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巴菲特:什么样特质的公司会吸引我

54 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 5:30
M1
M10:00

嗨,Warren,还有 Charlie。

Hi, Warren and Charlie.

我叫 Brian Martin,来自 Illinois 州的 Springfield。

My name is Brian Martin, and I'm from Springfield, Illinois.

在 HBO 的纪录片《Becoming Warren Buffett》里,你打了个特别好的比方,把投资比作打棒球,知道自己的甜蜜点击球区。

In the HBO documentary, Becoming Warren Buffett, you had a great analogy comparing investing to hitting a baseball and knowing your sweet spot.

Ted Williams 就知道,他的甜蜜点击球区就是正中间飞来的球。

Ted Williams knew his sweet spot was a pitch right down the middle.

你们两位在看潜在投资标的的时候,什么样的特质会让一家公司的球,正好落在你们的甜蜜点击球区里,让你们愿意挥棒投资呢?

When both of you look at potential investments, what attributes make a company a pitch in your sweet spot that you'll take a swing at and invest in?
M2
M20:28

对。

Yeah.

嗯,我不确定我能不能完全按你希望的方式来定义它,不过我们算是看到了就知道。

Well, I'm not sure I can define it in exactly the terms you would like, but we sort of know it when we see it.

一般来说,那会是一门这样的生意:不管出于什么原因,我们能够往后看五年、十年,甚至二十年,然后判断它现在拥有的竞争优势,在那段时间里还能持续下去;而且它还得有一个我们信任的管理者,不光适合 Berkshire 的文化,还真心愿意加入 Berkshire 的文化。

And it would tend to be a business that, for one reason or another, we can look out 5 or 10 or 20 years and decide that the competitive advantage that it had at the present would last over that period, and it would have a trusted manager that would not only fit into the Berkshire culture but that was eager to join the Berkshire culture.

然后接下来就是价格的问题了。

And then it would be a matter of price.

不过最主要的是——你知道,我们买一家企业,本质上就是现在先拿出一大笔钱,基于我们对这家企业未来随着时间推移能带来什么回报的判断。

But the main— you know, when we buy a business, essentially we're laying out a lot of money now based on what we think that business will deliver over time.

而我们做出这个判断时的确定性越高,呃,我们心里就越踏实——感觉就越好。

And the higher the certainty, uh, with which we make that prediction, the better off— the better we feel about it.

你可以回头看我们最早期的例子——它倒不是我们买的第一家特别出色的企业,但算是一个分水岭事件,那就是一家相对比较小的公司,See's Candies。

You can go back to the first— wasn't the first outstanding business we bought, but it was kind of a watershed event, which was a relatively small company, See's Candies.

我们在一九七二年看 See's Candies 的时候,问题就在于:人们以后还会不会更愿意吃这个糖、送这个糖,而不是别的糖?

And the question when we looked at See's Candies in 1972 was, would people still want to be both eating and giving away that candy in preference to other candies?

而且这不会是那种大家按最低报价去买糖的问题。

And it wouldn't be a question of people buying candy for the low bid.

我们当时还有一位我们非常喜欢的经理人,我们买下了这家企业——扣除现金之后,花了两千五百万美元。

And we had a manager we liked very much, and we bought a business that was— paid $25 million for it net of cash.

那时候它税前大概赚四百万美元,而到现在,我们从它那里拿出来的税前利润,肯定已经快接近二十亿美元了,或者差不多这个数。

It was earning about $4 million pretax then, and we must be getting close to $2 billion or something like that pretax that we've taken out of it.

但这一切成立,只是因为我们觉得,人们买糖的时候,不一定会去买更便宜的糖。

But it was only because we felt that people would not be buying necessarily a lower-priced candy.

我的意思是,这事要是放在情人节那天,你去对你太太或者女朋友说——我希望她们是同一个人——然后说,你知道,亲爱的,这是给你的一盒糖。

I mean, it does not work very well if you go to your wife or your girlfriend on Valentine's Day— I hope they're the same person— and say, you know, here's a box of candy, honey.

我是挑了最低价买的。

I took the low bid.

你知道,这话一说出来,那个味道就有点没了。

You know, it doesn't— it loses a little of it as you go through that speech.

我们当时对 See's Candies 做了一个判断,觉得它会是很特别的;也许不是说到二零一七年我们就已经能这么肯定,但我们当时绝对觉得,到一九八二年和一九九二年,它依然会很特别。

And we made a judgment about See's Candies that it would be special, and probably not in the year 2017, but we certainly thought it would be special in 1982 and 1992.

幸运的是,我们判断对了。

And fortunately, we were right on it.

而我们现在还在寻找更多这样的 See's Candies,只不过规模要大得多。

And we're looking for more See's Candies, only a lot bigger.

Charlie?

Charlie?
M3
M33:11

对,不过还有一点也是真的,那就是我们那时候又年轻又无知。

Yeah, but it's also true that we were young and ignorant then.
M2
M23:16

现在我们是又老又无知。

Now we're old and ignorant.
M3
M33:17

对,这也是真的。

Yes, that's true too.

而事实是,就算当时用稍微高一点的价格买下 See's Candies,那也会是非常明智的。

And the truth of the matter is that it would have been very wise to buy See's Candies at a slightly higher price.

可如果他们真开了那个价,我们当时是不会买的。

And if they'd asked it, we wouldn't have done it.

大家给了我们很多夸奖,觉得我们比实际更聪明。

We've gotten a lot of credit for being smarter than we were.
M2
M23:36

对,而且更准确地说,是的,要是不是得多花五百万美元,我本来是不会买的。

Yeah, and to be more accurate, yeah, if it didn't— if it didn't cost $5 million more, I wouldn't have bought it.

Charlie 当时是愿意买的。

Charlie would have been willing to buy it.

所以还好,我们没走到必须用那种方式来做决定的地步,不过他当时会继续往前推,而我大概就会打退堂鼓了。

So fortunately that we didn't get to the point where we had to make that decision that way, but he, he would have pushed forward when I probably would have faded.

那家伙后来又出现了,这真是件好事,真是件好事。

It's a good thing, it's a good thing that the guy came around.

其实,那个卖家,呃,是 Mr. See 的孙子,对吧,Charlie?

Actually, the seller, uh, was the, uh, was the grandson of Mr. See, wasn't he, Charlie?

是 Larry See 的儿子,我说得对吗?

Larry See's son, am I correct?

或者是 Larry See 的兄弟。

Or Larry See's brother.

不过,呃,他对这个生意没什么兴趣,他啊,他啊,他更感兴趣的是——其实是姑娘和葡萄。

But, uh, he was not interested in the business, and he was, he was, he was interested in— more interested in girls and grapes, actually.

而且,而且他差一点就改变主意了。

And, and he almost changed his mind.

嗯,他后来确实改变了要卖的主意,我当时不在场,不过 Rick Guerin 跟我说,Charlie 进去以后,用了一个小时给他讲,相比拥有一家糖果公司,姑娘和葡萄有哪些好处。

Well, he did change his mind about selling, and I wasn't there, but Rick Guerin told me that Charlie went in and gave an hour talk on the merits of girls and grapes over having a candy company.

各位,这是真的。

This is true, folks.

然后那位先生就把公司卖给我们了。

And the fellow sold to us.

所以——这种紧急情况我就把 Charlie 拉出来。

So that's— I pull Charlie out in emergencies like that.

他就是——

He's—.
M3
M34:47

我们很幸运,很早就戒掉了因为企业特别便宜就去买那些烂生意的习惯。

We were very lucky that early the habit of buying horrible businesses because they were really cheap.

这让我们积累了很多经验,去试着修补那些根本没法修补、一路滑向毁灭的企业。

It gave us a lot of experience trying to fix unfixable businesses as they headed downward toward doom.

而且那些早期经历太惨痛了,老去修补根本修不好的东西,所以后来我们就特别擅长避开这种情况。

And that early experience was so horrible, fixing the unfixable, that we were very good at avoiding it thereafter.

所以我会说,我们早年的愚蠢其实帮了我们。

So I would argue that our early stupidity helped us.
M2
M25:14

对。

Yeah.

对,我们,呃,我们明白了,我们没法把猪耳朵做成丝绸钱包。

Yeah, we, uh, we learned we could not make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.
M3
M35:20

不,我们学到的是——

No, we learned—.
M2
M25:20

所以我们后来就学会了到处去找丝绸。

So we learned we went around looking for silk.
M3
M35:22

但你得试很长时间,失败很多次,还得被现实狠狠干打脸,你才会真正明白这个道理。

But you have to try it for a long time and fail and have your nose rubbed in it to really understand it.
M2
M25:29

好,Becky。

Okay, Becky.