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2014年股东大会 · 巴菲特点评自己在金融危机期间的投资操作

68 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 8:12
M1
M10:00

嗨,Buffett 先生,Munger 先生。

Hi, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger.

我叫 Dev Kantesaria,是来自 Philadelphia 的一位基金经理。

My name is Dev Kantesaria, and I'm a fund manager from Philadelphia.

你们今天其实已经提到过一部分了,不过我还是想请你们再展开讲讲,你们是怎么比较不同投资机会的。

You've touched on some of this already today, but I wanted to ask if you could expand on how you think about comparing investment opportunity.

过去你们并不害怕让单一持仓在整个投资组合里占很大比重,比如 Coca-Cola。

In the past, you haven't been afraid to make a single position a large portion of your portfolio, such as Coca-Cola.
M2
M20:25

对。

Yes.
M1
M10:26

所以,当有机会买入更多你们最喜欢的那些公司时,比如在二零零八年和二零零九年初,继续买入像 Coca-Cola,甚至像 Moody's 这样从七十五跌到十五的公司,举例来说,跟你们当时实际去做的其他投资相比,是怎么权衡的?

So when there is a chance to buy more of your favorite names, as in 2008 and early 2009, how did the case of buying more of companies like Coca-Cola or even a Moody's, which had dropped from 75 to 15, as examples, compare with other things that you actually did?

Berkshire 如果采用一种更简单、更集中的投资组合,只持有你们最喜欢的那些、具备持久竞争优势、定价能力、强劲内生增长等积极特征的公司,而不是像今天这样拥有一大批规模更大、结构更复杂的企业,它还能取得历史上的那种回报吗?

Could Berkshire have achieved its historical returns with a more simple, concentrated portfolio of your favorite names with positive characteristics such as durable competitive advantage, pricing power, strong organic growth, etc., versus the larger, more complex collection of businesses which exist today?

谢谢。

Thank you.
M3
M31:15

对,这个嘛,要看我们在二零零八年和二零零九年那段时间里,到底会对哪只最喜欢的股票下更重的手。

Yeah, well, that depends which favorite name we might have hit harder back in the 2008 and 2009 period.

首先,回头看,在二零零八年那场恐慌里,我过早地动用了我们相当大一部分现金储备,确实是太早了。

In the first instance, I spent a considerable part of our cash reserves too early, looking back, too early in the 2008 panic.

那一轮的最低点是在二零零九年三月初出现的,而那个低点比我们在二零零八年九月和十月花掉大概一百六十亿美元时的价位,还要低不少。

The bottom of that was reached early in March in 2009, and that bottom was quite a bit lower than September and October of 2008 when we spent $16 or so billion.

另外,我们当时承诺要为 Mars 提供六十六亿美元的融资,而这个承诺是几个月前就已经做出的,所以在时间点上我们其实没多少选择。

Now, we were committed to finance Mars for $6.6 billion, and that commitment had been made many months earlier, so we didn't really have much choice in terms of the timing of that.

不过,我们在那段时间做出的那些投资,结果还是不错的。

But we did fine on the expenditures we made during that period.

但显然,如果我们当时一直把弹药留着,等到底部再一次性全打出去,那会比我们实际做得好得多,远远更好。

But obviously we didn't do as well, remotely as well, as if we'd kept all of the powder dry and then just spent it all at once at the bottom.

不过我们从来没真正弄明白怎么做到这一点,而且以后也不会弄明白。

But we've never really figured out how to do that, and we won't figure out how to do that.

所以,时机选择本来是可以大幅改善的。

So the timing could have been improved dramatically.

但另一方面,甚至到二零零九年深秋时,经济依然很糟,真的很糟,我们还是买下了 BNSF,而它将会成为我们未来中非常重要的一部分。

On the other hand, as late as the late fall of 2009, when the economy was still in the dumps, really in the dumps, you know, we were able to buy BNSF, which will be an enormous part of our future.

所以总体来说,我们在那段时期的表现还算相当不错。

So overall, we did reasonably well going through that period.

不过回头看,赚最多钱的做法,其实就是直接买一篮子股票。

But looking back, the most money would've been made just by buying a bundle of stocks.

当时我们以十五的价格买 Harley-Davidson 债券,回头看,我们当时其实应该买它的股票。

When we were buying Harley-Davidson bonds at 15, looking back, we should've been buying the stock.

不过这种事总会是这样。

But that'll always be the case.

总的来说,我们很喜欢这种思路。

Overall, we love the idea.

以我们现在的规模、范围,以及我们对股东的目标来说,我们真正想做的是,以合理的价格买下大型企业,配上优秀的管理层,然后再努力随着时间把它们做大做强。

What really we want to do at our present size and scope and with the objectives we've got for our shareholders is we want to buy big businesses with good management at reasonable prices and then try to build them over time.

我的意思是,到了二零一四年年初,我们手上已经有一组非常好的企业,其中有些规模还非常大。

I mean, when we start 2014, we've got a really good group of businesses, some of them very big.

这些企业随着时间推移会赚更多钱。

Those businesses will earn more over time.

然后我们要做的,就是在这个基础上继续往上加,同时确保在这个过程中不增发任何股票。

And then what we're trying to do is add on to them and make sure we don't issue any shares in the process.

所以这并不是一个复杂的过程。

So it's not a complicated process.

而且回头看,我们总是会觉得自己本来还能做得比实际更好。

And looking back, we'll always be able to do it better than we've done it.

你知道,这就是事情的本性。

You know, that's just the nature of things.

不过我觉得,这个玩法现在依然非常可行,而且未来一段时间也还会一直可行。

But I feel the game is still a very viable one and will be for some time.

这不会一直持续下去的。

It won't be forever.

不可能永远这样,但它现在还剩点后劲。

It can't be forever, but it's still got some juice left in it.
M2
M24:15

嗯,当然,实际发生的情况是,我们控股的那些非上市企业,占整个公司的比重越来越大了。

Well, what's happened, of course, is the private businesses that we control have gotten to be a bigger and bigger percentage of the thing.

在早些年的很多时候,我们持有的普通股市值,比整个公司的总价值还要高。

For a great many of the early years, we had more in common stocks than the total value of the company.

所以当时我们——那感觉就像是一个巨大的普通股投资组合,外加一堆企业,算是附带送的。

And so we were—it was like a big portfolio of common stocks and a lot of businesses thrown in as extras.

而现在,当然了,那些非上市公司比股票值钱得多。

And now, of course, the private companies are worth way more than the stocks.

我猜这种情况还会继续下去,你说呢,Warren?

And I would guess that that will continue, wouldn't you, Warren?
M3
M34:49

对,会继续的。

Sure, it'll continue.

区别在于,如果我们在股票上判断对了,它会直接体现在市场价值和净资产上。

And the difference is when we're right about stocks, it shows up in market value and in net worth.

如果我们在企业投资上判断对了,它体现出来的是未来的盈利能力,这个你是能看得到的,但它不像股价变动那样,会一下子特别显眼。

When we're right about businesses, it shows up in future earning power, which you can see, but it doesn't jump out at you the same way changes in stock values do.

所以这是两种不同的价值积累方式,其中一种比另一种稍微更容易看出来。

So it's a different sort of buildup of value, and one is somewhat easier to see than the other.

但另一种更持久,而且不需要从一朵花跳到另一朵花。

But the other is more enduring and does not require going from flower to flower.

这两种都挺好,不过我们已经进入第二阶段了。

And they're both fine, but we've moved into phase two.

这么说公平吧,Charlie?

Say that's fair, Charlie?
M2
M25:31

对,不过如果你只是在某场恐慌中投入中等规模的资金,就算你买到了最低点,那确实是很有吸引力的价格,但在那个价位上,根本买不到什么有分量的股份数量。

Yeah, well, if you're just investing moderate amounts of capital in the middle of some panic, you take the bottom tick, it's a very attractive price, but no significant volume of the shares could have been purchased at that price.

所以当我们买这些企业的时候,我们可以把巨额资金投进去。

And so when we buy these businesses, we can get huge chunks of money into things.

现在如果我们当时想大幅加仓 Moody's,反正我们本来也买不了那么多。

And now, if we'd wanted to go much heavier into Moody's, we couldn't have bought that much anyway.
M3
M35:57

对,对。

No, no.
M2
M25:58

所以某种程度上,我们是被自己过去的成功推着走,更多转向这些由非上市公司代表的大额持仓。

Yeah, so we are sort of forced by our own past success more into these bigger positions represented by the private companies.

但说真的,我觉得这对我们所有人都是有利的。

But really, that's to the advantage of all of us, I think.

我很喜欢我们去买 Alberta 的输电线路。

I love it when we buy transmission lines in Alberta.

我不觉得 Alberta 会出什么可怕的事,我也不觉得输电——

I don't think anything horrible is going to happen to Alberta, nor do I think transmission—
M3
M36:22

真要出了,我们也不会知道。

If it does, we won't know it.
M2
M26:24

对,对,对。

Yeah, right, right.

不,我觉得我们对自身处境变化的适应,其实做得相当不错。

And no, I think we've adapted pretty well to changes in our circumstances.

而且这说到底也是生活的一部分。

And that again is part of life.

我的意思是,既然变化不可避免,那你适应变化的能力就特别重要。

I mean, since change is inevitable, how well you adapt to it is terribly important.

我会说,这些年来你们很多人看到的 Berkshire 的变化,整体上都是非常符合我们利益的。

And I would say the changes that many of you have watched in Berkshire over the years have been very much in our interest.

而且未来也可能还会有同样令人满意的变化。

And then there may be future changes that are just as desirable.
M3
M36:58

比如说,过去这几年我们买了相当一部分 Wells Fargo。

We bought a fair amount of Wells Fargo, for example, really over the last few years.

因为后来经济复苏了,实际上,如果你是在最低点买入,赚得最多的,往往是那些资质没那么好的银行,因为它们自身的弱点让股价跌得更狠,而且它们更需要经济好转才能恢复。

And because the economy came back, really the most money, if you were buying at the bottom, came from buying the banks of lesser quality because their weaknesses drove them down even further in price, and they needed a good economy to come back.

不过它们有点像边际铜生产商之类的——如果铜价上涨,你赚更多钱的,通常不是买最好的铜业公司,而是买最差的那家,因为它们的边际成本最高,但这样一来,利润受到的提振也最大。

But they were kind of like a marginal copper producer or something that you make more money if copper goes up, not if you buy the best copper company, but usually if you buy the worst one because they have the highest marginal cost, but that gives them the biggest kick on profits.

某种程度上说,这一点在银行身上也是成立的。

To some extent, that's been true, for example, with the banks.

但我们买 Wells Fargo 的时候,是百分之百放心的;而买另外一些银行,我们可能只有百分之五十的把握。

But we felt 100% comfortable buying Wells Fargo, and we might have felt 50% comfortable buying some others.

所以我们就去做那些我们自己心里有底的投资。

And so we went where we were comfortable.

现在回头看,你可以说我们当时其实应该把它们全都买下来。

Looking back, you could say we should have just bought them all.

事实上,甚至应该去买那些在二零零八年或零九年之前业绩记录最差的,因为它们之前跌得最狠,所以反弹和恢复的空间也最大。

And in fact, bought the ones that had the worst record, uh, going into 2008 or '09 because, uh, they had the greatest recovery possibility simply because they'd fallen so far.

Andrew?

Andrew?