a founder.

这就是你全部的人生。

This is your entire life.

这也是你全部的声誉。

It's your entire reputation.

这不像是你还能再去找另一份工作。

It's not like you're going to go get another job.

你基本上就是得想办法把它做成。

You got to kind of make it work.

还有,你在董事会里的时候,你要么本身就是一个有分量的投票声音,要么——你在这家公司里有非常大的经济利益。

And also, when you're in the boardroom, you have the authority of either being a major voting voice or a— you've got a huge economic stake in the company.

当我们进入一家公司的董事会时,我们通常都是最大的,或者第二大的那种非 index fund 类型的股东。

When we join a board of a company, we're often the largest or the second largest non-index-fund-type shareholder.

这会让我们在董事会里多少拥有一点不成比例的话语权。

That kind of gives us a little bit of a disproportionate voice in the boardroom.

你想象一下,如果你既有这个,同时你还是这家公司的 CEO,对吧?

Imagine if you have that and you're CEO of the company, right?

所以我觉得这确实会给你——而且如果你随着时间推移,已经成了一个成功的 founder,那几乎可以肯定,你一路上做过很多非常艰难的决定,而且最后证明你是对的。

So I think that does give you— and also, if you've gotten to be a successful founder over time, guaranteed that you've made a number of very challenging calls over time that turned out to be right.

不然的话,你也不会坐到那个位置。

Otherwise, you wouldn't be there.

所以你看 Mark Zuckerberg,对吧,当年他买 Instagram,我也不知道,大家都被那个价格震惊了,或者后来买 WhatsApp。

And so you look at Mark Zuckerberg, right, when he bought, I don't know, Instagram, everyone's like shocked at the price paid, or WhatsApp.

你知道,那些交易看起来好像都有点脱离常规——你知道,那家公司当时好像总共才十九个员工之类的,而他就花了十几亿美元。

You know, they seemed like, you know, sort of outside the— you know, the company only had whatever, 19 employees or something when he paid a billion-something.

但当你这种判断做对得足够多,你也就更有能力去做其他那些艰难的决定。

But you make enough of those calls and you can make the other challenging calls.
M4
M418:04

这和 Ben Graham 的投资模型是相反的吗?

Is this antithetical to a Ben Graham investing model?

比如说,作为投资人,你得有另一套不一样的能力,才能识别出这种人才?

Like you have to have a different set of skills as an investor to identify this talent?
M1
M118:11

对。

Yes.

我的意思是,Ben Graham 对投资人来说是一个非常重要的声音,因为他说,你得把企业当成企业来思考。

I mean, Ben Graham is a really important voice for investors in that he said, look, you got to think about a business.

股票凭证代表的是一家企业中的权益,而不只是这么一张纸。

A stock certificate is an interest in a business as opposed to just this piece of paper.

这可能算是他最重要的一条投资格言之一。

That's probably one of his most important kind of aphorisms.

但他大部分时候投的是那种清算型机会。

But he was investing for the most part in liquidations.

他投资的那个 Ben Graham 的年代,还没有——根本没有 EDGAR system。

He was investing, you know, in the days of Ben Graham where there weren't— there was no EDGAR system.

那时候你想拿到一份 10-K filing,得亲自去公司总部。

And in order to get a 10-K filing, you had to go to the headquarters of the company.

当时有很多股票,交易价格基本就等于资产负债表上的现金。

There were a lot of stocks trading at basically the cash on the balance sheet.

他的商业模式就是用蠢便宜的价格买下这些东西,然后最终——不过 Ben Graham 赚的大部分钱,其实是靠投资 GEICO 之类的公司。

His business model was buying these things at stupidly cheap prices and eventually— but Ben Graham made most of his money investing in, I don't know, GEICO or something.
M3
M318:49

跟我们讲讲这个吧——一方面你是 activist,也是重要股东,但另一方面还有 Howard Hughes,而且你也提过一点 Berkshire Hathaway 2.0,或者说你受它启发很深。

Tell us a little bit about— there's this activist and significant shareholder, but then there's Howard Hughes, and you've talked a little bit about Berkshire Hathaway 2.0 or just being inspired by that.

Chamath,你也受这个启发很多年了。

Chamath, you were inspired by it for a long time.
M2
M219:04

Bill 刚刚把 Pershing Square 上市了。

Bill just took Pershing Square public.
M3
M319:06

对,不过具体说到 Howard Hughes Corporation,跟我们讲讲这件事吧,因为你是在实际经营这家公司。

Yeah, but with the Howard Hughes Corporation specifically, tell us about that effort because you're operating that business.
M1
M119:13

有一本书,我记得叫 The Financial History of Berkshire Hathaway,那本书是写给极客看的。

There's a book, I think it's called The Financial History of Berkshire Hathaway, and that's for geeks.

基本上,这个人回头把每一份 10-Q 之类的都读了一遍。

Basically, this guy went back and read every 10-Q, whatever.

他真的把所有申报文件都过了一遍,看了 Buffett 做过的每一笔交易,然后你就能沿着六十年的时间线一路追踪他。

He actually went through the filings, looked at every deal that Buffett ever did, and you follow him over a 60-year period of time.

他在 Berkshire 创造出来的绝大部分价值,都是通过这个实现的。

The vast majority of the value he created at Berkshire was through it.

实际上,就是通过持有保险业务。

Actually the ownership of insurance operations.

而保险有意思的地方在于,经营一家保险公司,你有两份工作。

And what's interesting about insurance is that running an insurance company, you have 2 jobs.

其中一个模式就是做保险业务,对吧?

One is you write insurance business, right?

你来承担风险,收取保费,作为未来要赔付索赔的义务的交换,然后你会——你会先拿到钱,而你的责任就是把这笔钱投资好。

You take risk, you collect premiums in exchange for the obligation to pay future claims, and then you get that— you get money upfront, and your responsibility is to invest that money.

绝大多数保险公司只关注资产负债表里的负债端。

The vast majority of insurance companies focus only on the liability side of the balance sheet.

Buffett 其实真的是第一个把重点更多放在资产负债表的资产端,而不是负债端的人,而且后来在负债端也做得很好。

Buffett was really the first to focus actually more on the asset side of the balance sheet than on the liability side, and over time, on the liability side.

如果你既能把保险公司的资产管好,又能把负债管好,随着时间推移,你就能打造出一个利润极其丰厚、能持续复利、而且税务效率很高的机器。

If you manage the assets of an insurance company well and the liabilities well, you can build this enormously profitable, compounding, tax-efficient machine over time.

问题是,为什么别人没这么做呢?

The question is, why haven't other people done this?

答案是,如果你特别擅长投资,你会去 hedge fund 工作,你会去 Fidelity,你会去 Wellington,但你不会去保险公司上班。

The answer is, if you're really good at investing, you go work for a hedge fund, you go work for Fidelity, you go work for Wellington, but you don't go work for an insurance company.

所以保险公司招募投资人才的能力是非常有限的。

So the insurance company's ability to recruit investment talent is very limited.

Buffett 当时拥有那家公司一半的股份。

Buffett owned half the company.

他非常擅长投资,这也是为什么这套模式能行得通。

He was really good at investing, which is why it worked.

所以我们现在在做的是——Buffett 当年是从一家很烂的纺织公司起步,实际上随着时间把它逐步清算掉,再把钱投到保险里,然后把这些资产投资得很好。

So what we're doing is we're— Buffett started with a crappy textile company, effectively liquidated it over time, reinvested in insurance, and then invested the assets well.

Howard Hughes 其实是一家很有意思的公司,但这门生意长期以来一直不受 Wall Street 关注。

Howard Hughes is actually a really interesting company, but it's a business that Wall Street has not cared about for a long period of time.

这是我们从 General Growth 的破产重组里创建出来的。

We created it out of the bankruptcy of General Growth.

它是把其他所有资产分拆出来之后形成的一家公司。

It was a spinoff of all the other assets.

这是一家拥有这些小城市的公司。

And it's a company that owns these small cities.

所以我猜在场很多人都听说过 Summerlin,因为很多科技圈的人已经从 California 搬到了 Las Vegas。

So I bet a lot of people here have heard of Summerlin, because a lot of the tech community has moved from California to Las Vegas.

而我们拥有这座小城市,二万六千英亩土地。

But we own this small city, 26,000 acres of land.

我们拥有所有商业用地,也拥有所有住宅用地,我们把地块卖给 homebuilders,我们建设市中心,我们盖楼。

We own all the commercial land, we own all the residential land, we sell lots to homebuilders, we build a downtown, we build buildings.

这有点像 Irvine Company。

It's a bit like the Irvine Company.

Don Bren 通过经营一座小城市,创造了大概一千亿美元的个人财富。

Don Bren created probably $100 billion of personal wealth managing a small city.

所以这是一家特别酷的公司,只不过它看的时间跨度是几十年,而不是几个季度。

So super cool company, but the timeframe is decades as opposed to quarters.

所以 Wall Street 从来都不在乎它,它一直都是以很大的折价在交易。

So Wall Street's never cared, it's always traded at a huge discount.

所以 Buffett 当年买入那家纺织企业时,买价是低于清算价值的。

So Buffett bought into a textile business at a discount to liquidation value.

按每股六十三美元算,你现在持有 Howard Hughes,也是低于清算价值的。

At $63 a share, you're owning Howard Hughes at a discount to liquidation value.

我们现在要做的是,不再把这门生意产生的现金全部重新投回房地产,而是要把所有现金都重新投到保险里。

What we're doing is instead of reinvesting all the cash the business generates into real estate, we're going to reinvest all the cash into insurance.

我们要——

We're going to—.
M2
M221:50

Nick,在接下来大概一周左右,你们就在做这个 flywheel 的搭建了。

Nick, within the next week or so, you're in the business of building this flywheel.
M1
M121:54

接下来五十年里,我们要把它打造成一台复利机器。

We're going to build this into a compounding machine over the next 50 years.

这是我一直都很想做的事。

It's something I've always wanted to do.

我们的优势在于,我们既懂保险业务这一端,也能把资产管理好。

We have the benefit of understanding both the insurance side of the business and we can manage the assets well.

你可以按那个,怎么说呢,按面值的六折去买。

You can buy it at, you know, whatever, $0.60 on the dollar.
M2
M222:08

你是怎么考虑给这家保险公司的资产做投资的?

How do you think about investing the assets of this insurance company?
M1
M122:10

所以,Buffett 当时做的是,他把保险 float 的百分之百都拿去投短期 Treasury。

So, so what Buffett did is he took 100% of the insurance float and put the money in short-term Treasuries.

也就是说,他对保单持有人的资金基本上一点风险都不冒,然后把保险公司的全部 surplus,也就是 equity,百分之百投进普通股。

So he took no risk on kind of policyholder funds, and he took 100% of the surplus of the insurer, the equity, and invested in common stocks.

这也就是我们要做的。

And that's what we're going to do.

而且我觉得,我们能把它做成一家盈利能力非常强的保险公司。

And I think we can build a really profitable insurance company.

我们现在是从一个很小的规模起步。

We're starting at a very small scale.

这家公司的市值大概是四十亿美元,我们的目标是随着时间推移,通过复利把它做成一个一万亿美元级别的东西。

The company's got like a $4 billion market cap, and the goal is to build it into a trillion-dollar thing over time, compounding.

Buffett 另外一件做得很好的事,就是他没有增发股票,或者说在很长一段时间里都没有。

The other thing Buffett did well is that he didn't issue any stock, or not for a very long time.

他一开始有一百万股,到今天实际上也就差不多一百五十万股。

He started with 1 million shares, and today he has effectively like 1.5 million.
M2
M222:43

你觉得这会是像你这样特别有天赋的管理人未来的方向吗?相对于传统的 long-short fund,还是说这两种模式会并存?

Do you think this is the future for very talented managers like yourself versus the traditional long-short fund, or do you think they sit side by side?

不会。

No.
M1
M122:51

我觉得这事很难做,因为你得控制一家上市公司,而且你的心态不能是那种想快速暴富的心态。

I think it's hard to do this because you need control of a public company, and you have to be not in a get-rich-quick mindset.

如果你想的是快速发财,那去 Citadel、Millennium,或者这种机构会更容易。

If you're in the get-rich-quick, it's easier to go to Citadel or Millennium or one of these.
M4
M423:03

为什么一定得是上市的?

Why does it have to be public?
M1
M123:04

为什么一定得是上市的?

Why does it have to be public?

其实不一定。

It doesn't.

不一定非得是上市公司。

It doesn't have to be public.
M4
M423:07

那你为什么选择把它上市?

Why did you choose to take it public?
M1
M123:10

你知道,我们走到这一步,其实有点误打误撞,对吧。

You know, we got here by accident, right?

我们做过最成功的一笔股票投资,是买了一家叫 General Growth 的公司。

So the most successful equity investment we ever made is we bought this company called General Growth.

我们买的是一家正在破产公司的股票,可以说这大概是你能做的最逆向的投资之一了。

We bought the stock of a company going bankrupt, sort of the most contrarian investment you can make.

这只股票的市值从大概两百亿美元跌到一亿美元,我们基本上买下了这家公司三分之一,或者说百分之二十七的股份,当时它的市值是两亿美元,而它背着两百七十亿美元的债务。

Stock went from, you know, $20 billion market cap to $100 million, and we bought basically a third of the company, or 27% of the company, at a $200 million market cap, and there was $27 billion of debt.

后来这家公司走出了破产程序,我们当时的策略是说,你看,这些资产的价值高于负债。

And the bankruptcy emerged, and the strategy we said is, look, the assets are worth more than liabilities.

我们要做第一次那种让股东还能保留自己在公司里投资的重组。

We're going to do the first restructuring where the equity gets to keep their investment in the company.

两年之后,我们走出了 Chapter 11。

Two years later, we emerged from Chapter 11.

股价从零点三四美元涨到了三十四美元。

The stock went from $0.34 to $34.

但重组的一部分,是把一个叫 Howard Hughes 的东西分拆出去。

But part of the restructuring was spinning off this thing called Howard Hughes.

那基本上就是公司里所有那些不该留在里面、分析师又很讨厌的破烂资产。

It was really all of the junk that didn't belong in the company that the analysts hated.

所以我们算是阴差阳错地做了这笔投资。

And so we did it as sort of an inadvertent investment.

然后你知道,十五年过去了,我们其实并没有靠这个创造出多少价值。

And, you know, 15 years later, we haven't really created much value with it.

所以我们就说,你看,我们得——你知道,市场不喜欢这个东西。

So we said, look, we've got to— you know, the market doesn't like this thing.

市场是这样的——一家公司必须赚到高于资本成本的回报,股价才会上涨。

The market— a company has to earn a return in excess of its cost of capital in order for a stock to go up.

而且你知道,Elon 在把他那些公司的资本成本维持在很低这件事上,做得非常了不起。

And, you know, Elon's done an amazing job keeping the cost of capital of his companies really low.

如果 SpaceX 以一点七五万亿美元上市,那它很可能会成为世界历史上股权资本成本最低的一笔交易。

If SpaceX goes public at $1.75 trillion, it'll probably be the lowest cost of capital, equity capital transaction in the history of the world.

这家公司的问题在于,因为它是房地产,因为它是开发,因为它是土地持有,市场就会认为,它的资本成本非常高,而房地产你能赚到的回报又只有那么多。

The problem with this company, because it's real estate, because it's development, because it's land ownership, the market says, the cost of capital is really high, and you can only earn a certain return in real estate.

所以我们现在做的,就是把这些房地产资产重新定位利用,把公司转型成一种回报率高得多的业务。

So what we're doing is we're repurposing the real estate assets, and we're transforming the company into a much higher-returning kind of business.
M2
M224:40

嗯,过去这几年,你已经变得非常非常有名了。

Well, the last few years, you've become incredibly famous.

我是说,说得更直接一点,这会怎么改变、怎么影响市场的运作方式?

I mean, just to kind of put a fine point on the word, how does that change and influence the way that markets work?

因为现在你的声音会被放大。

Because your voice gets amplified now.

另外还有别的平台,会让其他人的声音也被听见。

You also have other places where other voices get heard.

很多人你甚至连名字都不知道。

Many people whose names you don't even know.

你去 WallStreetBets 看看,里面全是各种莫名其妙的人,Tom、Dick、Harry,人人都有自己的看法。

You go into WallStreetBets, it's every random Tom, Dick, and Harry with an opinion.

跟我们讲讲,随着知名度、名气、社交媒体影响力——不只是你的,是整体来说——市场到底发生了什么变化。

Tell us the way the markets have changed with notoriety, fame, social media influence, not just yours, but in general.
M1
M125:09

对,我不觉得市场因为发生在我身上的事,或者因为 Twitter 上粉丝增长,就有什么变化。

Yeah, I don't think markets have changed as a result of anything that's happened with me or follower growth on Twitter.

我觉得 Ryan Cohen 那个人,你知道,就是 GameStop 那位。

I think the Ryan Cohen guy, you know, the GameStop guy.
M2
M225:20

对。

Yeah.
M1
M125:20

那个才是市场的一种变化。

You know, that is a change in markets.

当一只股票仅仅因为某个人的人格魅力,以及他能够——就可以以远高于其内在价值的估值交易时,

When a stock can trade at a valuation well above its value simply on the personality and the ability to—
M4
M425:33

感觉。

Vibes.
M3
M325:34

感觉。

Vibes.
M1
M125:34

把一大群追随者聚拢起来。

To gather up armies of followers.

关于流动性和估值,最有意思的一点是,股价越涨——这听起来好像很直观,但其实不是——公司本身就会变得越有价值。

The fascinating thing about liquidity and valuation is the higher a stock price goes, and it's going to sound sort of intuitive, but it's not— the more valuable the company becomes.

实际上,公司价值的上升,真的会进一步提升公司的价值,因为这会降低资本成本,给你更多灵活性,让你能够增发股票、融资、收购其他企业。

Actually, the increase in value of the company increases the value of the company, because it lowers the cost of capital, it gives you more flexibility, gives you the ability to issue stock, raise capital, acquire other businesses.

再回到 Elon 的例子,我会说他其实是这方面更好的例子。

Getting back to the Elon example, it's really his— I would say he's a better example of this.

我们完全没有利用过这一点。

We've not taken advantage of this at all.

也许我们应该利用。

Maybe we should.

但他建立起了一支由信徒和追随者组成的大军,这让 Tesla 能够借助便宜的公开市场资本被打造出来。

But he built an army of believers, followers, that enabled Tesla to be built at a cheap public market.
M2
M226:23

在我们快结束的时候,我想用一个稍微尖锐一点的问题来收尾。

Let me maybe end as we wrap up with somewhat of a pointed question.

你是一位非常了不起的投资人。

You're an incredible investor.

如果有人想尽可能和 Bill Ackman 保持一致,最好的方式是去做 Pershing Square 的 LP,还是最好直接去市场上买——所以我们有两种——

If there are people, if we want to be maximally aligned with Bill Ackman, is the best way to be an LP in Pershing Square, or is it best to go into the market and buy— So we have 2—.
M1
M126:42

我觉得你可以用三种方式跟我们一起投资,这三种方式都不一样,达到的效果也不一样。

I think there are 3 ways you can invest with us that are all different and will achieve different things.

一种是叫 Pershing Square 的东西,它是 Pershing Square 的管理公司。

One is something called Pershing Square, which is the management company of Pershing Square.

我觉得这算是那种特别有意思的智力型生意之一,因为它——它是那个从我们管理的这三个永久资本工具里收取费用的实体。

I think it's one of the most interesting kind of intellectual businesses because it's a— it's the entity that receives fees on these 3 permanent capital vehicles we manage.

这相当于对这些实体里投资复利增长收的一种版税。

It's a royalty on the compounding of investments in these entities.

这个业务基本没有 CapEx。

There's no CapEx in the business.

我们基本上会把几乎所有利润都分出去,而且随着底层资产复利增长,我们也会同样快地增长。

We're going to pay out basically all of our profits, and we're going to grow as quickly as the underlying assets compound.

如果你二十二年前在 Pershing Square 投了一美元,那现在会变成二十——这个数字我应该记得。

If you invested $1 in Pershing Square 22 years ago, that became 20— I should know this number.

大概是二十七倍或者二十八倍吧,扣掉所有费用之后,二十二年下来。

It's like 27 or 28 times net of all fees over 22 years.
M3
M327:31

哇。

Wow.
M1
M127:32

如果我们当时收的是这个上市工具的费率,那个数字就会是三十七倍。

Had we charged the fees of this public vehicle, that number would have been 37 times.

不好意思,不对,还不止这个,应该是四十多倍,中间四十几倍。

I'm sorry, no, more than that, something in the mid-40s.

这意味着我们现在有一个公开上市的工具,只收百分之二的费用。

What this means is we now have a public vehicle that charges only a 2% fee.

我们在伦敦还有一个,会收 incentive fee。

We've got one in London that charges an incentive fee.

如果我们能按历史上的速度继续复利增长,二十二年后,我们的资产管理规模会变成现在的三十五倍。

If we compounded at the rates we have historically, we'll have 35 times the assets under management in 22 years.

我们会从二百五十亿美元的资产,增长到接近一万亿美元。

We'll go from $25 billion of assets to something approaching a trillion.

我们不需要再多雇一个人,而且如果你愿意这么说的话,在管理开销上也不用再多花一美元。

We don't have to hire another person, and we don't have to spend another dollar, if you will, on overhead.

这是个相当有意思的生意。

That's a pretty interesting business.

我喜欢这个。

I like that one.

Pershing Square。

Pershing Square.

如果你想作为投资人跟我们一起投,就去投一个叫 PSUS 的东西。

If you want to invest with us as an investor, invest in something called PSUS.

你持有的是我们最佳想法组成的一个投资组合,而它现在的交易价格相对现金还有百分之十八的折价。

You own a portfolio of our best ideas, and it's trading at an 18% discount to cash.

如果你相信我们能打造下一个 Berkshire Hathaway,那你就持有 Howard Hughes。

You want to believe that we can build the next Berkshire Hathaway, you own Howard Hughes.

我们有三种不同的方式。

We got 3 different ways.
M3
M328:20

对,我买了一些 Howard Hughes。

Yeah, I bought some Howard Hughes.

我觉得在 Twitter 上关注你,再加上这个 going direct 的运动,确实让你能直接传达你的愿景,而这也让下注变得容易多了。

I think following you on Twitter and the going direct movement, does allow you to communicate directly your vision, and that actually makes it much easier to place the bet.

我确实觉得这影响很深,因为在你那些现在已经被大家恶搞的超长推文出现之前,现在已经有个特别火的梗图了,说 Bill Ackman 要发推了,配图是一部加长版 iPhone,差不多有一英尺那么高。

I do think it has a profound impact because prior to your extremely long tweets that have been parodied now, there's an incredible meme of a Bill Ackman tweet coming in, which is an extended iPhone that's a foot tall.
M1
M128:48

不,那个是我去年的万圣节服装。

No, that was my Halloween costume for last year.
M3
M328:53

你本来是会写得短一点的,只是你没时间,对吧?

You would have written something shorter, you just didn't have the time, yeah?
M1
M128:56

对,我想是吧。

Yeah, I guess.

我不会让别人看我那个——。

I don't let other people read my—.
M3
M329:00

你有军师吗,或者会让谁先看一眼吗?

Do you have a sponsor, anybody read it?
M1
M129:04

那条 Rhonda 的推文,因为牵涉到一些法律层面的问题,我确实让我的 communications guy,还有一个律师朋友看了,但我只给了他们几分钟,因为我当时太兴奋了。

On the Rhonda tweet, which had some legal implications, I did have my communications guy and a lawyer, a friend who's a lawyer, read it, but I only gave them a few minutes because I was so excited.

我一旦写出一个自己特别喜欢的东西,我就直接发了。

Once I write something I really like, I just write it.
M2
M229:16

你就是得把它推出来,对。

You got to push it through, yes.
M4
M429:18

我同意。

I agree.
M2
M229:18

我同意。

I agree.

鱼雷来了也不管。

And the torpedoes.
M4
M429:21

Malt 也是这样。

Malt does this too.

他一写东西就会开始有点慌,然后就会说,妈的,算了。

He starts getting a little bit frantic when he's writing something, and then he's like, fuck it.

然后他就直接点发送。

And he just hits send.
M1
M129:27

顺便说一句,能把你的观点分享出去,按一下按钮就触达到二百二十万人,这是件非常有力量的事。

By the way, it's a very powerful thing to be able to share your view and push a button and reach 2.2 million people.

所以我得——要不我们就在台上拍张照片,然后我发出去?

So I'll have to— why don't we just take a picture on stage and I'll send it out?
M2
M229:35

哦,对,这太好了。

Oh yeah, that's great.
M3
M329:36

那我们现在就来吧。

Let's do that now.
M1
M129:37

流动性。

Liquidity.
M2
M229:38

我全押了。

I'm all in.
M3
M329:39

好。

All right.
M4
M429:41

放轻松。

Relax.