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1995年股东大会 · 巴菲特:美国个人及国家债务太高怎么办?

61 段 · 3 位说话人 · 原片 6:33
M1
M10:00

Buffett 先生,我是来自 Chicago 的 Randall Bellows。既然你现在回答的问题范围这么广,我有两个问题。第一个是,如果你去看 United States of America 的资产负债表,国家债务是不是像表面看起来那么吓人?

Mr. Buffett, I'm Randall Bellows from Chicago, and the 2 questions I have, since you're answering questions so far afield, are, if you were to look at the balance sheet of the United States of America, is the national debt as frightening as that it appears to be?
M2
M20:18

净国家债务大概是 GDP 的百分之六十几。

The net national debt is about, it would be about 60-odd percent of GDP.
M3
M30:31

还没把没有资金覆盖的养老金算进去。

Without counting unfunded pensions.
M2
M20:33

对,但是——不过另一方面,它其实也对应着对未来公民收入的一种索取权,这也可以算是一项资产。

Yeah, but that's— but also with a claim on the income, in effect, of future citizens, which was an asset too that you could set up.

不过我想,这个数字在 World War II 结束的时候,可能——我知道至少在百分之一百二十五左右,也可能是 GDP 的百分之一百五十上下。

But that figure I think at the end of World War II, may have been, I know it was around at least 125%, may have been 150% or so of GDP.

所以我们曾经承受过——当然,现在那笔债务的利率当时要低得多。

So we have sustained, now the interest rate on that debt was much lower.

其中很大一部分利率是百分之二点九,因为 savings bonds 当时就是付这个利率。

A lot of it was at 2.9% 'cause that's what savings bonds paid.
M3
M31:16

对。

Right.
M2
M21:19

那样的债务水平——我并不是主张债务占 GDP 到那个程度——后来证明其实是完全可以维持的。

That level of debt, which I don't advocate in relation to GDP, turned out to be quite sustainable.

事实上,在很长一段时间里,这个比例年复一年地慢慢下降,一直到八十年代初才又开始回升。

As a matter of fact, it drifted down year after year for a long time until the early '80s when it started rising again.

而现在它,它——

And now it's, it's—.
M3
M31:41

是一百八十。

It's 180.
M2
M21:42

实际上,最近——债务占 GDP 的比例——其实还稍微降了一点。

It's actually fallen a little bit in the last— The ratio of debt to GDP.

关于多高的债务才算太多,衡量方法有很多,诸如此类的说法也很多。

There are a lot of measurements of how much debt is too much and all of that, is too much and all of that.

不过大概吧,我觉得如果非要我只看一个单一指标,我会看这个比例,就像我会看债务和收入的比例一样。

But probably, I think that if I had to look at one single statistic, I would look at that ratio, just like I would look at a ratio of debt to income.

如果是个人的话,接下来你还要看收入的稳定性,以及这笔债是欠给谁的。

For an individual, then you'd get into the question of the stability of the income and to whom it is owed.

但我并不认为,相对于整个经济体量来说,现在这个债务水平有什么吓人的地方。

But I do not think that the level of debt relative to the economy is of anything that's of a frightening nature.

我更希望它随着时间推移稍微往下走一点,而不是一路往上升。

I like the idea of it trending downward a little bit over time rather than trending upward.

如果一直往上升,事情就会变得有点麻烦。

Keeps trending upward, it can get awkward.

虽然——我想 Italy 现在已经接近百分之一百五十了。

Although it's— I think in Italy it's close to 150% now.

你一旦到了百分之一百五十,再说利率百分之八,那基本上就等于 GDP 的百分之十二都拿去付利息了。

And you start getting to 150% and talk 8% interest rates, and you're talking 12% of GDP essentially going to interest.
M1
M12:54

这个——

The—.
M2
M22:55

如果你真的把这个国家的资产负债表列出来,会挺有意思,因为负债那一边你会看到这四万亿美元的净债务。

If you were to put a balance sheet of the country together, it's kind of interesting because you would have this $4 trillion of net debt.

在负债端,另外就像 Charlie 提到的那样,负债端还会有很多养老金义务。

On the liability side, and you'd also have a lot of pension obligations, as Charlie mentions, on the liability side.

但你也有很多资产。

But you've got a lot of assets too.

你有——你有对所有 American corporations 百分之三十五的利润权益。

You've got, you've got a 35% interest, profits interest, in all the American corporations.

我的意思是,政府如果税率是百分之三十五,那它实际上就等于拥有 American business 百分之三十五的股票。

I mean, the, the, the government, if it has a 35% tax rate, really owns 35% of the stock of American business.

他们也拥有 Berkshire Hathaway 相当大的一部分。

They own, they own a significant part of Berkshire Hathaway.

我们每年都会给他们开一张支票。

We write them a check every year.

我们可不会每年给你们开支票。

We don't write you a check every year.

但我们会给他们开一张支票。

But we write them a check.

我们把你们赚到的钱再投回去,为他们的股票创造更多价值——换句话说,就是他们收到的那些税。

We plow your earnings back to create more value for their stock with the— in other words, the taxes they get.
M3
M33:39

你这是在努力给这些人打气啊。

You're trying to cheer these people up.
M2
M23:42

但你会——你今天愿意花多少钱,去买下这样一种权利:未来美国所有公司缴纳的全部 corporate tax,你都有权收取,它的折现价值是多少?

But what would you— what would you pay to have the right today to receive all the future corporate tax payments made by all the companies in the United States, the discounted value of it?

你会愿意出一个非常大的数字。

You'd pay a very big number.

如果你有权从美国每一个收入超过某个门槛的人那里抽取一定比例的收入,而且你还可以一路调整这个比例,那这个权利你愿意花多少钱?

What would you pay to have a right to take a percentage of the income of every individual that makes more than X in the United States, and also the right to change your percentage as you went along.

那也是一个非常大的数字。

That's a very big number too.

所以你手上有一个——你手上有一个非常大的资产,呃,当然——你也有一些非常大的负债。

So you've got a, you've got a very big asset there, uh, that— and you've got some very big liabilities too.

但是,呃,这个国家的偿债能力非常强,而且,嗯,我不希望看到债务以任何很快的速度上升。

But, uh, the country is very solvent, and, um, and I would not like to see debt rise at any rapid rate.

我一点都不希望它上升,但我尤其不希望它快速上升,因为如果它占 GDP 的比例在上升,就会引发很多连锁反应。

I wouldn't like to see it rise at all, but I wouldn't like to see it particularly rise at a rapid rate because that sets a lot of things in motion if it's rising as a percentage of GDP.

但如果你跟我说,二十年后 national debt 会到十万亿美元,但它占 GDP 的比例还是一样,那这会让我害怕吗?

But if you tell me that 20 years from now the national debt will be $10 trillion but that it'll be the same percentage of GDP, does that alarm me?

一点也不会。

Not in the least.

我的意思是——所以我预期它会增加。

I mean, it's— so I expect it to increase.

而且我觉得,有些理由甚至可以说明,为什么让它增加可能还是明智的。

And I think there's some arguments why, even why it may be advisable to have it increase.

但我不认为让它在你的收入里占越来越大的比重是个好主意。

But I don't think it's a good idea to have it take up more and more of your income.

因为那会引发很多别的事情。

'Cause that sets a lot of other things in motion.

所以我欢迎过去这两年发生的变化,也就是相对于前十年或十二年的趋势,它有所小幅下降。

So I welcome what's happened in the last couple years, which is to see it decrease modestly from the trend that existed the previous 10 or 12 years.
M3
M35:13

Charlie?

Charlie?

嗯,总的来说,我觉得你说得对,这并不全是坏事。

Well, generally, I think that you're right, that it isn't all bad.

而且就算它有坏的一面,一个拥有资本主义经济的大国,也能承受相当多来自政治层面的折腾。

And to the extent that it is bad, a great nation with a capitalistic economy will stand quite a bit of abuse from the political side.

这也是件特别好的事,因为——我觉得我们不该太灰心。

It's a damn good thing too, because— I don't think we should be terribly discouraged.

如果,如果真有什么东西会把这个国家拖垮,

If, if there's anything that's really going to do the country in,

那会是我说的那种 Serpico effect,也就是你开始去奖励那些你其实不希望变多的东西,然后它就一路增长、增长、再增长。

it'll be what I call a Serpico effect, where you start rewarding what you don't want more of, and it then just grows and grows and grows.

对,不过我不觉得那一定是个糟糕的财政结果。

Yeah, but I don't think that's necessarily a bad fiscal result.

它只是个糟糕的结果。

It's just a bad result.
M2
M25:58

Berkshire 现在有七亿到八亿美元左右的债务,不管现在具体是多少,另外我们还有三十多亿美元在外面运转。

Berkshire owes $700 or $800 million, or whatever it is now, in debt, and then we have another $3 billion some afloat.

但是你知道,二十五年前这些数字在我听来会大得惊人,可即便如此,你知道,我们仍然是你能找到的融资最保守的企业之一。

But, you know, those numbers would have sounded very big to me 25 years ago, and yet, you know, we're one of the most conservatively financed operations you'll find.

十年以后,我们可能会欠更多钱,但它占的比例可能反而还会更小。

10 years from now, we may owe more money, and it may be a smaller percentage still.

我的意思是——你谈债务水平,不能不把它和偿债能力联系起来看。

I mean, it— you can't talk about debt levels without relating it to the ability to pay debt.

而这个国家现在的财务状况,很可能比一九四七年还要更好。

And this country is probably in better financial shape now than it was in 1947.

一区?

Zone 1?