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2004年股东大会 · 巴芒:投资是一个持续学习的游戏

63 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 6:59
M1
M10:00

我叫 Arturo Brillembourg。

My name's Arturo Brillembourg.

我来自 Washington, D.C.。

I'm from Washington, D.C.

我今年六月会从 Harvard College 毕业,然后开始从事 value investing。

I'll be graduating from Harvard College in June and beginning a career in value investing.

所以我当然很希望,我们认为这个世纪对 value investors 来说会和上个世纪一样好,这个判断是对的。

So I sure hope we're all right in thinking that this century will be just as good as the last for value investors.

你从跟我现在差不多年纪的时候就在做这个了,甚至可能更早。

You've been doing this since you were my age, if not younger.

所以我想请问,是什么习惯,或者哪些习惯,最有助于你在不断变化的商业和金融环境里,持续学习、持续改进你的投资决策?

So I'm wondering what habit or habits have contributed most to your ability to continue learning and improving your investment decisions in a changing business and financial environment?
M2
M20:29

我会说,至少对我来说,在基本原则这方面,我其实并不是一直在学新的东西。

I would say that, at least in my case, I haven't been continually learning in terms of the basic principles.

你总是会对某些既有的方法多懂一点,或者说,我们会——你知道——我会随着时间对一些行业了解得更多,所以也许我能操作的范围变大了,虽然资金规模更大又很可惜地把这个范围缩回去了一些。

You always learn a little more about given techniques, or we learn, you know, I learn more about some industries over time, and therefore maybe I've widened the universe in which I can operate, although more funds narrows it back down, unfortunately.

但我对企业的了解,肯定比二十年前或者四十年前更多了。

But I know more about businesses than I knew 20 years ago or 40 years ago.

我其实并没有改变那些原则。

I haven't really changed the principles.

最基本的原则,还是 Ben Graham 那一套。

The basic principles are still Ben Graham.

当然,Charlie 和 Phil Fisher 对我有很大的影响,特别是在怎么看更好的企业这件事上,但我并没有因此把 Graham 丢到一边。

They were affected in a significant way by Charlie and Phil Fisher in terms of looking at the better businesses, but I didn't leave Graham behind on that.

我其实没有学到什么新的根本性原则,不过随着时间过去,我可能确实对企业是怎么运作的多懂了一点。

And I really haven't learned any new fundamental principles, but I may have learned a little bit more about how business operates over time.

嗯,真的也没什么特别神奇的——我的意思是,在我看来,你应该建立一套投资框架,而这套框架就直接来自 The Intelligent Investor 和 Phil Fisher。

Uh, and there's really nothing—I mean, you ought to get an investment framework that comes straight from, in my view, from The Intelligent Investor and from Phil Fisher.

嗯,其实更多还是来自 The Intelligent Investor。

Uh, more from The Intelligent Investor, actually.

然后我觉得,你应该尽可能去学习那些行业和企业,只要你认为自己愿意下功夫,就有能力把它们想明白、搞透。

And then I think you ought to learn everything you can about industries and businesses where you think you have the ability to get your mind around them if you work at them.

有了这套武器库,如果你的性格适合做这一行,你就会做得非常好。

And with that arsenal, you'll do very well, if you've got the temperament for the business.
M3
M31:54

Charlie 呢?

Charlie?

对,当然,这几十年来我一直看着 Warren,我得说,他学到了非常非常多,哪怕就在最近这二三十年也是这样。

Yeah, well, of course, I've watched Warren all these decades, and he's learned a hell of a lot, even the last 20 or 30 years.

所以,这就是一个持续学习的游戏。他也许会贬低这些小花活,说这些东西让他能挑中 China 最大的 oil company,或者别的什么。

So, it's a game of continuing to learn, and he can denigrate this little frou-frou that enables him to pick the biggest oil company in China or this or that.

但如果只有那些他很久以前就懂的基本原则,是不足以让他把最近这些投资决策做得像现在这么好的。

But those basic principles alone that he knew a long time ago wouldn't have given him the ability to make the recent investment decisions as well as he's made them.

这是一个终身的游戏,如果你不持续学习,别人就会超过你。

It's a lifelong game, and if you don't keep learning, other people will pass you by.
M2
M22:38

我还是会说,性格依然是最重要的,你也这么看吧,Charlie?

I would say temperament still is the most important, wouldn't you, Charlie?
M3
M32:41

对,当然。

Yes, of course.

但光有性格还不够。

But temperament alone won't do it.

对,性格——你得有合适的性格,也得有正确的基本理念,然后还得带着很强的好奇心,长年累月一直做下去。

No, temperament—you have to have the temperament and the right basic idea, and then you have to keep at it with a lot of curiosity for a long, long time.
M2
M22:55

不过你也不需要特别惊人——也不需要什么惊世骇俗的洞见,或者多高的 IQ,才能看懂 PetroChina 这样的公司。

But you don't have to be blindingly—and have any blinding insights or have a high IQ to look at a PetroChina, for example.

你知道,我是说,当一家公司的日产量达到二百五十万桶的时候,

And, you know, I mean, it's a—when you get a company that is doing 2.5 million barrels a day.

那差不多就是全世界石油产量的百分之三点五,或者百分之三。

That's 3.5% of the world, or 3% of the world's oil production, you know.

而且他们的销售还是按美国的价格体系来定的,用 WTI,也就是 West Texas Intermediate,作为基础价格。

And they're selling based on U.S. prices, using WTI, you know, West Texas Intermediate, as a base price.

然后如果他们在某个国家的营销和炼油业务占了相当大的比重,那边的税率就是百分之三十。

And where they, uh, have a significant part of the marketing and refining in a country, the tax rate's 30%.

他们说会把百分之四十五以股息的形式分给你。

They say they're going to pay out 45% to you in dividends.

杠杆也没有高得不正常。

Don't have unusual amounts of leverage.

如果你买的是这种东西,而价格远远低于——可能只有同类石油公司售价的三分之一,连一半都不到,那这不是什么高深的东西。

If you're buying something like that at well under half what— maybe a third of what comparable oil companies are selling for, that's not high-level stuff.

我的意思是,你得看一些——你得愿意去看那些报告,不过我很享受这个过程。

I mean, you have to read some— you have to be willing to read the reports, and— but I enjoy doing that.

不过你不会说这需要什么高层次的洞见之类的吧,Charlie?

But you wouldn't say that requires any high-level insights or anything, Charlie?
M3
M34:05

嗯,可你买那一大块股票的时候,几乎没人买。

Well, when you were buying that block of stock nobody else to speak of was buying.
M2
M24:12

谢天谢地。

Thank heavens.
M3
M34:12

那这样的洞见显然并没有那么普遍。

The insights can't have been all that common.

不,我觉得这需要某种——我一个 Omaha 的老朋友以前把它叫做“不常见的常识”。

No, I think that takes a certain amount of what an old Omaha friend used to call uncommon sense.

他以前总说,根本就没有什么“常识”这回事。

He used to say there is no common sense.

人们说“常识”的时候,他们指的其实是“不常见的常识”。

When people say common sense, they mean uncommon sense.

我觉得其中一部分,在于你要能把那些愚蠢的东西屏蔽掉,而不是一门心思去识别智慧。

Part of it, I think, is being able to tune out folly as distinguished from recognizing wisdom.

如果你能把整整一大类东西直接挥开,不让它们塞满你的脑子,那你就——你就更有能力抓住少数几件真正明智、值得做的事。

And if you just got whole categories of things you just bat away so your brain isn't cluttered with them, then you're, you're better able to pick up a few sensible things to do.
M2
M24:50

对,我们不会去考虑太多蠢事,呃,你知道,而且我们会很快把它们排除掉。

Yeah, we don't consider many stupid things, uh, you know, and we get rid of them fast.

实际上,人们还会因此对我们有点恼火,因为他们会打电话给我们,结果话才说到第一句一半,我们就会直接告诉他们,算了吧。

And in fact, people get irritated with us because they'll call us and when they're in the middle of the first sentence, we'll just tell them, forget it.

你知道,我们不会——我们看得出来后面会是什么。

You know, and we don't— we can see it coming.

而且,你知道,这其实就是大脑运作的方式。

And, you know, that's the way actually the mind works.

大概三十年前吧,或者还要再早一点,《The New Yorker》杂志上有一篇特别棒的文章。

There was a great article in The New Yorker magazine 30 years ago or so, a little more than that.

那时候正好是 Fischer 和 Spassky 下国际象棋比赛的时候,文章就谈到一个推测:人类在国际象棋上还能不能跟电脑较量。

It was when the Fischer-Spassky chess matches were going on, and it got into the speculation of would the humans be able to to take on computers in, in, in chess.

你知道,那些电脑每秒能做几十万次计算,于是他们就问,当你真正看的其实就是未来——也就是各种走法在未来会导致的结果——那人类大脑怎么可能应付得了一个思考速度快到难以置信的电脑呢?

And, you know, here were these computers doing hundreds of thousands of calculations a second, and they said, how can the human mind, when all you're really looking at is the future, you know, the results from various moves in the future, how can a human mind deal with a computer that's thinking at speeds that are unbelievable?

当然,他们也对这个问题做了一些研究,而像——其实所有人的大脑都是这样,只不过有些人强得多。

And of course, they examined the subject some, and a mind like— well, in fact, all minds, but some much better than others.

但是,但是像 Fischer 或者 Spassky 这样的人,基本上会把大约百分之九十九点九九九的可能性,连想都不用想就直接排除掉。

But, but a Fischer or Spassky essentially was eliminating about 99.99% of the possibilities without even thinking about it.

所以不是说他们在速度上能胜过电脑,而是他们有一种你可以叫做“归类”或者“排除”的能力,基本上就是能从这无数种可能性里,迅速缩小到那少数几种真正有成功机会的可能。

So it wasn't that they could outthink the computer in terms of speed, but they had this ability in what you might call grouping or exclusion, where essentially they just got right down to the few possibilities out of these zillions of possibilities that really had any chance of success.

把那些胡扯的东西剔除掉。

And getting rid of the nonsense.

我的意思是,你只要明白这一点——有人开始打电话给你,说,我这儿有个特别棒、特别了不起的点子。

I mean, just figuring that, you know, people start calling you and saying, I've got this great, wonderful idea.

如果你在第一句话里就已经知道那不是什么特别棒、特别了不起的点子,那就别再花十分钟了。

Don't spend 10 minutes, you know, once you know in the first sentence that it isn't a great, wonderful idea.

别为了礼貌把整个流程都走完。

Don't be polite and go through the whole process.

Charlie 和我在这方面都挺在行的。

And Charlie and I are pretty good at that.

我们挂电话可以挂得特别快,对吧?

We can hang up very fast, right?
M3
M36:41

好了,道理就是这样。

Well, there you have it.

你要做的,就是像 Vasily Smyslov 当年拿到世界国际象棋冠军时那样去钻研,然后在投资上也做同样的事。

All you've got to do is go at it in the way that Vasily Smyslov did when he was the world champion of chess and, and just do the same thing in investments.
M2
M26:58

好,1号麦克风。

Okay, microphone 1.