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2018年股东大会 · 如何判断一家公司的产品是否具有长期竞争力?

61 段 · 2 位说话人 · 原片 7:11
M1
M10:00

我叫 Adam Bergman,来自 Virginia Beach, Virginia 的 Sterling Capital。

My name is Adam Bergman with Sterling Capital in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

我今天和我女儿 Michelle 一起来,她来自 Virginia Beach 的 Cape Henry Collegiate。

I'm here with my daughter Michelle from Cape Henry Collegiate in Virginia Beach.

你好,Warren。

Hi, Warren.
M2
M20:11

你好,Charlie。

Hi, Charlie.
M1
M10:15

我们想请教您的问题是:您通常怎么去判断、去预测一家好公司里的某一个具体产品,未来成功的程度会比另一个更高?比如说,为什么您会投资 American Express 和 Coca-Cola,而不是 Diners Club 或者 RC Cola?

Our question for you is how you go about attempting to forecast the degree of future success of one specific product in a good business versus another, such that you invest in American Express and Coca-Cola rather than Diners Club or RC Cola, for example?

谢谢。

Thanks.
M2
M20:44

嗯,说到 American Express,那是个很有意思的情况,因为 Diners Club 是先进去的。

Well, with American Express, it was an interesting situation because Diners Club got there first.

我觉得 American Express 在某种意义上——

I think American Express, in a certain sense.

我的意思是,他们这么做有很多原因,但他们之所以进入 credit card 业务,是因为他们担心 traveler's checks 以后会怎么样。

I mean, they did it for a lot of reasons, but they went into the credit card business because they were worried about what was going to happen to traveler's checks.

虽然 traveler's checks 到现在依然还相当存在,但有意思的是,据我记得,当 American Express 开始和 Diners Club,还有 Carte Blanche——当时好像也在——展开竞争的时候,他们不是像一般挑战老大的人那样,靠更低的价格切入;不是说觉得自己要对抗已经站稳脚跟的对手,所以用更低价进场。恰恰相反,据我记得,他们定价更高。

And although traveler's checks still exist in a significant way, the interesting thing when American Express went into competition with Diners Club and with Carte Blanche, as I remember, that also existed at the time, was that instead of charging less than Diners Club and going in figuring they were going against the established guy and they'd come in at a lower price, they went in at a higher price, as I remember.

而且那张卡上还有 American Express 的 Centurion 标志。

And the American Express Centurion was on that card.

我自己有一张,是一九六四年拿到的,不过他们在那之前就已经做这个了。

I've got one that I got in 1964, but they were in it before that.

随着时间过去,它的价值更高了。

It had more value in time.

我的意思是,它给人的形象更好。

I mean, it got better representation.

坦白说,如果你是个销售,跟客户在外面吃饭办事,你掏出那张印着 Centurion 的 American Express 卡,看上去就像 J.P. Morgan 一样。

And frankly, if you were a salesperson out with somebody and you could pull out that American Express card with that Centurion, you looked like you were J.P. Morgan.

可如果你掏出 Diners Club——上面一堆花里胡哨的标识——你看起来就像那种这个月挪下个月、靠倒腾支票过日子的人。

And if you pulled out the Diners Club, which had a whole bunch of flashy signals, you looked like a guy that was kiting his checks from one month to the next.

有个叫 Ralph Schneider 的人和 Al Bloomingdale 一起开发了 Diners Club,他们很聪明,知道要抢先进入市场;但后来在怎么包装、推广这个产品上,他们就没那么聪明了。

And a fellow named Ralph Schneider and Al Bloomingdale developed the Diners Club, and they were very smart about getting there first, but they weren't smart about how they merchandised it subsequently.

至于 RC Cola,你知道,Coke 后来冒出来的各种 cola 多得很。

RC Cola, you know, there are all kinds of colas that came after Coke.

你想啊,回到一八八六年,在 Jacobs' Pharmacy 里做出了一个特别成功的东西。

I mean, you know, you go back to 1886 and come up with something at Jacobs' Pharmacy that's incredibly successful.

那很快就会冒出一大堆模仿者,但 Coke 确实就是那个真正的经典。

Fairly soon, you're going to get lots of imitators, but Coke really is the real thing.

你要是拿 RC Cola 给我,说我半价卖给你,比 Coca-Cola 便宜一半;可从喝这个东西本身来说——我的意思是——这本来就是个六点五 ounces 的产品,一九零零年的时候卖五美分。

And you offer me RC Cola and say, I'll give it to you at half the price of Coca-Cola, in terms of drinking it, I mean, this is a product that's 6.5 ounces, sold for a nickel in 1900.

现在呢,如果你周末去买,买得多一点,搞各种大包装,其实你也没多花多少钱。

And now, if you buy it on the weekend and buy it in large quantities and everything, you're not paying that much more.

这份报纸在一九四二年的时候是三美分。

This newspaper was 3 cents in 1942.

你看,从真实美元购买力来算,你为这个东西付的钱,换来的享受,其实已经大幅下降了——按通胀调整后更是这样。

You know, the amount of enjoyment per real dollar, in terms of what you pay for this, has gone dramatically down in inflation-adjusted money.

所以它本身就是个非常划算的产品。

So it is a bargain product.

再比如说,你得看看 See's Candy。

Now, you have to look at See's Candy.

你要是住在 California,是个十几岁的男孩,去女朋友家,送她或者她妈妈、她爸爸一盒糖,然后她亲了你一下——你知道,到了那个时候,你对价格就没那么敏感了。

You know, if you live in California and you were a teenage boy and you went to your girlfriend's house and you gave the box of candy to her or her mother or father and she kissed you, you know, you lose price sensitivity at that point.
M1
M13:53

这个,嗯,对。

That's, um, yeah.
M2
M23:57

所以我们真正想要的,是那种会让人想亲你一下的产品,而不是想给你一巴掌的产品。

So we really want products where people feel like kissing you, you know, rather than slapping you.

这事挺有意思的。

It's an interesting thing.

我的意思是,实际上我们是在押注 Apple 的产品生态系统,不过是由 iPhone 来带动的。

I mean, you know, in effect, we're betting on the ecosystem of Apple products, but led by the iPhone.

我在这里面看到了某些特征,让我觉得它非常了不起,不过我也可能看错。

And I see characteristics in that that make me think that it's extraordinary, but I may be wrong.

到目前为止,我会说,我们在 American Express 和 Coca-Cola 上的判断是对的。

And so far, we've been—I would say we've been right on American Express and Coca-Cola.

American Express 在一九六三年经历过那场非常严重的 salad oil scandal。

American Express had this huge salad oil scandal in 1963.

那件事发生在六三年十一月,差不多就在 Kennedy 遇刺的那个时候。

It happened in '63, November, right around the time Kennedy was shot.

当时大家确实很担心,不知道这家公司还能不能撑下去。

And there was really worry about whether the company would survive.

但没有人因此停止使用他们的卡。

But nobody quit using the card.

也没有人停止使用他们的 travelers checks,而且他们的 travelers checks 还一直能收更高的价格。

Nobody quit using the traveler's checks, and they charged a premium price for their traveler's checks.

所以,在消费品周围有些东西你是能看出来的,有时候这能让你对未来形成相当不错的判断,当然有时候我们也会犯错。

So there are things you can see around consumer products that sometimes can give you a pretty good insight into the future, and then sometimes we make mistakes.

Charlie?

Charlie?

我没什么可补充的,不过要是 Coca-Cola 刚发明出来之后,我们就有机会投进去,我们大概会说——我们多半会拒绝。

I got nothing to add except that if we'd been offered a chance to go into Coca-Cola right after it was invented, we probably would have said—we'd have turned it down.

对,在我们看来,那可能会显得有点可笑。

Yeah, it would have looked kind of silly to us.

嗯,除非我们自己喝了它。

Well, unless we drank it.

好了,Charlie,听我说。

Now, Charlie, listen.

不,他说得对。

No, he's right.

我的意思是,对于那些我们还没有很多证据支持的东西,我们是不会去预见太多的。

I mean, we don't foresee things that we haven't got a lot of evidence on.

也就是说,如果我们谈的是一种消费品,我们希望看到它在很多不同情况下的表现。

I mean, we, you know, we want to see a lot of—if we're talking about a consumer product, we want to see how a consumer product behaves under a lot of different circumstances.

然后我们还会用到一种方法——其实 Phil Fisher 在大概一九六零年前后写过一本书,叫 Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits。

And then we want to use something—actually, there was a book by Phil Fisher written around 1960 called Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits.

那是投资领域最伟大的书之一,里面讲到了所谓的 scuttlebutt 投资法,这跟 Ben Graham 当年教我的、那种基于数字的分析方法相当不一样。

It's one of the great books on investing, and it talks about the scuttlebutt method of investing, which was quite a ways from what Ben Graham taught me in terms of figures.

但那真的是一本非常非常好的书,而且你只要愿意出去跑一跑、做做实地了解,就能学到很多东西。

But it's a very, very good book, and you can learn a lot, you know, just by going out and using some shoe leather.

现在他们把这个叫 channel checks 之类的,不过总之,你对有些产品是能形成感觉的,对另一些就不行,当然有时候你也会看错。

Now they call them channel checks now or something like that, but it's—you can get a feel for some products, and then there are others you can't, and then sometimes you're wrong.

但这确实是一种很好的方法。

But it is a good technique.

我会说,这是一种很重要的投资方法。

It's an important investing technique, I would say that.

Ted 和 Todd 就经常这么做,而且他们也有一些人会帮他们做这件事。

And Ted and Todd do a lot of that, and they have some people that help them out on doing it too.

Charlie 在 Costco 这件事上就是这么干的。

Charlie's done it with Costco.

我的意思是,他一直都在发现 Costco 新的优点,而且顺便说一句,他是对的。

I mean, he's—I mean, all the time he is finding new virtues in Costco, you know, and he's right, incidentally.

我的意思是,Costco 对

I mean, Costco has an enormous appeal

它的客户群体有着巨大的吸引力。

to its constituency.

你知道,他们总能给顾客带来惊喜,让顾客感到满意,而在商业里,没有什么比这更厉害了。

You know, they surprise and delight their customers, and there is nothing like that in business.

如果你拥有满意而且惊喜的顾客,那你就已经成功大半了。

You have delighted customers, you're a long way home.

好,Becky。

Okay, Becky.