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1998年股东大会 · 巴菲特:我收购企业时从不做所谓的“尽职调查”

51 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 4:46
M1
M10:00

大家下午好。

Good afternoon.

我叫 Fred Strassheim,我就是 Omaha 本地人。

My name is Fred Strassheim, and I'm from here in Omaha.

我想问一个关于你们收购方法的问题。我在你们的年报里看到你们收购 Star Furniture 的那段,觉得很有意思。

I have a question about your acquisition methodology, and I was intrigued to read in your annual report about your acquisition of Star Furniture.

据我理解你当时走的流程,Buffett 先生,是这样的:你先——或者说,不好意思,是你先花了很短时间看了财务资料,觉得不错,然后你和 Melvin Wolff 先生谈了两个小时,就把交易定下来了。而且你还写到,你没必要去查租约、梳理雇佣合同之类的事情。

And as I understand the process you followed, Mr. Buffett, you met with Mr.— or you— I'm sorry, you reviewed financials for a brief period, liked what you saw, then you met with Mr. Melvin Wolff for 2 hours and struck a deal, and you, you wrote you had no need to check leases, work out employment contracts, etc.
M2
M20:36

对。

Right.
M1
M10:37

我觉得大多数公司在做收购的时候,通常都会认为有必要做大量的法律尽职调查,比如检查租约,查一查有没有没披露的环境责任,或者有没有潜在诉讼之类的问题。

I think that most companies, when they do acquisitions, would feel the need to do a significant amount of legal due diligence, to do things like check the leases, check into things like undisclosed environmental liability, or perhaps threatened litigation.

所以我想问的是,你这种做法有没有让你吃过亏?

And I guess my question is, have you ever been burned by your approach?
M2
M20:57

我们从来没有因为那个吃过亏——我们吃亏,唯一的意义上,是我们判断企业未来经济前景的时候犯过错,而那跟尽职调查根本没关系。

We've never been burned by the— we've been burned only in the sense that we've made mistakes on judging the future economics of the business, which would have had nothing to do with due diligence.

一般人所说的尽职调查,在我们看来,大多数情况下其实都只是某种标准流程而已。

We regard what people normally refer to as due diligence as really sort of boilerplate in most cases.

这就是大公司都会走的一套程序,他们觉得自己必须走这一套。但在我们看来,很多时候他们忽略了真正重要的东西,也就是评估你将要合作的是什么样的人,以及评估这个企业本身的经济性。

It's a process that big companies go through and they feel they have to go through it and they're ignoring, oftentimes in our view, they're ignoring what really counts, which is evaluating the people they're getting in with and evaluating the economics of the business.

这就占交易的百分之九十九了。

That's 99% of the deal.

当然,你可能一百次里会有一次碰到环境责任问题,或者你也可能会发现一份糟糕的租约。

You know, you may run into an environmental liability problem, you know, one time in 100 or you may, you know, you may find a bad lease.

我就直接问 Melvin,你有没有什么不好的租约?

I asked Melvin about, you know, do you have any bad leases?

我的意思是,这就是最简单的办法。

I mean, that's the easiest way to do it.

我当然也可以把那些租约全都读一遍,试着去找每一条条款之类的,但那不会——你知道,那根本不是问题所在。

I can read them all and try and look for every clause or something, but it isn't going to— you know, that is not the problem.

我们做过糟糕的——很多糟糕的交易。

We've made bad— lots of bad deals.

比如说,我们在一九六六年买 Hochschild Kohn 的时候,就是一笔糟糕的交易,那是一家百货公司业务。

We made a bad deal when we bought Hochschild Kohn, for example, a department store operation back in 1966.

不过那家公司的人很好,只是我们对这个业务的经济性判断错了。

But it had fine people, but we were wrong on the economics of the business.

但租约根本没造成什么差别,或者说,那类事情根本不重要。

But the leases didn't make any difference, or, you know, that sort of thing just was not important.
M1
M12:12

对。

Right.
M2
M22:13

而且我想不起来有哪一次,如果做了别人所说的那种尽职调查,就能帮我们避开一笔坏交易。

And I can't recall any time that what other people refer to as due diligence would have avoided a bad deal for us.

我也想不起来。

I can't either.

没有。

No.

这可是三十多年了。

That's 30-some years.

而且我——关键是,你就是不想去做——我会去参加——我在好几家上市公司的董事会任职。

And I— the key thing, you just don't want to do— I go into— I'm on various public company boards.

我待过十九家上市公司的董事会。

I've been on 19 public company boards.

你知道,他们所谓的尽职调查,就是把律师派出去,再让一堆投资银行家进来做演示之类的。

And, you know, their idea of the due diligence is to send the lawyers out and have a bunch of investment bankers come in and make presentations and all that.

我觉得那特别容易让人分心,因为董事会的人坐在那里,会被这一切搞得很入迷,每个人都在汇报这东西有多棒,他们怎么查过专利之类的,结果根本没人真正去关注五年或十年后这个业务会走到哪里。

I regard that as terribly diversionary because the board sits there, you know, entranced by all of that and everybody reporting how wonderful this thing is and how they've checked out patents and all that sort of thing, and nobody is focusing really on where the business is going to be in 5 or 10 years.

而你知道,对经济性的商业判断,以及在某种程度上对人的判断,但最核心的还是业务的经济性,这才占交易决策的百分之九十九。

And, you know, business judgment about economics and people to some extent, but the business economics, that is 99% of deal-making.

剩下那些,别人做,也许只是为了保护自己。

And the rest, people may do it for their protection.

我觉得很多时候,他们把这个当成一种拐杖,好让自己能把那笔本来就无论如何都想做成的交易做下去。

I think too often they do it as a crutch just to go through with the deal that they want to go through with anyway.

当然了,所有这些专业人士都知道这一点,所以相信我,他们最后总会拿一份 diligence 回来,不管那到底算不算 due diligence。

And of course, all the professionals know that, so believe me, they come back with the diligence, whether due or not.

我们并不太认同那一套。

We are not big fans of that.

这些年来我们做过多少笔交易,我都说不清了,但我想不出有什么是传统意义上的 due diligence 能发现的——不,对了,我们倒是有过几次意外,而且还是偏好的那种意外。

We have—I don't know how many deals we've made over the years, but I cannot think of anything that traditional due diligence— No, we've had surprises on the favorable side a couple of times.

这是真的。

That is true.

这是真的。

That is true.

通常跟我们打交道的那类人,一般都是先把坏消息告诉我们,等交易做完了,再把好消息告诉我们。

The kind of people that we've generally dealt with have usually told us the bad things first and good things after we made the deal.

一九六九年,我们和 Rockford 那边的一个人做过一笔交易,叫 Eugene Abegg,Illinois National Bank and Trust Company。

We made a deal with a fellow over in Rockford in 1969, Eugene Abegg, Illinois National Bank and Trust Company.

那笔交易,我几个小时就谈成了。

I made that deal in a couple of hours.

我的意思是,Gene 根本不可能去藏什么坏东西。

And I mean, there just wasn't any way that Gene was going to be hiding anything bad.

接下来的十年里,我每次去那边,只要一起吃午饭,他就会指着城里某栋楼说,那是我们名下的,但账上没记;或者说我们还有某个 foundation,里面有些钱,是他之前没告诉我的。

For the next 10 years, when I went over there, every time I'd go to lunch, he'd point out some building in town that we owned that wasn't on the books, or some foundation we had that had money in it that he hadn't told me about.

他甚至还给了我几张 bill,其中有一张我现在还放在口袋里。那是银行发行的,本来就是我们自己的钱,他之前也从来没跟我提过。

And he even gave me some bills, one of which I carry in my pocket, that he had still sitting around with the—that were issued by the bank, that were our own money, which he never told me about.

那些东西他一直都留着。

He had them.

我们都可以像剪纸娃娃那样把它们剪下来。

We could cut them out like paper dolls.

我的意思是,Gene 可不是那种会把所有底牌都摊出来的人。

I mean, Gene was not a guy to show all his cards.

而我们通常打交道的,基本就是这样一类人。我当然也会说,Melvin 和 Shirley 非常符合这个描述,甚至可以说是再贴切不过了。

And those are the kind of people we've generally dealt with, and I would certainly say that Melvin and Shirley fit that description in spades.

现在已经三点半了。

We're now at 3:30.

这个周末过得非常开心。

It's been a lot of fun this weekend.

很高兴你们来了,也希望明年还能见到你们。

I'm glad you came, and I hope to see you next year.

谢谢。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank you.