← 返回任务列表

1999年股东大会 · 巴芒细谈研究一家公司的思考过程及行动方案

109 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 9:50
M1
M10:00

来自 Pennsylvania 州 Shavertown 的 Eric Tweedy。

Eric Tweedy from Shavertown, Pennsylvania.

我就是想表达一下,我们非常感谢我们参观过的所有那些运营业务。

I just wanted to express our appreciation regarding all the operating businesses that we've visited.

他们都特别热情,也特别好客。

They've been very warm and hospitable.

实际上,我们去机场参观 Executive Jets 的时候,那次参观给人的印象太深了,我太太都想买一架飞机了。

In fact, when we visited Executive Jets at the airport, the tour was so impressive my wife wanted to buy an airplane.
M2
M20:21

她叫什么名字?

What's her name?

她叫什么名字?

What's her name?
M1
M10:23

这个嘛,我可不说。

Well, I won't say that.
M2
M20:26

把名字拼出来。

Spell it out.
M1
M10:27

American Express 拒绝了我们想刷在我卡上的那五十万美元。

American Express declined the $500,000 we tried to put on my card.

你下次见到董事长的时候,替我谢谢他。

Thank the chairman for me next time you see him.

开玩笑的。

Just kidding.

不过我的问题,基本上是关于投资方法的。

But my question regards basically approach to investing.

我用自己的钱投资股票,大概有十年了,整体结果还算相当不错。

I've been investing my own money in equities for, for about 10 years, and my results overall have been relatively good.

不过在这个过程中,我也逼着自己学到了一些非常惨痛、代价也很高的教训。

In the process, however, I've taught myself some very painful and costly lessons.

比如说,我人生中买的第一只股票,就是一九九零年以五千五百美元买的一股 Berkshire Hathaway,结果我三个月后就以八千多美元卖掉了,还为自己赚得又快又聪明而沾沾自喜。

For instance, my first equity ever purchased was a share of Berkshire Hathaway for $5,500 in 1990, and I sold it 3 months later for something over $8,000 and congratulated myself for the rapid and shrewd profit.

而在今年早些时候,我又把同样这一股以七万美元买了回来,而且我打算这辈子都持有它。

And earlier this year, I repurchased the same share for $70,000, and I intend to own it for the rest of my life.

所以你们也看得出来,我是在成长的。

So you can see I'm growing.

我的问题是,我没有受过任何会计和金融方面的正规教育,所以我想请你们给我一点建议,告诉我该怎么自学,还有基础读物的阅读书单,当然,肯定要从 Berkshire Hathaway 的年报开始。

My question is, I have no formal education in accounting and finance, and I would just like some advice from you regarding an approach to educate myself and a reading list of basic texts, obviously starting with the Berkshire Hathaway annual reports.

谢谢。

Thank you.
M2
M21:39

也特别谢谢你对我们那些运营公司同事的评价,因为他们真的太棒了。

Thank you particularly for your comments about the people from our operating companies, because they have just been terrific.

他们专门来到这里,你知道,他们早上五点就在这儿了。

They come out here, you know, they are here at 5 in the morning.

他们——我是说,这整个周末他们做了大量的工作。

They— I mean, they do a tremendous amount of work over this weekend.

而且他们还一直都很愉快。

They're cheerful.

我,我周六午餐的时候跟他们所有人都见了面,我是说,他们真是一群了不起的人。

I, I've met with them all on Saturday at lunch, and I mean, they're just one sensational group of people.

而且,你知道,我为他们感到非常自豪,各位经理也应该为他们带来的人感到非常自豪。

And, you know, I'm very proud of them, and the managers should be very proud of the people they've brought with them.

我也希望你们有机会能尽可能亲自去感谢他们当中的更多人。

And I hope you get a chance to thank as many of them as possible personally.

顺便说一句,在 See's 的柜台那里,你会看到 Angelica Stoner,她已经跟我们共事五十年了。

Incidentally, at the See's counter, you'll find Angelica Stoner, who's been with us for 50 years.

你看,她还特地从 California 过来帮我们卖 peanut brittle,而且她做得还挺开心。

And, you know, here she comes from California to help us out and sell peanut brittle, and she's having a good time doing it.

你提的这个问题非常好,就是说,在会计和金融这方面,最好的自学方法到底是什么?

And the question you ask is a very good one about, you know, in terms of accounting and finance, what's the best way to teach yourself?

我,我从很小的时候就对这个特别感兴趣,所以,所以我——我当时的方法,一开始就是去 Omaha Public Library,把所有跟这个主题有关的书全都借出来。

I, I was always so interested in it from such a young age that, that I— my, my approach was to go to the Omaha— originally was to go to the Omaha Public Library and just take out every book there was on the subject.

我学到了很多。

And I learned a lot.

在这个过程中,我也学到了很多后来发现其实并不对的东西。

I learned a lot that wasn't true in the process too.

我那时候对看图表之类的东西,还有买股票,变得特别感兴趣。

I got very interested in charting and all that sort of thing and buying stocks.

不过,不过我,我,我主要是靠大量阅读来做这件事的。

But, but I, I, I did it by just a tremendous amount of reading.

但这对我来说很容易,因为你知道,这就像去看棒球比赛之类的事一样。

But it was easy for me because, you know, it was like going to baseball games or something of the sort.

至于说会计方面具体该看哪些书,我觉得你也可以读一读一些比较好的,甚至已经发表过的杂志文章。

And in terms of naming specific texts in accounting, and I think you may read— you may want to read some of the better even magazine articles that have appeared.

我的意思是,已经有过——有过——或者报纸文章。

I mean, there have been— there have been— or newspaper articles.

里面有一些关于会计的不错评论。

There have been some, some good commentary about accounting there.

呃,我一下子想不出——Charlie,你能想到什么我们可以推荐的具体书目之类的吗?

Uh, I don't have— can you think, Charlie, of any specific texts or anything that we could recommend?
M3
M33:46

我觉得我们俩从那些优秀的商业杂志里学到的东西,比从别的任何地方都多。

I think both of us learn more from the great business magazines than we do anywhere else.

就是一期期、一期期、一期期地快速翻过去,里面覆盖了各种各样的企业。

It's just a riffle through issue after issue after issue covering a great variety of businesses.

如果你养成一种思维习惯,把你读到的内容和背后所体现出来的那些基础性原理联系起来,你就会渐渐积累出一些投资智慧。

And if you get the mental habit of relating what you're reading to the basic structure of the underlying ideas being demonstrated, you gradually accumulate some, some wisdom about investing.

我不认为一个人如果不做海量阅读,就能成为一个在广泛领域里都很出色的投资者。

I don't think you can get to be a really good investor over a broad range without doing a massive amount of reading.

我也不认为有哪一本书能单靠它就帮你做到这一点。

I don't think there's any one book that will do it for you.
M2
M24:31

对,你可以考虑挑出五到十家公司,这些公司的产品你觉得自己挺熟悉的,也许吧,但它们的财务情况之类的,你未必那么熟。

Yeah, you might think about picking out 5 or 10 companies where you feel quite familiar with their products, maybe, but not necessarily so familiar with their financials and all of that.

但至少要挑那种你多少能明白一点的东西——如果你了解它们的产品,你就知道这门生意本身到底在发生什么。

But pick out something so at least you understand what— if you understand their products, you know what's going on in the business itself.

然后,你知道,去找来大量年报,呃,再通过互联网或者别的渠道,把过去五年到十年里写过这些公司、关于这些公司的所有杂志文章都找出来。

And then, you know, get lots of annual reports, uh, and through the internet or something else, get all the magazine articles that have been written on it, on those companies, for 5 or 10 years.

就让自己整个人沉浸进去,就好像你要去这家公司上班,或者他们已经聘请你当 CEO,又或者你准备把整个企业买下来一样。

Just sort of immerse yourself as if you were either going to work for the company, or they'd hired you as the CEO, or you were going to buy the whole business.

我的意思是,你可以从这些任何一种角度去看。

I mean, you can look at it in any of those ways.

然后——等你把这些都做完之后,问问自己:还有什么是我不知道、但我需要知道的?

And what— and when you get all through, ask yourself, what do I not know that I need to know?

很多年前,我会到处跑,去和——我总是会去和竞争对手聊。

And back many years ago, I would go around and I would talk to— I would talk to competitors always.

你也会去和这家公司的员工聊,问那类问题。

You'd talk to employees of the company and ask those kind of questions.

我第一次在 GEICO 见到我的朋友 Lorimer Davidson 时,实际上做的就是这种事,只不过我是从零开始的。

That's in effect what I did with my friend Lorimer Davidson when I first met him at GEICO, except I started from ground zero.

但我就是不停地问他问题。

But I just kept asking him questions.
M3
M35:42

对。

Yeah.
M2
M25:43

这其实就是这么回事。

And that's what it really is.

你知道,如果我对 ABC Company 感兴趣,我会——我会去 XYZ Company,尽量多了解一些关于它的情况。

You know, one of the questions I would ask if I were interested in the ABC Company, I would, I would go to the XYZ Company and try and learn a lot about it.

当然,你知道,你得到的信息里面会有包装和立场,但你会慢慢学会分辨。

Now, you know, there's spin on what you get, but you learn to discern that.

本质上,你是在当一个记者。

Essentially, you're being a reporter.

我的意思是,这和做新闻采访非常像。

I mean, it's very much like journalism.

如果你,你问了足够多的问题——Andy Grove 在他的书里提到过“silver bullet”这个说法。

And if you, if you ask enough questions—Andy Grove has, in his book, he talks about the silver bullet.

你知道,你去跟竞争对手聊,你就问:如果你有一颗 silver bullet,而且你只能把它打进某一个竞争对手的脑袋里,你会选谁,为什么?

You know, you talk to the competitor and you say, if you had a silver bullet, and you could only put it through the head of one of your competitors, which one would it be and why?

其实,长期这样问下来,你会学到很多东西。

Well, you'll learn a lot if you ask questions like that over time.

你还可以问,你去问 XYZ 行业里的人,你说:如果你要离开十年,而且你必须把你所有的钱投进某一个竞争对手,买某一个竞争对手的股票,不是你自己的,你会选哪一家,为什么?

And you ask, you ask somebody in the XYZ industry and you say, if you're going to go away for 10 years and you had to put all of your money into one of your competitors, the stock of one of your competitors, not your own, which one would it be and why?

就是不断地问、问、再问。

Just keep asking and asking and asking.

当然,你得用某些方式去打折看待你得到的答案,不过这些信息会源源不断灌进你的脑子里,然后你就能拿它们来重新整理、重新表述,再形成你自己对于为什么这个企业值这个价或那个价的判断。

And you'll have to discount the answers you get in certain ways, but you will be getting things poured into your head that then you can use to reformulate and, and, and do your own thinking about why you, why you evaluate this business at this or that.

至于会计这部分,你知道,你基本上就是得一点一点啃过去。

The accounting, you know, you just sort of have to labor your way through that.

也许——我是说,你甚至可以去上些这方面的课程,但最重要的还是要弄清楚企业到底是怎么运作的。

Might— I mean, you may be able to take some courses even in that, but the, the biggest thing is to find out how businesses operate.

还有,你知道,我到底怕谁?

And, you know, who am I afraid of?
M3
M37:03

如果我——

If I—.
M2
M27:03

如果我们在经营 GEICO,你知道,我们会担心谁?

If we're running GEICO, you know, who do we worry about?

我们为什么会担心他们?

Why do we worry about them?

你知道,我们最想把那颗 silver bullet 打向谁?

You know, who would we like to put that silver bullet through?

这个我可不会告诉你。

I'm not going to tell you.

重点是,呃,就是你要不停地问这些问题,然后你再去找那个他们想把 silver bullet 打过去的人,看看那个人又想把 silver bullet 打向谁。

That the, uh, the, you know, it's, it, you keep asking those questions, and then you go to the guy they want to put the silver bullet through and find out who he wants to put the silver bullet through.

这就像 Irving Berlin 那首歌里说的:到底是谁把号手叫醒的,你知道吧。

It's like, who wakes up the bugler, you know, in Irving Berlin's song.

这就是,呃,这就是你切入这件事的方法。

And that's the, uh, that's the way you approach it.

而且你会一直不停地学到东西。

And you'll be learning all the time.

呃,你可以去跟现任员工、前员工、vendors、suppliers、distributors、retailers 聊。

Uh, you can talk to current employees, ex-employees, vendors, suppliers, distributors, retailers.

我的意思是,还有客户,各种各样的人。

I mean, there's customers, all kinds of people.

这样你就会学到东西,不过这其实是一个——是一个调查研究的过程。

And you'll learn, but it is a— it's an investigative process.

这是一个像做新闻采访那样的过程。

It's a journalistic process.

到最后,你是想把这个故事写出来的。

And in the end, you want to write the story.

我是说,你做的是一项新闻调查式的工作,六个月以后,你希望自己能说:XYZ 公司值这么多钱,原因是——然后你就开始把这个故事写出来。

I mean, you're doing a journalistic enterprise, and 6 months later you want to say, the XYZ company is worth this amount because— and you just start in and write the story.

有些公司很容易写出故事来,另外一些公司就难写得多。

And some companies are easy to write stories about, and other companies are much tougher to write stories about.

我们会尽量去找那些容易看懂的。

We try to look for the ones that are easy.
M3
M38:09

Charlie?

Charlie?

对,如果是把一千家最大公司的历史用摘要形式整理出来,我觉得 Value Line 在这方面是独一档的。

Yeah, for the histories of the 1,000 biggest corporations laid out in digest form, I think Value Line is in a class by itself.

那一本资料,确实能讲出很多关于我们、关于我们那些优秀公司的历史。

That one volume really tells a lot about the histories of our, of our best companies.
M2
M28:31

如果你仔细看,里面有一千七百家。

If you just look, there's 1,700 of them.

如果你一页一页看下去,再看看净资产收益率、销售增长、利润率这些方面到底发生了什么变化,还有各种各样的指标。

If you look at each page, and you look at sort of what's happened in terms of return on equity, in terms of sales growth, profit margin, all kinds of things.

然后你就要问,为什么会这样?

And then you say, why did this happen?

是谁让它变成这样的?

Who let it happen?

你知道,接下来十年,那张图会是什么样子?

You know, what's that chart going to look like the next 10 years?

因为这才是你真正想搞清楚的。

Because that's what you're really trying to figure out.

不是价格走势图,而是企业经营情况的那张图。

Not the price chart, but the chart about business operation.

你是在试着把接下来十年的 Value Line,在自己脑子里先画出来。

You're trying to print the next 10 years of Value Line in your head.

有些公司你能做出一个还算靠谱的判断,但另外一些就实在太难了。

And there's some companies that you can do a reasonable job with, and there's others that are just too tough.
M3
M39:02

但是那——

But that—.
M2
M29:03

这就是这个游戏的核心。

That's what the game is about.

而且这件事会很——我是说,如果你天生就喜欢这个,它会非常有意思。

And it can be a lot of— I mean, if you have some predilection toward it, it can be a lot of fun.

我是说,这个过程本身,跟你最后得出的结论一样有趣。

I mean, the process is as much fun as the conclusion that you come to.
M3
M39:15

当然,他刚才说到那个“为什么”的时候,讲的其实是最重要的一个问题。

Of course, what he's saying there when he talks about why, that's the most important question of all.

而且这不只是适用于投资,它适用于整个人类经验。

And it doesn't apply just to investment, it applies to the whole human experience.

如果你想变聪明,你就得不停地问:为什么,为什么,为什么,为什么?

If you want to get smart, the question you got to keep asking is why, why, why, why?

而且你得把这些答案,和一个深层理论结构联系起来。

And you have to relate the answers to a structure of deep theory.

你还得知道那些主要的理论。

And you got to know the main theories.

这事做起来有点费工夫,但也非常有意思。

And it's mildly laborious, but it's also a lot of fun.
M2
M29:50

二区。

Zone 2.