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1998年股东大会 · 巴菲特:我选择一只股票时的思考过程

40 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 4:01
M1
M10:00

你好,我叫 Brandon Vecchio,我是奥马哈 Northwest High School 金融学院的学生。

Hi, my name is Brandon Vecchio, and I'm in the Academy of Finance at Northwest High School here in Omaha.

您能不能解释一下,您在挑选股票时会看哪些标准?

Could you explain the criteria you look at when selecting your stocks?
M2
M20:11

嗯,我们会看这些——而且我很高兴你来了。

Well, we look at—and I'm glad you came.

我希望今天来了很多人。

I hope there's a large group.

我记得我收到过一张纸条,好像是你老师写给我的。

I got a note, I think, from your teacher on that.

我们会看这些东西——挑选股票的标准,其实就是考察一家企业的标准。

We look at it—the criteria for selecting a stock is really the criteria for looking at a business.

我们要找的是一家我们能够理解的企业。

We are looking for a business we can understand.

也就是说,他们卖的产品我们觉得自己能看懂;我们也了解他们所处的竞争环境,以及随着时间推移,这家企业可能会出什么问题。

That means they sell a product that we think we understand, and we understand the nature of their competition, what could go wrong with it over time.

然后,当我们找到这样一家企业之后,我们会试着判断,它的经营状况意味着什么:未来五年、十年或者十五年,它的赚钱能力很可能会很好,而且越来越强,还是会很差,而且越来越糟。

And then when we find that business, we try to figure out whether the economics of it means the earning power over the next 5 or 10 or 15 years is likely to be good and getting better or poor and getting worse.

但我们真正想评估的,是它未来能够带来的这股收益。

But what we try to evaluate is that future stream.

接着,我们还要判断,自己是不是在和一些我们愿意共事、相处的人一起投资。

And then we try to decide whether we're getting in with some people that we feel comfortable being in with.

然后,我们要判断,就目前看到的这些情况而言,什么价格才算合适。

And then we try to decide what's an appropriate price for what we've seen up to that point.

就像我去年说过的,我们做的事情很简单,但未必容易。

And as I said last year, what we do is simple but not necessarily easy.
M3
M31:17

这个——

The—
M2
M21:18

在我们脑子里逐项检查的那份清单,其实并不复杂。

The checklist that is going through our mind is not very complicated.
M1
M11:22

对。

Right.
M2
M21:23

知道自己不知道什么,这很重要,但有时候并不容易做到。

Knowing what you don't know is important, and sometimes that's not easy.

而且,要知道未来会怎样,很多情况下,在我们看来是不可能的;其他情况下,也很困难。

And knowing the future is definitely—it's impossible in many cases, in our view, and difficult in others.

有时候相对容易一些,我们要找的就是那些相对容易判断的机会。

And sometimes it's relatively easy, and we're looking for the ones that are relatively easy.

然后,当这一切都考虑完之后,你还得找到一个让你觉得有吸引力的价格。

And then we—and then when you get all through, you have to find it at a price that's interesting to you.

而现在,对我们来说这非常困难。不过过去也有一些时期,机会好找得简直轻而易举。

And that's very difficult for us now, although there have been periods in the past where it's been a total cinch.

这就是我们脑子里一直在想的事情。

And that's what goes through our mind.

假设你打算在奥马哈买下一家加油站、干洗店,或者便利店,把一辈子的积蓄投进去,然后把它当成一门生意来经营,你考虑的也会是大致相同的事情。

If you were thinking of buying a service station or a dry cleaning establishment or a convenience store in Omaha to invest your life savings in and run as a business, you think about the same sort of things.

你会考虑它的竞争地位,想想五年或十年后它会是什么样子,还会考虑你打算怎么经营它、谁来替你经营,以及你需要付出多少钱。

You think about the competitive position and what it would look like 5 or 10 years from now and how you were going to run it, who was going to run it for you, and how much you had to pay.

我们看股票时想的正是这些,因为股票无非就是一家企业的一部分。

And that's exactly what we think of when we look at a stock, because a stock is nothing other than a piece of a business.
M3
M32:20

Charlie?

Charlie?

是的,如果金融学得到正确的讲授,就应该从那些投资决策很容易做出的案例开始讲。

Yeah, if finance were—when finance is properly taught, it should be taught from cases where the investment decision is easy.

我总是举的一个例子,就是 National Cash Register Company 早期的发展历程。

And the one I always cite is the early history of National Cash Register Company.

这家公司是一个狂热分子创办的。他买下了所有专利,还拥有最好的销售团队和最好的生产工厂。

And that was created by a fanatic who bought all the patents and had the best sales force and the best production plants.

他的生产工厂也是最好的,而且他非常聪明。现金出纳机发明之后,对零售业来说,他简直就是上天赐来的礼物。

And he had the best production plants, and he was very intelligent—it was a godsend to retailing when cash registers were invented.

所以,那就是属于那个时代的制药公司。

So that was the pharmaceuticals.

属于更早的那个时代。

Of a former age.

如果你读一读 National Cash Register 的 CEO Patterson 早期准备的年度报告,哪怕是个傻瓜也能看出来,这个人是个很有才华、近乎狂热的专家,而且所处的位置非常有利,所以这个投资决定很容易做出。

If you read an early annual report prepared by Patterson, who was CEO of National Cash Register, an idiot could see that this was a talented fanatic, very favorably located, and that therefore the investment decision was easy.

如果我在教金融学,我会收集一百个这样的案例。

If I were teaching finance, I would collect 100 cases like that.

嗯,我就会用这种方式教学生。

And, uh, that's the way I would teach the students.
M2
M23:38

我们有那份年度报告。

We have that annual report.

那是什么时候来着,一九〇四年还是什么,Charlie?

What was that, 1904 or something, Charlie?

但那确实是一份经典的报告,因为 Patterson 不仅告诉你,他的收银机价值大约是他卖给别人价格的二十倍,他还告诉你,如果你想跟他竞争,那你就是个傻瓜。

But it's really a classic report because Patterson not only tells you why his cash register is worth about 20 times what he's selling it for to people, but he also tells you that you're an idiot if you want to go in competition with him.

这就是一份经典报告。

It's a classic.
M3
M33:57

这简直就是一个彻底的案例,只是人们没有意识到,这个人根本不可能输。

It is just a total—but not realize that this guy can't lose.